Graphene and its nanocomposites: A Review Vasiuddin Siddiqui, Zafar Iqbal, Masab Mohammad Shoeb, Braj Raj Singh, Syyed Asad Ali Department of Applied Physics, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India Contact Email- [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] siUddin Siddiqui, Zafar Iqbal, Masab Mohammad Shoeb, Braj Raj Singh, Syyed Asad Ali > ARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS,ZHCET,ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY> l: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] ite: www.amu.ac.in e:+918791128475 Contacts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. References Graphene is the new wonder material and a premium carbon product, one atom thick planar sheet of sp 2 bonded carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice, has grabbed appreciable attention to be used as a next generation material due to its exceptional properties of these nanocomposites including ballistic transport , flexibility ,transparency, mechanical stiffness, strength and elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistant, optical transmittance and super hydrophobicity at nanometer scale. Researchers are still in initial stages of discovering all its properties and potential applications. Graphene and its derivatives are being studied in nearly every field of science and engineering. Recent progress have shown that the graphene based material can have a profound impact on electronics and optoelectronic devices , chemical sensors , biosensors, nanocomposites and energy storage . We review recent progress in graphene research and in the development of productions method and feasibility of various graphene applications. Abstract 1. Graphene in energy production and storage applications 2. The transport properties of graphene 3. Graphene in biosensing 4. Graphene behave like silicon 5. Biodevices 6. See-through electronics 7. Strong and stretchy Graphene: A new wonder of material It is logical to categorize these by the quality of the resulting graphene (and thus the possible applications) depend very much on the quality of the material, type of defects, substrate, and so forth, which are strongly affected by the production method Table1 1. Liquid phase and thermal exfoliation - Meanwhile chemical methods can produce bulk quantities of small-area graphene sheets for use as structural composites, chemical filters or battery components. 2. Chemical vapour deposition -An alternative approach is to employ the established industrial process of chemical vapour deposition in which graphene is grown by decomposing hot hydrocarbon gases on a reactive metal surface. 3. Synthesis on SiC -The first laboratory methods of making graphene involved laboriously isolating monolayer flecks peeled from a graphite surface.The first method of creating large sheets of graphene was by heating silicon carbide wafers in a vacuum so that the silicon was vaporised, leaving behind the carbon. Methods of synthesis Properties of graphene obtained by different methods Amazing properties of graphene Graphene's journey is quite remarkable considering the tremendous scientific and technological impact this material has had on the scientific community. It could be one of the best materials used as conductive additives. The preparation of graphene with large electron conductivity is of paramount importance. Other sophisticated techniques for the synthesis of graphene is still the dream of scientists worldwide. The research in the area of electronics and photonics is still in an early development stage and much more work is needed to realize graphene’s technological potential. However, that applications of graphene in radio frequency electronics, flat panel displays, and photovoltaic cells as transparent conductive electrodes, and high current density conductors are very promising. Success will require a persistent, multidisciplinary research effort and sufficient funding. At last we shall only say that a lot remains to be done and that graphene will be an important topic for many years to come. Conclusions Future prospects Figure 1. graphene Figure 2. Andre Geim & Konstantin Novoselov Graphene electrodes could be incorporated in transparent, flexible devices Nanostructures etched from suspended graphene flakes could be used as mechanical resonators ~20 nm What is graphene? Grapheneis a 2- dimensional, crystalline allotrope of carbon. In graphene, carbon atoms are densely packed in a regular sp 2 -bonded atomic-scale chicken wire (hexagonal) pattern, with a carbon- carbon distance of 0.142 nm. Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of graphite. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Discovery of graphene Graphene had already been studied theoretically in 1947 by P.R. Wallace18 as a text book example for calculations in solid state physics. He predicted the electronic structure and noted the linear dispersion relation.It came as a surprise to the physics community when Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov and their collaborators from the University of Manchester (UK), and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology in Chernogolovka (Russia), presented their results on graphene structures. They published their results in October of 2004 in Science. In this paper they described the fabrication, identification and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterization of grapheneThe breakthrough was done by Geim, Novoselov and their co-workers; it was their paper from 2004 which ignited the development. For this they are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010. Chart 1.The development of the field of graphene research as indicated by the total number of papers published as a function of year. A comparison with the number of citations of Novoselov et al’s 2004 paper very clearly demonstrates the enormous impact of this work, and its overall influence on the trend in graphene research. (Web of Knowledge data accessed on 29 August 2011) Researchers have fabricated an ultra-fast laser based on graphene The Manchester researchers have added fluorine atoms to graphene to make highly insulating fluorographene, which could be used as a barrier material in microelectronics Method Crystallite size (µm) Sample size (mm) Charge carrier mobility (at ambient temperature) (cm 2 V −1 s −1 ) Applications Mechanical exfoliation >1,000 >1 >2 × 10 5 and > 10 6 (at low temperature) Research Chemical exfoliation ≤0.1 Infinite as a layer of overlapping flakes 100 (for a layer of overlapping flakes) Coatings, paint/ink, composites, transparent conductive layers, energy storage, bioapplication s Chemical exfoliation via graphene oxide ~100 Infinite as a layer of overlapping flakes 1 (for a layer of overlapping flakes) Coatings, paint/ink, composites, transparent conductive layers, energy storage, bioapplication s CVD 1,000 ~1,000 10,000 Photonics, nanoelectronic s, transparent conductive layers, sensors, bioapplication s SiC 50 100 10,000 High-frequency transistors and other electronic devices 1. A roadmap for graphene K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal′ko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G.Schwab & K. Kim Nature 490,192–200 (11 October 2012) doi:10.1038/nature11458 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene 3. Gints Kucinskis*, Gunars Bajars, Janis Kleperis, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia,journal of power sources 240(2013)66-79 4. Phaedon Avouris* and Christos Dimitrakopoulos ,IBM Research Division, T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA,materials today, vol-15,March 2012 5. Wonbong Choi,1, Indranil Lahiri,1 Raghunandan Seelaboyina,1 and Yong Soo Kang2, ∗ Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 35:52–71, 2010 6. Tajinder Panesor,IOP Institute of physics 76, Registered charity no. 293851,© Institute of Physics 2011 7. P B Sorokin, L A Chernozatonskii, Physics -Uspekhi 56 (2) 105 -122 (2013), © 2013 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Russian Academy of Sciences (a) Grapheneasthebasisforgraphite- likematerials:fullerene,nanotube s,andgraphite;and (b)a photoofgraphene Role of grtaphene in various fields.
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Graphene and its nanocomposites: A ReviewVasiuddin Siddiqui, Zafar Iqbal, Masab Mohammad Shoeb, Braj Raj Singh, Syyed Asad AliDepartment of Applied Physics, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, IndiaContact Email- [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]
< VasiUddin Siddiqui, Zafar Iqbal, Masab Mohammad Shoeb, Braj Raj Singh, Syyed Asad Ali ><DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS,ZHCET,ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY>Email: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]: www.amu.ac.inPhone:+918791128475
Contacts1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
References
Graphene is the new wonder material and a premium carbon product, one atom thick planar sheet of sp2 bonded carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice, has grabbed appreciable attention to be used as a next generation material due to its exceptional properties of these nanocomposites including ballistic transport , flexibility ,transparency, mechanical stiffness, strength and elasticity, thermal and electrical conductivity, corrosion resistant, optical transmittance and super hydrophobicity at nanometer scale. Researchers are still in initial stages of discovering all its properties and potential applications. Graphene and its derivatives are being studied in nearly every field of science and engineering. Recent progress have shown that the graphene based material can have a profound impact on electronics and optoelectronic devices , chemical sensors , biosensors, nanocomposites and energy storage . We review recent progress in graphene research and in the development of productions method and feasibility of various graphene applications.
Abstract
1. Graphene in energy production and storage applications2. The transport properties of graphene3. Graphene in biosensing4. Graphene behave like silicon5. Biodevices6. See-through electronics7. Strong and stretchy
Graphene: A new wonder of material
It is logical to categorize these by the quality of the resulting graphene (and thus the possible applications) depend very much on the quality of the material, type of defects, substrate, and so forth, which are strongly affected by the production method Table11. Liquid phase and thermal exfoliation -Meanwhile chemical methods can produce bulk quantities of small-area graphene sheets for use as structural composites, chemical filters or battery components. 2. Chemical vapour deposition -An alternative approach is to employ the established industrial process of chemical vapour deposition in which graphene is grown by decomposing hot hydrocarbon gases on a reactive metal surface.3. Synthesis on SiC -The first laboratory methods of making graphene involved laboriously isolating monolayer flecks peeled from a graphite surface.The first method of creating large sheets of graphene was by heating silicon carbide wafers in a vacuum so that the silicon was vaporised, leaving behind the carbon.
Methods of synthesis
Properties of graphene obtained by different methods
Amazing properties of graphene
Graphene's journey is quite remarkable considering the tremendous scientific and technological impact this material has had on the scientific community. It could be one of the best materials used as conductive additives. The preparation of graphene with large electron conductivity is of paramount importance. Other sophisticated techniques for the synthesis of graphene is still the dream of scientists worldwide.The research in the area of electronics and photonics is still in an early development stage and much more work is needed to realize graphene’s technological potential. However, that applications of graphene in radio frequency electronics, flat panel displays, and photovoltaic cells as transparent conductive electrodes, and high current density conductors are very promising. Success will require a persistent, multidisciplinary research effort and sufficient funding. At last we shall only say that a lot remains to be done and that graphene will be an important topic for many years to come.
Conclusions
Future prospects
Figure 1. graphene Figure 2. Andre Geim & Konstantin Novoselov
Graphene electrodes could be incorporated in transparent, flexible devices
Nanostructures etched from suspended graphene flakes could be used as mechanical resonators
~20 nm
What is graphene?Grapheneis a 2-dimensional, crystalline allotrope of carbon. In graphene, carbon atoms are densely packed in a regular sp2-bonded atomic-scale chicken wire (hexagonal) pattern, with a carbon-carbon distance of 0.142 nm. Graphene can be described as a one-atom thick layer of graphite. It can also be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the limiting case of the family of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Discovery of grapheneGraphene had already been studied theoretically in 1947 by P.R. Wallace18 as a text book example for calculations in solid state physics. He predicted the electronic structure and noted the linear dispersion relation.It came as a surprise to the physics community when Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov and their collaborators from the University of Manchester (UK), and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology in Chernogolovka (Russia), presented their results on graphene structures. They published their results in October of 2004 in Science. In this paper they described the fabrication, identification and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterization of grapheneThe breakthrough was done by Geim, Novoselov and their co-workers; it was their paper from 2004 which ignited the development. For this they are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2010.
Chart 1.The development of the field of graphene research asindicated by the total number of papers published as a function ofyear. A comparison with the number of citations of Novoselov etal’s 2004 paper very clearly demonstrates the enormous impact ofthis work, and its overall influence on the trend in grapheneresearch. (Web of Knowledge data accessed on 29 August 2011)
Researchers have fabricated an ultra-fast laser based on graphene
The Manchester researchers have added fluorine atoms to graphene to make highly insulating fluorographene, which could be used as a barrier material in microelectronics
Method Crystallite size (µm) Sample size (mm) Charge carrier mobility (at ambient temperature) (cm2 V−1 s−1)
Applications
Mechanical exfoliation
>1,000 >1 >2 × 105 and > 106 (at low temperature)
Research
Chemical exfoliation ≤0.1 Infinite as a layer of overlapping flakes
100 (for a layer of overlapping flakes)
Coatings, paint/ink, composites, transparent conductive layers, energy storage, bioapplications
Chemical exfoliation via graphene oxide
~100 Infinite as a layer of overlapping flakes
1 (for a layer of overlapping flakes)
Coatings, paint/ink, composites, transparent conductive layers, energy storage, bioapplications
CVD 1,000 ~1,000 10,000 Photonics, nanoelectronics, transparent conductive layers, sensors, bioapplications
SiC 50 100 10,000 High-frequency transistors and other electronic devices
1. A roadmap for graphene K. S. Novoselov, V. I. Fal ko, L. Colombo, P. R. Gellert, M. G.Schwab & K. Kim ′ Nature 490,192–200 (11 October 2012) doi:10.1038/nature114582. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene3. Gints Kucinskis*, Gunars Bajars, Janis Kleperis, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia,journal of power sources 240(2013)66-794. Phaedon Avouris* and Christos Dimitrakopoulos ,IBM Research Division, T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA,materials today, vol-15,March 20125. Wonbong Choi,1, Indranil Lahiri,1 Raghunandan Seelaboyina,1 and Yong Soo Kang2,∗ Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 35:52–71, 20106. Tajinder Panesor,IOP Institute of physics 76, Registered charity no. 293851,© Institute of Physics 20117. P B Sorokin, L A Chernozatonskii, Physics -Uspekhi 56 (2) 105 -122 (2013), © 2013 Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Russian Academy of Sciences
(a) Grapheneasthebasisforgraphite-likematerials:fullerene,nanotubes,andgraphite;and (b)a photoofgraphene
Role of grtaphene in various fields.
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