Feed Additives for Swine Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University [email protected] [email protected]
Feb 14, 2016
Feed Additives for Swine
Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State UniversityDr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State [email protected]@sdstate.edu
Feed Additives Compounds that MAYMAY elicit a response
independent of the pig’s energy, amino acid, and vitamin/mineral requirements
Response is dependent on age of pig, disease level, genetics, environmental factors, & type of diet/feedstuffs
General Categories
Antibacterials & Antibiotics
Chemotherapeutics Organic acids Probiotics &
Prebiotics Enzymes
Botanicals Carcass modifiers Flavors Aromas Mold inhibitors Mycotoxin binders Odor reducers
Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery & Grow-Finish Pigs (% improvement)
Years Production Stage
Daily Gain Feed/Gain
1950-77 Nursery (7-25 kg)
16.1 6.9
Grow-Finish 4.0 2.1
1978-85 Nursery (7-25 kg)
15.0 6.5
Grow-Finish 3.6 2.4
Sows & Antibiotics General thought is not to add antibiotics to
sow diets if conception rate is > 85% However, if conception rate is < 85%, may be
beneficial depending on the problem Must be at the therapeutic level
2 weeks before breeding One week prior to farrowing to weaning
Commonly Used Feed Additives
6.3
8.6
35
48
56.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Carbadox
Lincomycin
Bacitracin
CTC
Tylosin
% Sites Feeding Antibiotics
USDA:APHIS, 2000
Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding >25% of US Pigs)
Antibiotic Concentr(g/kg)
Retail$/kg
Dietary Inclusion
#1 CTC 110 3.06 55/ton
#2 Tylan 22 3.76 11-110 g/ton
#3 Mecadox 5.5 2.95 55 g/ton
#4 BMD 66 5.26 33 g/ton
#5Lincomycin 22 6.14 22, 44, 110, or 220 g/ton
Lincomycin Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal
pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
Treating and controlling swine dysentery
Lincomycin
Increasing the rate of weight gain in growing-finishing swine
FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs $5 to $7 less per ton than the approved Tylan* dose of 100 g/t
Tylosin (Tylan) Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion
Relatively inexpensive No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market
weight Only Tylan® Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is
approved to prevent and control ileitis. No other product can legally make this claim
Tylosin (Tylan) Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention
and growth promotion Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive
bacteria and has significant activity against mycoplasma
Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased longissimus muscle area
Carbadox (Mecadox) Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and
early Grower diets For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of
swine dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of haemorrhagic dysentery)
For the prevention and control of swine dysentery
Carbadox (Mecadox) For increase in rate of mass gain and
improvement of feed efficiency10 week withdrawal prior to slaughter
Do not use in feeds containing bentonite Usually too expensive to use strictly for
growth promotion
Chemotherapeutic Agents Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized
compounds that inhibit the growth of microorganisms Copper Sulfate
100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets Additive effect with antibiotics
Zinc oxide 1500 to 3000 ppm Controls some post-weaning scours
Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels) High levels in the manure – environmental problems
Already being regulated in some European countries
Probiotics Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance
microbial balance Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis,
Streptococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or various mixtures
Traditionally use in nursery diets Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets Strain of microbe, dose, interactions,
feedstuffs, feed processing
Enzymes Increase nutrient utilization Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets More of a benefit with wheat & barley-based
diets Beta glucanase and xylanase are the most
commonly used ones Others include alpha amylase, cellulase,
protease, and various combinations Great variation in efficacy
Phytase Most commonly used enzyme in the world Increases utilization of phytate P in grains Decrease P excretion
Less P running off into lakes and rivers Less euthrophication
Decrease amount of inorganic P Currently slight economic savings in diet cost Tremendous environmental benefit
Others Mold Inhibitors
effective against molds, not mycotoxins Antioxidants – increase shelf-life & are effective Mycotoxin Binders
Are present even if mold is gone Products effective against aflatoxins (clays, HSCAS,
pellet binders) Few, if any, products effective on other mycotoxins
Others cont. Odor Reducing Additives
Many products, few effective (DeOdorase, Microaid)
Heavily dependent on condition of individual systems
Manure composition, pH, temperature, antibacterials, water, etc
Carcass Modifiers Ractopamine (Paylean)
Chromium tripicolinate
Betaine
L-carnitine
Zilpaterol
Ractopamine (PayLean) Beta agonist that “repartitions” where
nutrients go (from fat to lean deposition)
Improves: Growth rate Feed conversion Lean deposition
Ractopamine (PayLean) Approved at the 9 g/ton level the last 90
pounds prior to slaughter 5 g/ton improves gain (10%) & efficiency
(17%) Maybe carcass
9.9 g/ton improves gain & efficiency, carcass weight & dressing %
Ractopamine (PayLean) 19.8 g/ton seldom used
cost of product Increased death-loss potential
Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases over the last 2 weeks
Need at least a 16% protein diet and .90% lysine diet (watch all amino acid levels)
PayLean Use In Commercial Operations Used to decrease total number of marketing
days for a group/barn#1 Market first group of heaviest pigs#2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks#3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks
or until all the pigs are marketed
Handling/Stress Is An Issue!
Elanco has developed a program on proper handling of swine from farm through
harvest
Carcass Modifiers Organic Chromium (tripicolinate)
Increase leanness 6%, but not consistent 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, # born & weaned Must be fed at least 6 months to get sow response
Betaine (sugar beet industry) Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????) Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess
Carnitine Initially thought to improve leanness & efficiency Some response in nursery pigs 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size & birth weight
Example Current diet cost = $120/ton Feed additive costs $15 to add to a ton of
feed($135 - $120) * 100 = 12.5% improvement in
F/G $120 just to pay for itselfIf getting a 10% improvement in feed
efficiency, still losing money!!!
Doesn’t take into Consideration Changes in: Gain
Carcass characteristics
Deathloss
Summary
Feed additives can be effective tools when used properly Do the “Homework” for YOUR operation
Match disease problem with feed additive Feed additives are not a replacement for poor
management Ractopamine is economically advantageous when
used strategically
Summary Make sure you get a real “Net” economic
benefit that’s consistent Use your feed $ where you’ll get the best,
most consistent return on your investment.