Bm final assignment

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SCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOLSCHOOL OFOFOFOFARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE,ARCHITECTURE, BUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGANDANDANDAND DESIGNDESIGNDESIGNDESIGNBACHELORBACHELORBACHELORBACHELOR OFOFOFOF QUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITYQUANTITY SURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYINGSURVEYING (HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)(HONOURS)

BuildingBuildingBuildingBuilding MaterialsMaterialsMaterialsMaterials (((( BLDBLDBLDBLD 62003620036200362003 ))))

AssignmentAssignmentAssignmentAssignment 2222 :::: SiteSiteSiteSite researchresearchresearchresearch reportreportreportreportSubmissionSubmissionSubmissionSubmission Date:Date:Date:Date: 11111111thththth JulyJulyJulyJuly 2014201420142014

No.No.No.No. NameNameNameName StudentStudentStudentStudent IDIDIDID1. Rachel Ernesta 03179662. Tan Chuu Yee 03150973. Tan Kai Sin 03152134. Tan Wei Hao 0313690

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TableTableTableTable ofofofof ContentContentContentContent

No Title Page1 Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe 32 Floor, Ceiling and Structure 53 Wall 104 Window 225 Door 256 Compare and Contrast 287 Suggestion 318 References 32

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IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction ofofofof CappuccinoCappuccinoCappuccinoCappuccino GardenGardenGardenGarden CafeCafeCafeCafe

Our chosen case of study is a cafe. The objective of the assignment to explore and study

the different materials and selected finishes of our chosen case of study. We chose this

particular area because of its interior design and architecture comprising of interesting

materials and finishes giving the cafe a warm and inviting tone and atmosphere.

Due to the function of the area The selected finishes are designed and selected to

withstand traffic it should be easy to clean and maintain.

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Some of the materials explored in the assignment are basically finishes. The function of

these materials are to provide a durable visually attractive qualities and colours and at the

same time offers surface of floor walls and other areas to be maintenance free and to be

cleaned easily.

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Floor,Floor,Floor,Floor, CeilingCeilingCeilingCeiling andandandand StructureStructureStructureStructure

The floors, ceiling and overall structure is made up of concrete however these building

elements have their own applied finishes as further enhancement of the structure’s

durability and architectural quality.

Concrete is made up of clean water, commonly Portland cement, and is served as a

binder for the aggregates namely sand and coarse aggregates combined together in a

mixture that when hardened or curred it has the ability to withstand compressive forces.

Since concrete is strong in compression but weakest in tension, high-yield steel

reinforcement bars are embedded to the concrete to resist the tensile forces. The

reinforcement bars are deformed and ribbed to provide good grip between the concrete

and steel.

The combination of concrete and the steel reinforcement forms a reinforced-concrete

structure that is able to withstand both the compressive and tensile forces under applied

forces.

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The diagram below shows the manufacture of steel

FLOORING

The selection of the existing materials in the project are placed to define 3 types of area.

� outdoor

� Dining area

� corridor

Interior floor

The interior floor in the main dining area is made up glazed ceramic mosaic and, Mosaic is

defined as the art of creating decorative with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other

materials which in this case it is composed of ceramic. It is small tile units which can be flat,

roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different types of colors....

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Whereas ceramic may be either porcelain or of natural clay.

Its selection is due to its hard-wearing and resistance to chemicals, the ability to possess

slip resistant qualities due to its small singular size. Supplied by attached sheets for ease

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of application.

The corridor is made of plain Ceramic tiles. it is the most common and lower in cost than

other types of tiling options or floor finishing options.

External floor

The flooring is assumed to be made of slate tiles. The tiles has non skid properties or non

slip properties which is contributed by the rough texture of the tile.

As an outdoor tile its properties include:

� Durability

� Slip resistant

� Weather resistant

� aesthetics

The tiles are of approximately 300x300mm. Slate is a metamorphic rock derived from fine

grained sand free clay sediments

Slate is a type of material that can be used for flooring, roofing and cladding.

It can be sanded or polished to the desired texture.

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Advantages of Slate

� Slate is water-resistant, tough,

� durable

� available in a range of more subtle tones

� The ability to use slate in bathrooms, kitchens, living spaces and even porches makes

it versatile to apply to any room

Disadvantages of Slate

� Slate is a relatively expensive material

� It has a rough texture and can peel.

� Glossy finishes must be polished regularly to get the required finish,

� must be sealed regularly.

� Slate is a heavier option than most flooring, reinforced subfloor may be necessary.

� Grout lines can discolor and can be frustrating to keep clean.

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WallWallWallWall

The wall of the cafe is made of brick.

AboutAboutAboutAbout brickbrickbrickbrick wallwallwallwall

History of brick walls

Brick walls have been in use for several thousands of years; India and other near eastern

countries first started building brick walls about 5000 years ago. The ideals behind the way

brick walls and bricks are made have changed little over the years. Even the size of bricks

has stayed relatively unchanged. In addition, the brick size must be standardize in order to

build stable, strong brick walls, the bricks needed to be geometric duplicates. Standard

brick size can be traced back to ancient American civilizations that standardized their

bricks to a 4:2:1 ratio. Furthermore, the Romans were the first to use mortar as part of

their standardized brick placement and later brough that knowledge to must of what is

present day Europe. Today, most brick walls are constructed with bricks that are a

standard 8 by 4 by 2.25 ratio.

StrongStrongStrongStrong andandandand DurableDurableDurableDurable

An incredibly hard wearing building material, clay brick is able to take the knocks of

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every-day life as well as the weather extremes sometimes experienced. They won’t fade,

twist or warp, rot or decay, erode or dent and termites can’t eat them. For hundreds of

years, no material shows so few signs of ageing.

All Boral bricks have a strong load bearing capacity to Australian Standards.

LowLowLowLow MaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance

Spend the weekend with your family and friends, not trying to fix a peeling wall!

Brick houses have negligible routine maintenance, maybe a clean every so often, but they

do not require any finish to maintain performance like render does. In most constructions

they do not need re-sealing, re-painting or the like.

This is an important factor to consider when looking at the “whole-of-life” cost of a building

and wall cladding. The costs incurred don’t just stop once your home is complete so don’t

forget to take a long term view when choosing materials.

ThermalThermalThermalThermal PerformancePerformancePerformancePerformance

Brick buildings, particularly double brick, have excellent thermal mass. The University of

Newcastle research1 established that thermal mass, the ability of a material to retain heat

energy when subjected to a temperature differential, plays a key role in stabilising

temperature swings, keeping the internal temperature in the comfort zone longer. This

means it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter. It also showed the performance of

walls with internal thermal mass was markedly improved by the inclusion of cavity

insulation.

In conjunction with good design principles, appropriate use of thermal mass throughout

your home can make a difference not only to comfort but to your artificial heating and

cooling usage as well. This is significant considering that more than 30 percent of the

average home’s energy use is made up of heating and cooling.

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AcousticAcousticAcousticAcoustic PerformancePerformancePerformancePerformance

The density of brick makes for a quieter building compared to lighter weight materials,

reducing external sound such as aircraft and road noise. When building in cavity brick,

adding insulation helps further by absorbing resonating sound.

Internal partition walls made of brick can reduce noise transfer further when used between

rooms of the house. When assessing acoustic performance, it’s important to look at the

properties of the finished wall, not just the raw materials, and making sure they are sealed

correctly and gaps filled in properly.

FireFireFireFire ResistanceResistanceResistanceResistance

There are many components to consider when designing and constructing for bushfire

prone areas that can improve the survival chances of a home exposed to bushfire.

The CSIRO survey of houses in the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria1 showed that

masonry walls significantly reduce the chances of a house being destroyed by bushfire.

DesignDesignDesignDesign FlexibilityFlexibilityFlexibilityFlexibility

Clay brick has a classic, timeless quality, while still being contemporary, innovative and

versatile. Today’s generation of bricks mean the variety is now vast, and so are the uses.

Their compact size, colours, textures and shapes provide infinite design options. Made

from natural clay and shale, no two clay bricks are identical, giving each building its own

distinct personality.

Be creative and experiment with brick orientations and decorative effects such as stacking,

vertical stretcher courses, banding, corbelling and racking. Such design features are

further emphasised by changes in brick colour and size.

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The finishing of wall are gypsum, ceramic tiles and paint.

GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsumAboutAboutAboutAbout GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsumGypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a

noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face,

back and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the

umbrella term “gypsum panel products.” All gypsum panel products contain gypsum cores;

however, they can be faced with a variety of different materials, including paper and

fiberglass mats.

Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or plasterboard. It differs from other

panel-type building products, such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, because of its

noncombustible core and paper facers. When joints and fastener heads are covered with

a joint compound system, gypsum wall board creates a continuous surface suitable for

most types of interior decoration.

AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof GypsumGypsumGypsumGypsum BoardBoardBoardBoard ConstructionConstructionConstructionConstruction

Gypsum board walls have a number of outstanding advantages:

• Ease of installation • Fire resistance

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• Sound isolation

• Durability

• Economy

• Versatility

FireFireFireFire resistanceresistanceresistanceresistance

Gypsum board is an excellent fire-resistive building material. In North America, it is the

most commonly used interior finish where fire resistance classifications are required. Its

noncombustible core contains nearly 21% chemically combined water, as described

earlier, which, under high heat, is slowly released as steam. Because steam will not

exceed 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric pressure, it very effectively retards the

transfer of heat and the spread of fire. Even after complete calcination, when all the water

has been released from its core, gypsum board continues to serve as a heat-insulating

barrier. Moreover, tests conducted in accordance with ASTM E 84 show that gypsum

board has a low flame-spread index and a low smoke-density index. When installed in

combination with other materials in laboratory-tested wall and ceiling assemblies, gypsum

board serves to effectively protect building elements from fire for prescribed time periods.

SoundSoundSoundSound isolationisolationisolationisolation

Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration when

designing a building, specifically when taking into account the intended activities of the

occupants in the various parts of the building. For example, a building containing office

spaces adjacent to manufacturing facilities requires more noise-reducing features than

are typically necessary in a building that has only office space in it. Gypsum board wall

and ceilings systems effectively help control sound transmission. Some construction

techniques and gypsum board building systems that are successfully used for sound

isolation and control are described and illustrated in Section VII.

DurabilityDurabilityDurabilityDurability

Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls that offer excellent

dimensional stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily

decorated and refinished.

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EconomyEconomyEconomyEconomy

Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall surfacing

material that provides a fire resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building systems can

generally be installed at significantly lower labor costs than most alternate systems.

VersatilityVersatilityVersatilityVersatility

Gypsum board satisfies a wide range of architectural requirements for design. Ease of

application, performance, ease of repair, availability, and its adaptability to all forms of

decoration combine to make gypsum board unmatched by any other surfacing product.

APPLICATIONAPPLICATIONAPPLICATIONAPPLICATION OFOFOFOF GYPSUMGYPSUMGYPSUMGYPSUM BOARDBOARDBOARDBOARD

Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing or furring. It can be applied to

masonry and concrete surfaces, either directly or to wood or metal furring strips. When

applying board directly to masonry or concrete surfaces, smooth or fill in any irregularities

to ensure proper attachment and an acceptable final finished surface. Furring properly

attached to interior sides of exterior walls provides flat surfaces for standard fastener

application as well and sufficient separation from substrates to overcome dampness in

exterior walls. Do not allow gypsum board to directly contact surfaces, such as concrete or

soil, with potentially high moisture contents. Most common in residential construction is

the gypsum wallboard system1in which the joints between the panels and internal corners

are reinforced with tape and covered with joint compound to create a surface suitable for

final decoration. External corners are normally reinforced with either a metal or plastic

corner bead which in turn is covered with joint compound. Exposed edges are covered

with metal or plastic trim. The result is a smooth, unbroken surface ready for final

decoration of paint, textures, wallpaper tile, paneling, or other materials.

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CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TilesTilesTilesTiles

The ceramic tiles is used as the wall finish of the cafe.

AboutAboutAboutAbout CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TileTileTileTileCeramic tile is made from a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape. Tiles have either

a glazed or unglazed surface. Glazed tiles have a special ceramic coating that is applied

to the body of the tile and then fired under tremendous heat. The glazing becomes hard

and non-porous, resulting in a flooring that possesses the following characteristics.

-Stain resistant

-Scratch resistant

-Fire resistant

-Won’t fade from sun light

-Slip resistant

-Easy to clean

If glazed, the glaze on the tile doesn’t go all the way through, so if a tile gets chipped, the

inside colour will show through. Glazed tiles may tend to get scratched on frequently used

countertops, but are ideal for walls.

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AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof CeramicCeramicCeramicCeramic TileTileTileTileCeramic Water Resistance

Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a protective layer that rests over the material, making

them impervious to water and stain penetration. They are also naturally resistant to the

ravages of high humidity conditions. These properties makes them ideal for use in moist

environments such as in air-conditioner room.

Durable Ceramic Tile

Ceramic flooring is extremely tough and the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality installation

can last for 10 - 20 years and longer if well maintained. If a single tile does crack due to a

severe impact, the process of replacing the tile is relatively simple.

Maintenance

Ceramic tile is fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface,

allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away. Regular maintenance just consists of

sweeping or vacuuming with a soft brush attachment to keep the surface free of dirt and

loose debris. If set in stains do occur you can use most heavy duty cleaners without

having to worry about damaging the material.

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages ofofofof ceramicceramicceramicceramic tiletiletiletileHard Flooring

Ceramic is extremely hard, which makes it easy to clean and maintain. Unfortunately this

can also make it difficult and uncomfortable to touch for a long time.

The hardness of ceramic can of course be offset by using throw rugs or area rugs in

strategic places where people tend to touch for long periods of time.

Cold Ceramic Tile

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This material does not hold on to heat very well. That means that it can get very cold in the

winter, which can be a shock to your hand first thing in the morning. The flip side to this is

that ceramic can be quite comfortable when touching on a hot summer day.

Installing Ceramics

Ceramic tiles are hard and heavy and they need to be installed using a variety of mortars,

grouts, and tools. While this is something that can theoretically be done by an amateur.

However, it is a difficult, time consuming process. In addition, making a mistake can

compromise the wall causing problems down the line.

OtherOtherOtherOther InformationsInformationsInformationsInformations

Ceramic Tile Design Options

Modern manufacturing techniques allow ceramic producers to make materials which can

be printed in numerous ways. Solid tiles can be mixed and matched in patterns or

accented with designs or motifs. They can also be printed to credibly reproduce the look of

a number of hardwoods and natural stones. Finally, the tiles themselves can be cut and

shaped into triangles, rectangles, and planks.

Ceramic Pricing

Most tiles will cost $5 - $10 per square foot, with bargain basement and premium materials

edging those numbers to greater extremes. This makes it a moderately expensive material

priced higher than carpet and lower than hardwood. Depending on where it is installed

and how it looks a ceramic floor can also add long term value to a property.

Allergen Concerns

Ceramic tiles have a hard, solid surface that does not tend to attract dirt, dust, pollen, or

other allergens. When these small debris particles do land on a ceramic floor, they stand

out against the surface, making it easy to wipe them away with a mop or sponge. This

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helps to keep the air free of irritating materials that can be harmful to asthma sufferers.

Chemical Characteristics

Resistance to the corrosive or staining action of substances that may come into contact

with the tile surface. These chemical characteristics are tested: resistance to staining,

resistance to household chemicals and resistance to acids and alkaline.

PaintPaintPaintPaint

The paint is covering the interior and exterior walls of the cafe.

AboutAboutAboutAbout PaintPaintPaintPaintPaint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to

a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect,

color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and

in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold,

and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid. Pigments are granular solids incorporated in

the paint to contribute color. Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness,

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texture, give the paint special properties, or to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively,

some paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments. (Superpages.com,

2014)

PigmentsPigmentsPigmentsPigments

Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include

various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc. Synthetics would include

engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and

synthetic pyrogenic silica.

Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful

effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalate blue, red

iron oxide, and many others.

Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure and

increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as

diatomaceous, talc, lime, barites, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist abrasion may

contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the other hand, some

paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.

Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint

manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide),

before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product

Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with

silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better

hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.

AdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantagesAdvantages ofofofof paintpaintpaintpaint"Paint is the most popular and practical wall treatment. Why? Because it is quick, easy,

and generally the least expensive way to give a room an instant "makeover". Like

cosmetics, paint can call attention to fine details or mask less than perfect ones.

There are two basic kinds of paints, and their different composition affects their color and

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use.

1. Latex paint is water based, washable, and quick to dry.

2. Oil based paints take longer to dry and need solvents for cleanup, but have rich colors

and are durable.

Both are available in finishes that range from high gloss to flat. Gloss paints intensify their

colors and cover more area per gallon of paint (approximately 600 feet). Flat covers are

more subdued and cover approximately 400 square feet per gallon. Both types are

washable. Check with your local paint dealer for advice on which type of paint is best for

your project." (Answerbag, 2014)

DisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantagesDisadvantages ofofofof paintpaintpaintpaint* The disadvantages of using oil based paint or varnish.

* It has a slow drying time. This depends on the oil content, the less oil the faster the

drying time.

* There is a long drying time between coats; this can cause an inconvenience, as the job

takes longer.

* A skilled applicator is required to apply it as it can be difficult to brush, it runs, curtains,

laps etc.

* It doesn't have good sealing properties on "bleeding " surfaces. Bleeding materials are

mostly tar based and are easily soluble in oil. It is good however at covering water stains.

* The heat resistant properties lower with increased oil content.

* It is not alkali resistant through saponification (to convert oil into soap by decomposition

with an alkali) of most drying oils but the resistance does increase by decreasing the oil

content. Tung oil is very stable.

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WindowWindowWindowWindow

Glass can be found in the interior and exterior of the restaurant. Glass window and panels

can be seen around the exterior of the restaurant.

As picture shown, the windows are made with glass. However, the function of window for

the restaurant is to admit light and air into a room. As you can see from the photo, the

method of how the window opening is classify to horizontal pivot hung and the material

that covers the window is timber and its size is rectangle.

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Picture above has shown, glass window for toilet. The method of opening of this window is

Louvre which is support by material of steel. There were obviously show the window as

size of square.

Issues in glass usage

A challenge with glass is only due to ignorance of the product and not because of the

product. Glass can be as safe and efficient, if not more, as any other conventional building

material.

Type of Glass

Tempered glass Plate glass Laminated glass

High is strength Better optical quality Good at reducing the light

and heat

Not able to reduce the heat

and light from outside

Clearer, undistorted vision

and reflection

Good in reducing the noisy

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Advantages and disadvantages

� Glass is treated as a frangible material

� Can be incurable, if not used properly

� Glass can be a good alternative for concrete wall

� Entry of sunlight provides warmth

� Provides ‘views’ of exterior environment

� Can be more energy consuming, if not used intelligently

� Limit occupant’s privacy

� Higher initial and operating costs

Properties of glass

Properties of glass as mixture of sand, soda ash or sodium, lime and small amount of

alumina, potassium oxide, and different elements to control colour-heated to form glass.

As following, soda acts as fluxes that permit silica to melt at lower temperature. Then,

limestone is used to improve weathering properties and the rest elements may be added

to give the glass special properties or colour.

Sustainability

Glass is a sustainable, fully recyclable material which provides great environmental

benefits such as contributing to moderating climate change and saving precious natural

resources. It is also highly treasured in many applications for its inert nature and its

contributions to safeguarding people’s health and well-being.

Maintenance

Glass is among the solidest of common construction materials currently being used. The

common maintenance for glass is use detergents and cleaning solutions that specifically

state they are safe for glass cleaning. Then, cleaning should start by thoroughly soaking

the glass with clean water and soap solution to release dirt or fragments.

Using a circular motion and light to medium pressure, wipe the cleaning solution on the

glass. Rinse the glass immediately with generous amounts of clean water making sure to

remove all the cleaning solution.

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DoorDoorDoorDoor

As photo shown, the door is used to access to the staircase of the building. However, the

customer is not allow to use it. It is made with timber. A type of timber and finish for the

door showing is softwood.

Timber

Timber is a natural material and renewable resource. It’s carried the aesthetically beautiful

which delight your eye with various colour and tones, grains-create warm feeling. In

addition, timber also clean to grow, fell and process.

Timber can also contribute significantly with the carbon sink effect of the forests, carbon

storage of the timber.

Advantages and disadvantages

� Timber will burn, at the same time as some of other materials such as masonry and

steel do not.

� Timber is a poor conducted of heat. The thicker timbers are better conductors than

the lighter timber.

� Timber has proven to be strong enough and durable material and the building

constructed with timber can last longer for hundred years.

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Sustainability

Timber is sustainability. Timber has minimized the harm that brings to the eco-systems

and the forest eco-system health and vitality is maintained. Since the output of the forest is

preserved. Moreover, people necessity to use the moralities related to the forest are

recognized, documented are esteemed, mechanisms for resolving complaint.

Maintenance

The key to the durability of timber has already been identified as "keeping it dry". So, keep

wringing out as much moisture as you can until you feel confident the mop is only very

slightly damp. Using a mop and bucket combination that has been designed for easy

wringing will go a long way to making this easier for you.

Secondly, using steaming hot water on hardwood floors can dull the finish, especially on

waxed floors, and seep deep into the timber and cause long-lasting damage. To avoid this,

use only half-hearted to cool water on your hardwood floors.

MetalMetalMetalMetal

The restaurant uses the metal side gate as their protection while close their shop. The

type of metal used for the gate is stainless steel.

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Metal is commonly used in building. It is a combination of steel, layers of iron ore, coke

and limestone. There are 2 main types of metal which are ferrous, non ferrous and alloy.

Ferrous Non Ferrous

Contain large percentage of iron Contain little or no iron

Wrought iron, cast iron, steel Aluminum, copper, zinc and lead

The type of metal used for the metal slide gate is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a type

of alloy. An alloy is a combination of two or more type of metal in molten form.

Advantage and disadvantage of stainless steel

� Resistance to corrosion

� Resistance to water

� Strong and durable

� Do not tarnish or scratch easily

� Poor electricity conductor

Sustainability of metal

Metal is sustainable. It can be recycled to help to save energy and raw materials.

Maintenance of stainless steel

It can be clean by using water and cloth, but it need to dry with dry towel or cloth to avoid

water spot. The scratch on the stainless steel can be minimized by using stainless steel

cleaner to polish it.

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PartPartPartPart 3333 :::: CompareCompareCompareCompare andandandand ContrastContrastContrastContrast

Ceramic Tile Plywood Flakes

� Mixture of clay � A type of timber.

� It made from severals

layers of veneer

� Textured surface

coating materials

AppropriateAppropriateAppropriateAppropriate Usage/ApplicationUsage/ApplicationUsage/ApplicationUsage/Application

� Floor� Internal Wall

� Concrete panel

� Base of floors

� Walls

� Structural usage

� Flooring within

containers

� Wall, both interior and

exterior

PhysicalPhysicalPhysicalPhysical andandandand ChemicalChemicalChemicalChemical PropertiesPropertiesPropertiesProperties

� Durable

� Smooth

� Stain resistant

� Scratch resistant

� Fire resistant

� Would not fade from

sun light and electrical

light

� Slip resistant

� Easy to clean

� Chemical resistance

� Does not hold on

heat

� Hygienic - do not

absorb water, smoke,

odours or germs

� Frost resistance

� Size : sold in 2440 x

1220mm and 1525 x

1525mm sheets.

The most common

thicknesses : 4, 6, 9 and

12 mm.

� Natural Thermal

Insulation

� Durable

� Smooth

� Chemical resistance

� Fire resistance if it

combine with

non-combustion

materials

� Flexibility

� Impact resistance

� Come in three pack

which are dry fine flakes,

bonding agent and top

coat

� Dry Fine Flakes

are made from China

Clay, Pigments,

homo-polymer emulsion,

mica,etc.

� Boding Agents is

made from pure acrylic

emulsion,

broad-spectrum fungicide

etc

� Top coat is based

on pure Acrylic polymer

� It is smooth

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� Do not conduct

electricity

� Environmental

Friendly

� Recyclable � Thickness : in therange of 4-5 mils� Durable

� Alkali Resistance

� Acid Resistance

� Water Resistance

� Resistance to surface

spread flame

� Resistance to dump

� High adhesion

strength

� Abrasion Resistance

� Impact Resistance

� Repeated Cooling

and warming resistance

� Environmentally

Friendly

DisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantageDisadvantage

� Will crack due to

several impact

� The grout lines

between the tiles are

susceptible to stains,

mold and mildew

� Delaminated when

absorbed water vapour.

� Weak spots or gaps

can occur in the sheets of

veneer, leading to void or

hollows insides of the

plywood.

� Will become

puckering when exposed

to extreme heat or

moisture.

� Chipping off of flakes

� Artificial to

Weathering

� Accelerated

Weathering

AestheticalAestheticalAestheticalAesthetical ValueValueValueValue

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� There are many

designs and shapes.� Its appearance

depend on the grain of

the wood

� There is mono or

multi color shades in a

single coat.

MaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenanceMaintenance

� The dust on the tiles

can be clean by sweeping

or mopping

� The grout line need to

be sealed

� If crack can be

maintain by using plaster

� Paint or vanish it

� The stains on it can

be cleaned by using mild

household cleaner or

detergent

� Can be clean by

using soap and water

MMMMethodethodethodethod OOOOffff AAAApplicationpplicationpplicationpplication

� Installed using a

variety of mortars, grouts,

and tools

� Making a mistake can

compromise the wall

causing problems down

the line.

� Installation with nails

� Installation with

adhesive

� Three Coat systems :

� First Coat : Base

Coat (Primer) by brush

� Second Coat:

Material application by

trowel.

� Third Coat: Glossy /

matt top coat by trowel.

- 31 -

PartPartPartPart 3333 :::: SuggestionSuggestionSuggestionSuggestion

As the pictures shown, the ceramic tiles in the restaurant started to crack and is

maintained by placing plaster on it. In addition, the grout line between the tiles is having

stain on it. These make the ceramic tile look ugly and dirty and it might influence the image

of the restaurant. Therefore, ceramic tiles can be replaced by flakes as the finishing of the

wall. Flakes is a type of materials which is like a paint. Flakes will not face the same

problem as the ceramic tile but it is having some same advantages with ceramic tiles. For

example, it is water resistance, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance and environment

friendly. The way to clean the dust stain on flakes is also very easy, it just need to mop by

a wet cloth and soap. Besides, the flakes is more suitable than ceramic tile because it

contain fine granite. It will provide the wall a more naturally look which is more matching

the theme " garden" of the cafe. Moreover, it's installation is much easier and cheaper than

ceramic tile because the installation of ceramic tile is complicated, hard and require a

profession to do but the installation of flakes is easy enough to be done by a skilless

worker or even the owner himself. In conclusion, the ceramic tiles can be replaced by

flakes.

- 32 -

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