Final Assignment Daravi

DHARAVI

By,

Vasantha Kumar (215110032)

Ganesh.A (215110063)

Gopinath (215110062)

Prabhu Sundhar (215110073)

Contents

Dharavi

Geography

History

Dispelling Myths

Economy

Flourishing Trades

13th Compound – Recycling Industry in Dharavi

o Important Process involved in Recycling

o Plastic Recycling

o Paper Recycling

o Aluminium Recycling

Dharavi – An Environment and Economic Model

o Environmental Benefits

o Dharavi – An Economic Engine

o Dharavi and Wall Street

Future of Dharavi

Dharavi

Dharavi - Asia's largest and the world's second largest slum - is the first impression one gets

of Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay), while landing at the Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport.

Dharavi (Portuguese spelling Daravi, British Anglicised spelling Darravy, Dorrovy) is the

administrative ward, over parts of Sion, Bandra, Kurla and Kalina suburbs of Mumbai, India.

It is sandwiched between Mahim in the west and Sion in the east, and spread over an area of

175 hectares, or 0.67 square miles. In 1986, the population was estimated at 530,225, but

modern Dharavi has a population of over 1 million people.

In expensive Mumbai, Dharavi provides a cheap, but illegal, alternative where rents were as

low as 4 US dollars per month in 2006. Dharavi exports goods around the world. The total

turnover is estimated to be over 700 million US dollars per year as on 2007.

Geography

Dharavi is located between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and

Central Railways. To its west are Mahim and Bandra, and to the north lies the Mithi River,

which empties into the Arabian Sea through the Mahim Creek. To its south and east are Sion

and Matunga. Both its location and poor drainage systems make Dharavi particularly

vulnerable to floods during the wet season.

History

In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island. In February 1739, Chimnaji Appa attacked

Bassein. Before that, he took possession of Dharavi. The area of present-day Dharavi was

predominantly mangrove swamp prior to the late 19th century, inhabited by Koli fishermen.

However, the fishing industry disappeared when the swamp areas filled in. A dam at Sion,

adjacent to Dharavi, hastened the process of joining separate islands into one long, tapered

mass. Thus began the transformation of the island city of Bombay. In the process, the creek

dried up, and Dharavi's fishing town was deprived of its traditional sustenance, but the newly

drained marshes provided space for new communities to move in. Migrants from Gujarat

established a potters' colony, and Maharashtrian tanners belonging to the Charmarkar caste

migrated to Dharavi and set up the leather tanning industry. Other artisans, like the

embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade.

Tamil migrants, including Tamil Muslims and Nadars started coming into the area in the late

1800s, many of whom worked in nearby tanneries, though a large influx came in the 1920s.

Bombay's first Tamil school and Dharavi's first school was constructed in 1924; it remained

the only school of Dharavi, for the next four decades. In 1930s, a single road passed through

the Dharavi towards Mahim railway station.

Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in 1960's to uplift the lives of thousands

of Slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M. V. Duraiswamy, a well known social worker

and congress leader of that region. The Dharavi co-operative housing society promoted 338

flats and 97 shops and was named "Dr. Baliganagar".

Dispelling myths

One of the common perceptions of Dharavi is that the mafia has a major presence there and it

is a haven for drug pushers and those who live outside of the law. Popular stereotyping has

reinforced the image of Dharavi as a place of dirt and filth, breeding criminal activities.

While it is true that the underworld does have a presence in the labyrinths of Dharavi it would

be wrong to paint everyone with the same brush.

If the now famous film, Slum Dog Millionaire managed to give you a whiff of the

desperation, the odour of rot and a glimpse into what life could be for those who are forced to

live in the lethal environment of Dharavi, it told you one story.

And still the residents of Dharavi live in cramped housing with little or no sanitation.

Hundreds of thousands of shanties with tin or asbestos sheets for roofs and blue or red plastic

walls make for a shabby looking abstract painting on a canvas spread over many square

kilometers.

Economy

Dharavi pulsates with intense economic activity. Its population has achieved a unique

informal "self-help" urban development over the years without any external aid. It is a

humming economic engine. The residents, though bereft of housing amenities, have been

able to lift themselves out of poverty by establishing thousands of successful businesses. A

study by Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology indicates that Dharavi currently

has close to 5,000 industrial units, producing textiles, pottery and leather, and performing

services like recycling, printing, and steel fabrication.

In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi, there is an increasingly

large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of Mumbai. Financial

services are significant; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. Industries

generally serve all of Mumbai, and many products are even distributed in global markets.

One conservative estimate places the annual value of goods produced in Dharavi at USD 500

million.

Commercial and manufacturing enterprises provide employment for a large share of

Dharavi’s population as well as for some living outside Dharavi. A unique characteristic of

Dharavi is its very close work-place relationship. Productive activity takes place in nearly

every home. As a result, Dharavi’s economic activity is decentralized, human scale, home-

based, low-tech and labor-intensive. This has created an organic and incrementally

developing urban form that is pedestrian zed, community-centric, and network-based, with

mixed use, high density low-rise streetscapes. Unfortunately, Dharavi is depicted as a 'slum'

that lacks residential infrastructure (roads, housing with individual toilets, public

conveniences, etc.). In fact it is not a residential slum, but a unique self-contained township.

Flourishing Trades

Industry in Dharavi is

Estimated Rs 5 crore a day or Rs 2000 crore p.a.

Estimated Rs 11 crore per hectare p.a.

The traditional industries in Dharavi consist of the following:

500 small scale Garments units and about 100 doing embroidery and zardozi work.

25-30 big and 5000 small job work leather goods manufacturing units

150 leather shops

Suitcases

Only 50 Lijjat members are in Dharavi (out of 8000 in Mumbai and of 40,000 in

India). Rests are involved in papad making for other private labels.

Printing presses – about 100

Foundries (brass buckles)

Gold refinery and retail outlets

Indian sweets making units (biggest in India)

111 restaurants

85 Export Oriented Units (including WHO approved surgical sutures)

3 to 4 Soap and detergent factories

152 Food units – chikki (27), papads, chana dal, khari biscuit etc.

Tanneries

25 bakeries

250 potters in Kumbharwada

Kite making

Other than these traditional industries, the industries that is bringing revenue to Dharavi are

There are 145 (Hazardous chemical drums) recycling units

Foundries

722 Scrap and Recycling (plastics, chemicals etc.) of which only 359 are licensed

And yet, despite the unhygienic environment, Dharavi is a buzz of activity. As much as 80

per cent of the slum dwellers are involved in production activity. Only 20 per cent go outside

of the slum to get employment. Recycling of plastic and medical waste is a big industry here

and the Royal University study takes us on a journey to the trade that flourishes within

Dharavi.

Indeed, those unfamiliar with the real Mumbai may find it surprising that a vibrant leather

industry as well as units that manufacture surgical threads can all be found within Dharavi.

Why, it even boasts of beauty parlours, bakeries that feed the city and private clinics. The

fascination with Dharavi is such, particularly among foreign tourists that many hotels in

South Mumbai have put up posters advertising ‘Slum Tours'.

One of the authors of Documenting Informalities even made enquiries about the tour and was

told that a driver would “drive us around for two to three hours, showing us the misery of

extreme poverty. But no one leaves the vehicle; no one can step into this reality. The taxi

driver says it is too dangerous, not even he would dare to walk around the slum.”

13th Compound – Recycling Industry in Dharavi

Dharavi’s plastic recycling industry is India’s largest. There are 121 sheds in 13 th compound

alone. In the so-called '13th compound' Dharavi's recycling miracle is in full show. 13

Compound is one of the busiest neighborhoods of Dharavi (Mumbai). It specializes in

recycling about anything that can be resold. It is bordered by the Western railway line, the 60

Feet Road and the Mithi River. Despite being an industrial area, 13 Compound also houses

hundreds of people. Some of them work in the recycling industry, sometimes handling

hazardous materials. This is where 80 per cent of Mumbai's plastic waste is given a new life.

All around young boys cart wheelbarrows filled with everyday plastic waste. Junk is a word

that does not exist here. Dharavi's plastic recycling industry employs almost 10,000 people,

melting, reshaping and molding discarded plastic.

The enormous recycling operation in Dharavi is well known for collecting everything from

glass and paper to aluminium, paints, tins and plastics. 4,000 tonnes of waste gets processed

every day, which generates USD 72 million a year and employs around 250,000 people.

These statistics have earned the industry the label of ‘Dharavi’s recycling miracle’.

However, headlines like this fail to take Dharavi’s recycling workers seriously, missing both

the problems and potential in the sector.

Take, for instance, an international comparison. The UK-based firm AWS Eco Plastics has a

turnover projected to rise to USD 65 million by the end of the year, which is roughly equal to

the entire recycling operation in Dharavi. And AWS is a medium sized firm that specializes

in one field. The large Austrian company Altstoff Recycling has a turnover nearly three times

the size at USD 200 million.

Workers in Dharavi currently miss out on the most lucrative parts of the recycling process.

Warehouse factories are too small, too ill equipped and too dangerous to process large

quantities of materials. What is produced gets sold back to manufacturers, but this means that

the high value in remanufacturing gets transferred elsewhere.

So what would it take to put the recycling industry in Dharavi on an international footing?

Certainly, some capital investment would be needed. The concrete tubs where aluminium

gets melted down would have to become factories with industrial scale equipment. The army

of informal workers picking-up waste would have to grow into an infrastructure that could

safely collect large quantities of recyclable materials from an area extending beyond

Mumbai.

Alongside this, workers would need training, not just to use better processes and equipment,

but also to restore and remanufacture high value goods. The potential for growth is enormous

if hardrives could replace tin cans as a staple Dharavi product.

Indeed, remanufacturing is becoming big business, especially for electrical equipment and

industrial components like compressors. In the US it constitutes around 75% of the total

recycling industry with revenue of USD 180 billion. This work is twice as labour intensive as

conventional manufacturing, and demands higher levels of job skills. To provide a quality

labour force, vocational schemes specific to the remanufacturing industry would need to be

developed.

People working at the highest level would also be required. Management roles would be

created by large flows of materials and goods, in the organisation of a highly skilled

workforce, and through sales in international markets. There are implications for the

education system here. Universities would need to offer courses that target top positions in

the recycling and remanufacturing industries.

The structural adjustments involved in really committing to green industries, like recycling in

Dharavi, are expensive, but there is an economic incentive to make them. The ILO has

pointed to figures from the Bureau of International Recycling and the US, which have

registered turnovers of USD 160 billion and USD 236 billion annually. This is in the context

of a global market for Low Carbon and Environmental Goods & Services projected to grow

from USD 5 trillion to USD 7.25 trillion in the next 5 years.

But these investments also have the potential to improve the quality of life for workers and

their families. The Indian Express has recently reported on the effects of the downturn in

Dharavi, where some businesses have seen a fall in demand of 50%. Developing human

capital and infrastructure in deprived areas is a way of helping poor people become more

resilient to shocks that are beyond their control.

Important Process involved in Recycling

Looking at the recycling process as a whole, each business follows four basic steps. First, the

recyclers send collectors to purchase waste materials from “suppliers” such as offices, malls,

homes, and industrial sites throughout the city. Some suppliers organize a tendering process,

whereby all interested parties will bid for a batch of waste material, with the highest bidder

winning the product. Tender offers can be daily, monthly, quarterly, or even yearly

depending on the types of material and volumes involved. Other times, the recycler will have

a contract with a supplier, paying a certain amount per kilo of material. Prices paid vary

depending on quality of the product. In this situation, products typically arrive pre-sorted for

the most part, reducing turnaround times and increasing margin potential.

The second step is to transport the waste material from the supplier to 13th compound.

Transportation expenses are borne by the recyclers and represent the largest component of

costs in many cases. Here we found some differences in transportation methods for different

products and businesses. The smaller operations are completely dependent on the rail system.

The three to four labourers they employ begin early in the morning and travel throughout the

city collecting waste materials to bring back to the sorting area. Dharavi’s central location

reduces travel times and expenses. This double benefit allows recyclers to hire fewer

collectors than if they were located on the outskirts of the city. Sometimes, the amount of

material to bring to 13th compound is very large. In these situations, a collector either hires a

car or truck for a few hours. One recycler we spoke with had bought a car to speed up the

collection process.

The third step in the recycling process is sorting. Sorting is the true value added component

of the recyclers. In the U.S., recycling as a profitable business is difficult if not impossible

because the costs of sorting are often too high to justify the effort. Here, the margins are

likewise very low, but apparently manageable. The sorting process is generally straight

forward. Some businesses just pile the materials in a corner and have their workers line up to

take out their specific type of product.

Plastic Recycling

Indian plastic industry is in the path of an impressive growth now. When compared to the

usage of steel and aluminum, the usage of plastics is more on volume basis. But India was the

last in consumption of plastics among America, Europe, and China. However this comparison

was done by the year 2003.

In the year 2000, India was 10th in plastic consumption. But owing to the growth through

2000-2008, it was expected India to be the 3rd largest consumer of plastics by 2010.

Obviously by this great leap in this industry the total contribution of plastic industry to Indian

economy will also jump to 44Bn USD by 2010.

It was stated that plastic recycling system can turn a menace into employment opportunity for

millions. When compared to a plastic manufacturing firm, a plastic recycling firm can

employ approximately 7 times more people. As well as India is a concerned, Indians require

more employment opportunities also. As the plastic recycling also contributes a good will to

the environment, this industry definitely has a great future.

The plastic, which comes in all forms, including bottles, boxes, pens, is first sorted according to colour and quality.

Next, the plastic is ground into flakes and sold to a granule maker. In his factory, the plastic

flakes are washed, dried, melted, squeezed into wires and then chopped into pellets.

These pellets are then used to make different types of products.

Most of the waste is collected from various households and commercial buildings by

housemaids and servants who then bring it to Dharavi for recycling. Even the rag pickers

roaming the streets of Mumbai help in collecting the waste.

As you walk along the dark alleys of Dharavi, you come across workshops and factories

recycling everything from plastic and paper to soap and candles.

Plastic Waste Collection in Dharavi

Paper Recycling

Dharavi houses numerous paper recycling units, recycling tons of waste generated by

Mumbai, which would otherwise have either found its way into the Arabian Sea or choked

the already crumbling sewage system of the city. It is interesting to note that not only does

this industry recycle waste, but also acts as an agent of poverty alleviation by providing

employment at various levels.

Thousands of otherwise marginalized individuals, scavengers, scour through the tones of

rubbish every day, collecting recyclables and transporting them to segregators. The

segregators pay Rs. 8 (50 cents approximately) per kilo of recyclable rubbish collected by the

scavengers. The segregators, in turn, transport segregated waste to the appropriate recycling

factory.

While the current scenario is not in the least humane, there have been instances of the

scavengers' children making it through school and wearing a white collar. However, such

instances are rare. One feels that effective government regulation and entrepreneurship are

the need of the hour to take this climate solution to the next level.

Waster Paper Collection in Dharavi

Aluminum Recycling

Recycling aluminum uses only 5 percent of the energy and produces only 5 percent of CO2

emissions when compared to with production of virgin metal.

This also reduces the amount of waste going to the landfill. A recycled aluminum can save

enough energy to run a television set for three hours. Recycling 1kg of aluminum saves up to

6kg of bauxite, 4kg of chemical products and 14 kWh of electricity.

A factory in Dharavi recycles vegetable oil tin cans that are used in every household in India.

These two-litre containers are hammered back into shape, dipped in scalding water, cleaned

and then polished.

They make new cans out of old and used ones, then sell them to oil companies and directly to local consumers as well.

Aluminum Smelter in Dharavi

Dharavi – An Environmental and Economic Model

Environmental Benefits

Recycling 1 ton of paper saves 17 mature trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 3 cubic yards

of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil, and 4000 kilowatt hours of electricity.  This is

enough energy to power the average American home for 5 months.

The process of recycling paper instead of making it from new materials generates 74

percent less air pollution and uses 50 percent less water.

Manufacturing recycled paper uses 60 percent of the energy needed to make paper

from new materials.

Over 73 percent of all newspapers are recovered for recycling. About 33 percent of

this is used to make newsprint the rest is used to make paperboard, tissue, or

insulation.

A little more than 48 percent of all office paper is recycled. This is used to make

writing papers, paperboard, tissue, and insulation.

Recycling steel and tin cans saves 74 percent of the energy used to make them.

A steel mill using recycled scrap reduces water pollution, air pollution, and mining

waste by about 70 percent.

When you throw away an aluminum can you waste as much energy as if you’d filled

the can half full of gasoline and poured it into the ground.

Recycling one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a 100 watt light bulb for 20

hours, a computer for 3 hours, and a TV for 2 hours.

Approximately 88 percent of the energy is saved when plastic is made from plastic

rather than from the raw materials of gas and oil.

Considering the damage created by the plastics to the environment, the government tries to

ban the usage of plastics in the country. But thousands of families in Dharavi as well as in

India make their living out of the money earned through waste recycling. Any such total ban

in this sector will also adversely affect the country’s economy negatively.

In the attempt to clean up one segment should not result in throwing the baby out of the

window along with the bath water. As India has a great resources of man power and

technology, recycling cane be developed more and the environmental bugs can be fixed. As

an old saying, give me a rock, I will turn it to a master piece, these wastes can be processed

and reused. That will provide a lot of employment and also contributes to economy.

Dharavi – Economic Engine

Dharavi is a complex economic engine. Much has been written on Dharavi and its informal

economy. Articles from news agencies like the India Daily and the BBC quote the area’s

GDP as being some Rs. 3000 crore ($670 million). With Dharavi’s population estimated at

700,000, the area’s per capita GDP would be about Rs. 43,000, which is 30% higher than the

national average. Yet, while Dharavi contributes more in terms of GDP than many towns in

India, there seems to be little to no understanding of the Dharavi economic model, especially

to outsiders.

Understanding Dharavi as an economic engine is a difficult task. Most outsiders look at the

slum as a contiguous whole, while the reality is much different. There is significant socio-

economic stratification within Dharavi that is driven by differences in commercial and

industrial activity throughout the slum. Dharavi is home to tens of thousands of businesses

ranging from simple garland manufacturing to complex steel works. Understanding the scope

of each type of business and each business model is a monumental task that is too massive to

undertake effectively.

A survey was conducted of five businesses in the area known as 13th compound. They were

attempting to understand how certain product lines operated in the area and the types of

spaces they need in order to function properly in the future. They chose 13th compound

because it is primarily an industrial area, with minimal residential dwellings. However,

several thousand migrant labourers do live in 13th compound and generally sleep in the same

structure they work in.

In the analysis, they focused on five different types of businesses: cardboard recycling, paper

recycling, plastic recycling, cloth dying, and ink bucket cleaning. There were several more

types of businesses within their survey area for which we were unable to speak with owners.

This list included a steel product manufacturer, old refrigerator recycling, and several other

non-industrial, service businesses like a barber shop and chai stand.

The bulk of our time in 13th compound was spent talking to recyclers. The recyclers, while

working with different materials, have many similarities in their business processes. Most of

the recycling takes place in the form of product sorting. Waste materials from the greater

Mumbai area are brought to 13th compound to be sorted by product type and quality. The

relative simplicity of the business process and the ease at which people can enter the market

has led to extremely high levels of competition and very low margins within the industry.

The high levels of competition have also fostered a culture of “each man for himself,” where

businesses that collect and send products from and to the same places don’t collectively

bargain for transportation. The lack of a business association that lobbies for the needs of

industry in 13th compound visibly adds to costs and further reduces margin potential.

Dharavi and Wall Street

"The difference between Dharavi and Wall Street is zero." A statement like that is bound to

get your attention, especially when it comes from Hernando de Soto, author of international

bestseller "The Mystery of Capital", head of the Peru based Institute for Liberty &

Development (which has helped set up capital formation programmes in over 30 countries)

and the man once described by Bill Clinton as "the world’s greatest living economist".

Well, according to de Soto, the subprime mortgage crisis was a result of poor property

documentation and inadequate property laws, the same problems that plague Dharavi. "I

recognise a shadow economy when I see one — $600 trillion worth of unaccounted stuff in

the market. You don’t really know who owns what and that was the problem."

Talking of India, he warned that unless the government takes concrete steps to legalise the

shadow economy of slum dwellers and give them property rights, the expanding problems of

continued urban migration would spin out of control.

"The waves of migration into cities are inevitable. You need to identify what government

owns today to protect it against squatters. To tackle the problem of squatters it is not enough

to formalize the poverty alleviation Selja Kumari revealed, that the ministry was in the

process of preparing a blueprint for a slum-free India by working on property rights for slum

dwellers.

"Inclusive growth will not happen automatically. The government has to consciously take

steps to make this happen," she said. She also announced that the Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

for slum dwellers would be a public status quo or simply legalise slums, but also to formulate

a law looking at the future when there will be more migration.

DLF Universal chairman K P Singh said the crux of the problem was governments not

coming to terms with the scale and inevitability of migration into cities. Blaming the public

sector headed by bureaucrats for the present state of affairs, he sought SEZ status for slum

redevelopment.

"They protect the assets that the government does not protect. If the government has laws to

protect people’s assets and rights, these terrorists lose their hold among the people," said de

Soto. He added that the success of a country depends on the proper organisation of the

division of labour. "Informal economy is the enemy of organization in the 21st century," he

summarised.

Future of Dharavi

In India, The Acorn Foundation India Trust aims to organize rag pickers and train them in

scientific methods of waste handling, segregation and recycling, bringing a measure of

respect to their work. If it wasn’t for the rag pickers Dharavi’s would be one giant toxic waste

dump.

Now there’s an initiative afoot to bestow a fourth R on the rag picker brigade—respect. The

Acorn Foundation India Trust is set to organize these workers and train them in scientific

methods of waste handling, segregation and recycling. “We want to highlight their work in

protection of the environment,” says Vinod Shetty of the Acorn Foundation. “We want the

government to set up a board whereby polluters pay a cess of about one per cent which can

go towards giving these rag pickers a proper income with safe equipment like gloves and

other amenities. We want them to be trained in how to handle toxic waste and expertise in

recycling goods in a non-hazardous way.”

For a start, all members of the Dharavi Project are being given identity cards. They have

formed their own committee which is involved in waste awareness programmes. In one

programme, young rag pickers are partnering with schools in waste management. Currently

there are some 350 members of the Dharavi Project.

The foundation has also undertaken another initiative— to organize health clinics,

programmes and workshops from which young children engaged in rag picking can get some

kind of informal education in music, photography and other arts. A number of artistes have

participated in such programmes, among them singers Shankar Mahadevan, Sunita Rao and

Apache Indian and Katrina Kaif. “Nearly 40 per cent of those in the waste business are

children and women,” says Shetty. “We do not want to support child labour but realise that

this sector needs alternatives. We hope such cultural events will help them think

differently.”Now there’s an initiative afoot to bestow a fourth R on the ragpicker brigade—

respect. The Acorn Foundation India Trust is set to organise these workers and train them in

scientific methods of waste handling, segregation and recycling. “We want to highlight their

work in protection of the environment,” says Vinod Shetty of the Acorn Foundation. “We

want the government to set up a board whereby polluters pay a cess of about one per cent

which can go towards giving these ragpickers a proper income with safe equipment like

gloves and other amenities. We want them to be trained in how to handle toxic waste and

expertise in recycling goods in a non-hazardous way.”

For a start, all members of the Dharavi Project are being given identity cards. They have

formed their own committee which is involved in waste awareness programmes. In one

programme, young ragpickers are partnering with schools in waste management. Currently

there are some 350 members of the Dharavi Project.

Government can take necessary steps to organize the unorganized informal economy and can

develop the Dharavi into a slum with proper infrastructure and sanitation.

Dharavi model can be developed in different parts of the country which will not only result in

development of economy but also help to fight environmental pollution and proper usage of

resources.

This will ensure development of the people’s economy as well as country’s economy.

References

http://www.dharavi.org

http://www.benefits-of-recycling.com

BBC World Service - http://www.bbcwst.com

The Economic Times – 16th February 2010

The Business Line – 30th March 2010

http://www.dharavi.wikispaces.com/ecointro

http://www.articlesnatch.com/Plastic-Recyling-in-India

http://www.beyondprofit.com

http://www.diehardindian.com/thoughts

The Observer

http://docstoc.com

http://www.wikipedia.org/dharavi

Patel, Shrish June 12th 2010. Economic and Political Weekly, “Dharavi: A Makeover or Takeover?”

“Dharavi: India's Model Slum” by Prakash M. Apte.

http://www.greenecoservices.com

http://www.worldchanging.com