Fig. 31-1. Fig. 31-3 (b) Coenocytic hypha Septum (a) Septate hypha Pore Nuclei Cell wall.

Fig. 31-1

Fig. 31-3

(b) Coenocytic hypha

Septum

(a) Septate hypha

Pore

Nuclei

Nuclei Cell wallCell wall

Fig. 31-2

Reproductive structure

Spore-producingstructures

Hyphae

Mycelium

20 µm

Fig. 31-4

(b) Haustoria

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

Nematode

Plantcellwall

Haustorium

Plant cellplasmamembrane

Plant cell

Fungal hypha

Hyphae25 µm

Basidium

Fig. 31-19-4

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Dikaryotic (n +n)

Key

PLASMOGAMY

Matingtype (+)

Haploid myceliaDikaryotic mycelium

Matingtype (–)

Basidia(n+n)

Gills linedwith basidia

Basidiocarp(n+n)

KARYOGAMY

Diploidnuclei

MEIOSIS

Basidium containingfour haploid nuclei

Dispersal andgermination

Basidiospores(n)

Basidium withfour basidiospores

Basidiospore1 µm

Haploid mycelia

Fig. 31-18

Shelf fungi, importantdecomposers of wood

Maiden veil fungus(Dictyphora), afungus with anodor like rottingmeat

Puffballs emittingspores

Fig. 31-11

Chytrids (1,000 species)

Zygomycetes (1,000 species)

Hyphae 25 µm

Glomeromycetes (160 species)

Fungal hypha

Ascomycetes (65,000 species)

Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)

Fig. 31-11a

Chytrids (1,000 species)

Hyphae 25 µm

Fig. 31-12

Flagellum

4 µm

Fig. 31-13-4

Rhizopusgrowingon bread

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Youngzygosporangium(heterokaryotic)

Gametangia withhaploid nucleiMating

type (–)

Matingtype (+)

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)Heterokaryotic (n + n)

PLASMOGAMY

Key

Diploidnuclei

Zygosporangium

100 µm

KARYOGAMY

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Spores

Dispersal andgermination

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dispersal andgermination

Sporangia

Mycelium50 µm

Fig. 31-14

0.5 mm

Fig. 31-15

2.5 µm

Fig. 31-16

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Morchella esculenta,the tasty morel

Fig. 31-17-4

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)Dikaryotic (n + n)

Conidiophore

Mycelium

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Germination

Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Haploid spores (conidia)

Conidia;mating type (–)

Matingtype (+)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Dikaryotichyphae

Ascus(dikaryotic)

Mycelia

KARYOGAMY

Diploid nucleus(zygote)

Germination

Asci

Dispersal

Dispersal

AscocarpEightascospores

Fourhaploidnuclei MEIOSIS

Fig. 31-20

Fig. 31-6

2.5 µm

Fig. 31-26

Staphylococcus

Zone ofinhibitedgrowth

Penicillium

Fig. 31-7

10 µm

Parentcell

Bud

Fig. 31-23

 A foliose(leaflike)lichen

A fruticose (shrublike) lichen

 Crustose(encrusting)lichens

Fig. 31-24

Algal cell

Ascocarp of fungusSoredia

Fungal hyphae

Fungalhyphae Algal

layer

20 µ

m