Final Greek Architecture [Compatibility Mode] (2)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Ar. Kalpeshkumar Patel

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHY

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHY

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHY

• Peninsula – West –Asia Minor-Main Peninsula- dotted islands

• Terrain – hilly – clans- Rivalry.

• Climate – Mild winter – warm sunny summer

• Moderate rainfall- sudden showers – dust proof atmosphere –

• blue skies- Mediterranean blue seas• blue skies- Mediterranean blue seas

GEOLOGICAL

Limestone –stucco – marble powderMarble- Fine grained – exactness of line, detailMountain of Hymerrus,Athens - Pentelicus

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

HISTORY

• Minoan (Crete) –Early, Middle Bronze –

• King Minos of Knoss

• Mycenae (Helladic Greece) 1400 -1100 B.C.

• Late Bronze Age 2000-1580B.C.Athens - Pentelicus Islands – Paros, Naxos

Timber – roofingSundried bricks

RELIGION

Natural forces – Gods – Goddesses

Sacrificial Altars – open air

• Late Bronze Age 2000-1580B.C.

• Geometric Age (Dorians) 900-725B.C.

• Archaic Period 7th – 6thB.C.

• Hellenic or Classical Age 480 – 330 B.C.

• Hellenistic Period 330 – 150B.C.

• Roman Greece

Sacrificial Altars – open air

Ritual Dances

Sacred Games

Each town –local heroes, traditions, ceremonies

No regular priesthood

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

• Traebated Architecture –columns –Beams –Marble

• Walls stone – rubble with ashlar,without mortar

• Roof Pitch –low-angle of pediment

• Ceilings – flat - coffered

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

i) Column –

• The column height is 6 to 7 times its lower diameter ‘D’.

• The column has no base but stands directly on a platform of three steps called crepidoma .called crepidoma .

• The bottom part is called plinth (stereobate) the middle dado or die and the top one, the sylobate , each being 1/4th D in height.

• The shaft has a slightly convex profile called ‘entasis’ to counteract the hollow appearance which results from straight sided column.

• The shaft is circular and gradually tapers to 3/ 4 to 2/ 3 at top.

• The shaft in its length is divided into 20 flutes i.e elliptical channels or grooves, separated by sharp projections or Arrises.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

• The ‘Inter columniation’ or centre to centre distance between twp adjacent columns measured at the lower diameter of their shafts is ‘2D’

• The distinctive capital which is semi –diameter high consists of ‘Abacus’ and ‘Echinus’.‘Echinus’.

• The abacus which is a square block , often moulded forms the upper member of the capital.

• The echinus has a varying outline, such as parabolic curve or ovolo of subtle profile.

• Below the echinus, there are horizontal filtets three to five in numbers called filtets three to five in numbers called the “Annulets’ which break the vertical lines of arrises and flutes of shaft.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

iI) Entablature –

The entablature which is two diameter high, consists of three parts, namely ‘Architrave’, ‘Frieze’ and ‘Cornice’

(a) Architrave –

It is lintel proper which is plain and 3/ 4 D in It is lintel proper which is plain and 3/ 4 D in height .

It has a flat moulding at top called the ‘Taenia’ and below it is a ‘regula’ a short with six ‘guttae i.e small cone like blocks occuringunder each triglyph.

The architrave projects beyond the face of the column.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

(b) Frieze –

• The frieze which is 3/ 4 D high contains ‘Triglyph’ and ‘Metope’.

• The triglyph is formed by two upright v-shaped channels with similar half channels on both ends which are channels on both ends which are rounded at top.

• The width of triglyph is usually one module. The triglyphs are placed immediately over the columns and at centres of the bays.

• The triglyphs are so arranged that the spaces between them are nearly squares. These squares are called squares. These squares are called ‘Metopes’ which unlike the triglyphs are set back from the face of architrave as they generally contain sculptures of hunting, fighting etc. eaves.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

(c) Cornice

• It is the crowing part . It is semi diameter high.

• It has at top the curved shaped slab called ‘Cymatium’ and below this, is ‘Corona’ . The cornice projects beyond ‘Corona’ . The cornice projects beyond the frieze by one module.

• The soffit or the underside of the cornice is made inclined in the direction of the sloping roof and has flat blocks called ‘ Mutules’ which form the eaves.

DORIC ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

GREEK ARCHITECTURE DORIC ORDER

GREEK ARCHITECTURE IONIC ORDER

i) Column –

• The column has a base. The column height including base, shaft and capital is usually 9 times the lower diameter ‘D’.

• The moulded base which is semi-diameter in height consists of upper and diameter in height consists of upper and lower torus separated by ‘scotia’ and fillets.

• The circular shaft has 24 flutes separated by fillets and not by arrises as in Doric order.

• The shaft diminishes to 5/6 the diameter at its top.

• The inter columniation is 4D• The inter columniation is 4D

• This order is remarkable for its volute or scroll capital or decorative motif derived from lotus or nautilus shell or ram’s horns.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE IONIC ORDER

i) Column –

• The capital which is 3/4 to 2/3 D high has a pair of volutes both on the front and back of the column and connected by sides by the concave cushion either plain or ornamented with flutes, fillets and beads.and beads.

• The volutes are placed parallel to the entablature.

• The outlines of the volutes are obtained either by geometrical construction or by smooth free hand.

• In between the volutes is the necking enriched with egg and tongue and honey suckle ornaments separating the honey suckle ornaments separating the capital from the fluted shaft.

• Above the spiral scrolls, there is abacus which is shallow . It is either plain or enriched with egg and tongue ornaments.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE IONIC ORDER

i) Entablature –

• the Ionic entablature varies in height but is usually about two diameter high. It consists of the following

(a) Architrave –

• It is 3/4 D high. • It is 3/4 D high.

• It consists of triple fascia i.e. three beams projecting one above the other.

• The top cyma reversa contains leaf and dart ornament

(b) Frieze -

It is either plain or ornamented by a continuous band of sculptures. It is 3/4 D continuous band of sculptures. It is 3/4 D high.

(c) Cornice –

• It is semi diameter high.

• There is usually no antifixae on the flanks but cymatium is elaborately enriched by lotus and papyrus ornament.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE IONIC ORDER

(c) Cornice –

• Cymatium is also carried along the side cornices .

• Rain water spouts in the shape of lion’s heads are provided at regular intervals to drain out the rain water from the roof.to drain out the rain water from the roof.

• The corona is plain and supported by a cyma bead moulding.

• The Greek Ionic order is more ornate than the Doric . It has grace, elegance and refineness of outlines.

IONIC ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

IONIC ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

IONIC ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

GREEK ARCHITECTURE CORINTHIAN ORDER

i) Column –

• The column including the base, shaft and capital is about 10 times its lower diameter ‘D’.

• The base is semi – diameter high with its upper and lower torus separated by its upper and lower torus separated by scotia and fillets.

• The lower torus is 1 1/3 times D

• The shaft is circular and tapered to 5/6 D at the top.

• It has 24 flutes separated by fillets , which is nearly 1/4 of the width of the flutes.

• The inter columniation is 3 D.• The inter columniation is 3 D.

• This Order has distinctive capital which is much deeper than Ionic being about 1-1/3 D high.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE CORINTHIAN ORDER

i) Column –

• Its origin is uncertain but it might have evolved from the Egyptian bell shaped Capital or due to Callimachus , a famous Athenian Sculptor, who got the idea from seeing a basket covered with tile kept over a tomb of a corinthian maiden, the basket being placed on the root maiden, the basket being placed on the root of an ‘ acanthus’ plant, its stem and foliage being turned into voluted at an angle of the tile.

• Usual type of capital has a deep inverted bell shape , the lower part of which contains two rows of eight acanthus leaves resting on lotus or water leaves.

• In the upper part rise eight ‘caulicoli’ in between the leaves of upper row. between the leaves of upper row.

• Each caulicoli is surmounted by a calyx from which spring small volutes supporting the corners of the moulded and the central foliated ornaments.

• Each face of the abacus containing a ‘rosette’in the centre is cut at the angle and it fully covers the bell of the capital

GREEK ARCHITECTURE CORINTHIAN ORDER

ii) Entablature

The Corinthian Entablature which is usually 2 ¼ D high bear a close resemblance to Ionic order. It contains the following

(a) Architrave –

• It is 3/4 D high and is divided into three fascia • It is 3/4 D high and is divided into three fascia i.e three slabs raised one above the other with slight projections.

(b) Frieze –

• It is also 3/4 D high and ornamented by a continuous band of sculptures.

(c) Cornice

• It is lighter than other types. It is also 3/4 D • It is lighter than other types. It is also 3/4 D high and contains dentils below the corona.

• At top ‘Antefixal’ ornament is provided.

The Greek Corinthian Order was chiefly used as a decorative feature and was little used by the Greeks.

This Order is more lighter and delicate than either the Doric and the Ionic

CORINTHIAN ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

CORINTHIAN ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

CORINTHIAN ORDERGREEK ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURECaryatids – statues of draped

women –instead of columns

Priestesses from CaryaeCaryae

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

OPTICAL CORRECTIONS

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

Parabolic curve Entasis

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

In antis – columns in line with wall

Prostyle – front only

Amphi prostyle – front/back

Peripteral - allround

Henostyle – one column

Distyle – 2 tetrastyle - 4

Tristyle -3 Pentastyle -5

Hexastyle -6 Heptastyle -7

TEMPLE CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

Parts of a temple –

Entrance porch – Pronaos

Main cella – Naos

Rear chamber/treasury – Epinaos/ opisthodomos

Stood on crepidoma – 3steps

Altar stood outside opposite the East Front

Not for internal worship

Outward effect

Large door – East

Windows –rareWindows –rare

Sloped roof – timber truss, tiles

Sculpture - pediments

TEMPLE CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLES

1. Greek temples were not very big. To support the roofs, columns were used.

2. Roofs were constructed of timber members boarded and covered with Terra-cotta on

marble tiles.

3. The entrance doors were tall. They were about two-thirds the height of the lofty naos. 3. The entrance doors were tall. They were about two-thirds the height of the lofty naos.

4. When the doors were opened they would let enough light in to illuminate the statue in

the naos.

5. Windows were rare in the temple buildings.

6. At one time it was thought that quite a few temples must have been "hypaethral"

meaning partially open to the sky.

7. Rectangular temples are described according to the number of columns on the entrance 7. Rectangular temples are described according to the number of columns on the entrance

front and by the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to the

naos.

TEMPLE CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

ACROPOLISGREEK ARCHITECTURE

ACROPOLISGREEK ARCHITECTURE

ACROPOLISGREEK ARCHITECTURE

PARTHENONGREEK ARCHITECTURE

Octastyle peripteral -Octastyle, perpiteral

Steps 3nos. 2’4”wide,

Pronaos -60’ x14’

228’0”x 101’0”Naos –98’0”x63’0’

10 columnsU shaped -5

” 98’0”x63’04 Ionic ” 98’0”x63’0

9’ wide

Ionic

GREEK ARCHITECTURE PARTHENON

GREEK ARCHITECTURE• The Parthenon, an octostyle, peripteral Doric temple with Ionic architectural features,

housed the statue of Athena Parthenos sculpted by Phidias and dedicated in 439/438

BC.

• The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured.

• The temple was dedicated to the Athena.

PARTHENON

• The temple was dedicated to the Athena.

• The richness of the Parthenon's frieze and metope decoration is in agreement with the

function of the temple as a treasury. In the opisthodomus (the back room of the cella)

were stored the monetary contributions of the Delian League, of which Athens was the

leading member.

• The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the sculptor Phidias, who also

had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects, Iktinos and Kallikrates, began in

447 BC, and the building was substantially completed by 432 BC.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE• Measured at the top step, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 metres

by 30.9 metres (228.0 x 101.4 ft).

• The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 x 63.0 ft), with internal Doric

colonnades in two tiers, structurally necessary to support the roof.

• On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are 10.4

PARTHENON

• On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are 10.4

metres (34.1 ft) high.

• The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter.

• The Parthenon had 46 outer pillars and 19 inner pillars in total.

• The stylobate has an upward curvature towards its centre of 60 millimetres (2.36 in) on

the east and west ends, and of 110 millimetres (4.33 in) on the sides.

• The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as imbrices and tegulae.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE• The Parthenon was built in the simple and powerful Doric order, with 8 columns along

each end and 17 columns along each side.

• Through careful adjustments to the design and location of the Parthenon’s columns and

floor platform, the architects counteracted optical illusions that could have distorted the

building’s appearance from a distance.

PARTHENON

building’s appearance from a distance.

• Without such adjustments, the platform might seem to sag in the middle, for example,

and the columns might appear to have a slight curve in profile. A central structure with

two chambers once housed a statue of Athena made of ivory and gold that was perhaps

10 m (33 ft) tall.

• The ninety-two metopes were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in

treasuries.

• The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the

Ionic frieze running around the exterior walls of the cella.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE

Metopes – 92 in number

almost square.

1.45 m each side

14 on each front – 32 on each side

Each – depict 2 figures in combat –

PARTHENON

Each – depict 2 figures in combat –

high relief.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE PARTHENON

Ionic frieze – 1.2m Ht, 175 running metre

Figures represent – gods, priests, elders Sacrifices, bearers, soldiers, Maidens, nobles.

Low relief – beautifully composed

GREEK ARCHITECTURE PARTHENON

ERECHTHEUMGREEK ARCHITECTURE

ERECHTHEUMGREEK ARCHITECTURE

• This is a complex building of up to four distinct spaces.

• It is also built on a slope, so its walls are of differing heights.

• It is dedicated to Athena Polias and Poseidon Erechtheus.

ERECHTHEUMGREEK ARCHITECTURE

CHARACTERISTICSGREEK ARCHITECTURE

PROPYLEA

Western edge

5 gates,

Doric

Middle gate –sacrificial

animals, unpaved,

other 4- paved

EPIDAURASGREEK ARCHITECTURE

Theatre – built on the slopes of hill

Four parts –

1. a segmental arrangement of tiered seats – Auditorium – cavea –broad concentric belts –diazomata.

2. Circular orchestra –used by chorus –10-12’ below-enclosed by portico, balustraded terrace.terrace.

3. Proscenium in front of skene

4. The skene –tangential to the orchestra –a backing –simple stage décor (dressing –actors, waiting area.

EPIDAURASGREEK ARCHITECTURE

EPIDAURASGREEK ARCHITECTURE

TOWN PLANNINGGREEK ARCHITECTURE

TOWN PLANNING – Hippodomas -

divided city – 3 zones –

1. Public buildings

2. Sacred use – citadel -acropolis – temple

3. Private homes – outside the fortified walls3. Private homes – outside the fortified walls

4. Public Buildings – 2 types

a) Portico or Stoa – hall open – one side. By a colonnade .

b) Covered room or Hypostyle- internal columns

CIVIC ARCHITECTUREGREEK ARCHITECTURE

CIVIC ARCHITECTURE –

Prytaneum, Bouleuterion, Assembly Hall,

Agora – town square- centre – political, business, social life -open air public spaceStoa – roofed promenade, monumental appeareance – 150M length

AGORATEMPLE

STOA BOULEUTERION

CIVIC ARCHITECTUREGREEK ARCHITECTURE

• Prytaneum – inner council –Banqueting hall

• Bouleuterion – Advisory committee

• Assembly Hall – general use

• Odeion – Musicals

• Stadium – foot race-Olympia – 50,000 spectators

• Hippodrome – Horse, chariot racing

• Telesterion – hall of • Telesterion – hall of mysteries, magic

CIVIC ARCHITECTUREGREEK ARCHITECTURE

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