-
This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under
Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
The United States Government retains and the publisher, by
accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United
States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable,
world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of
this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States
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access to these results of federally sponsored research in
accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan
(http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF UTILIZING MARAGING STEEL IN A WIRE ARC
ADDITIVE PROCESS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH TOOLING APPLICATIONS
Christopher Masuo*, Andrzej Nycz*, Mark W. Noakes*, Derek
Vaughan*, and Niyanth Sridharan*
*Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37932,USA
Abstract
Traditional tool and die development require skilled labor, long
lead time, and is highly expensive to produce. Metal Big Area
Additive Manufacturing (mBAAM) is a wire-arc additive process that
utilizes a metal inert gas (MIG) welding robot to print large-scale
parts layer-by-layer. By using mBAAM, tooling can be manufactured
rapidly with low costs. For cold work tooling applications, a high
hardness level is desired to increase the life-time of the tool. A
promising material that can achieve this is maraging steel.
Maraging steel is known to have good weldability; however, further
testing must be conducted to ensure it is feasible for printing
using mBAAM. In this paper, initial process parameters were
obtained by printing single bead welds. Multi-bead walls were then
printed with some refinement of process parameters to construct
homogenous outer features of the walls. Lastly, the walls were
heat-treated, and hardness data was gathered through Rockwell
Hardness tests.
Introduction
Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (mBAAM) utilizes a robotic
welding arm to print metal layer-by-layer, similar to Fused
Filament Fabrication (FFF). Unlike traditional robotic welding,
welded beads are used to form complex geometry. In mBAAM, medium-
to large-scale metal objects are additively produced using a Direct
Energy Deposition (DED) process. Large-scale additive systems are
considered to have a print envelope of one to two meters on its
longest axis [1]. The challenges that arise when printing in
large-scale are uneven layer height error accumulation and warp
distortion caused by heat. This relies on a closed-loop control [2]
that tracks the height of the layer in real-time to ensure the
printed part is near-net shape. The mBAAM system developed by Wolf
Robotics and Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL) Manufacturing
Demonstration Facility (MDF) is a gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
robotic system that incorporates this closed-loop control feature
and has successfully printed metal parts used for tooling and other
industrial applications (e.g., excavator stick, propeller). This
system is also equipped with two welding torches for multi-material
metal printing. Currently, metals used for printing with this
system are mild steel and 410 stainless steel. This means that
tools and dies printed with the mBAAM system comprised of these
metals.
When developing high performance tooling for metal forming, a
high hardness level is necessary for the tool to maintain long
production cycles. This is important in cold work tooling
applications as the materials for forming can be particularly hard,
which leads to deforming and wearing of the tool [3]. When dealing
with steel sheet metal, a Hardness Rockwell C (HRC) above 50 is the
minimum preferred hardness. This introduces some difficulties when
using mild steel and stainless steel, as they have an HRC below 50.
For printed mild steel, Shassere et al.
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Solid Freeform Fabrication 2019: Proceedings of the 30th Annual
InternationalSolid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive
Manufacturing Conference
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determined that mild steel has an HVN of 170 [4], which is below
the value of HRC. Printed 410 stainless steel has an HRC of 41;
however, it is at least 10 values below the recommended hardness.
The advantage of mBAAM is that these tools and dies can be printed
in a matter of days. These parts can be quickly replaced; however,
they would have to undergo post-process machining to get the proper
surface finishes and tolerances required. Increasing the tool-life
of these parts would decrease the need to produce these tools and
dies, thus effectively decreasing cost.
When considering an HRC above 50, machining becomes a concern,
as high hardness would result in wearing out the machine tool
quickly. In contemplation of this situation, the material should
have the characteristics of a soft metal for machining but have the
capability of post-process hardening. Due to the process used in
the mBAAM system, materials used for printing should have weldable
characteristics while in the form of a filler wire. For this
reason, the material selected to achieve these characteristics is
maraging steel.
Maraging steel is known as a high-strength steel, having a
tensile strength ranging from 1000 MPa to 3000 MPa [5]. It also has
a hardness value of HRC 52-54 [6]. These properties occur when heat
treating the metal to 480-500°C for 4 to 12 hours [6, 7]. Prior to
heat treatment, maraging steel is rather ductile and soft allowing
it to be easily machined. These characteristics make this material
highly applicable for tooling purposes. Other applications of
maraging steel are seen in the aerospace industry [7], as it is
used for landing gears and rocket motor cases. Maraging steel also
comes in different grades of filler wire. MAR 250 filler wire was
selected as the material used in this paper.
The objective of this paper is to determine if MAR 250 can be
used for mBAAM and maintain a similar hardness level seen in pure
maraging steel. The methodology used to analyze this material began
with observing the weldability of MAR 250 and developing process
parameters that were used to test its printability. After printing
samples, they underwent a Vickers Hardness test to obtain the HRC
of this material. Results were shown for weldability, printability,
and hardness, and the paper concluded with future experiments and
applications.
Methodology
A. WeldabilityThe purpose of testing weldability is to
understand the characteristics of a welded bead
made of MAR 250. In addition to finding the characteristics of
the bead, initial welding parameters were developed and used as a
baseline for the printability test. The welder equipped in the
mBAAM system was an R500 Lincoln electric welder. This welder
consisted of hundreds of weld modes that changed the welding
waveform. For welding parameters, Lincoln Electric’s Power Mode
Waveform was used for its ability to use any metal and gas type
[8]. In Power Mode, welding power and pinch current can be
controlled. For all waveforms, wire feed speed and welding speed
(i.e., travel speed of the robot) are necessary variables for
welding parameter development.
In this experiment, 203.2 mm long weld beads were printed on a
203.2mm x 609.6mm x 6.35mm (l x w x t) low-carbon steel plate shown
in Figure 1. Wire feed speed and pinch current were held constant.
Weld speed, power, and shielding gas were variables that were
changed throughout the experiment. The beads were grouped by the
welding speed used. The shielding gases used were Ar-CO2 and Trimix
(90% He-7.5% Ar-2.5% CO2).
685
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Figure 1. Welded bead test setup
B. PrintabilityThis test consisted of printing one- and two-bead
thick walls. The reason for printing
walls was for simplicity and their correlation to the geometry
seen in a complex part. Figure 2 shows the comparison between a
wall and a more complex part in terms of print path. Walls are
considered a perimeter and inset feature seen in complex parts, and
thus are beneficial for the conduction of these experiments.
Figure 2. Print path of a wall and a stamping tool
In the printability test, surface finish and geometric
conformity were the main characteristics that were observed.
Parameters that affect these characteristics are bead spacing and
welding parameters (e.g., weld mode, wire feed speed, weld speed).
Walls were printed with the same bead spacing of 3.0mm and a
constant wire feed speed of 95.25mm/sec. Weld speed and weld mode
were changed for every wall printed.
C. Hardness TestVickers hardness tests were conducted on a
two-bead thick wall printed in MAR 250.
The wall was cut into sections and were hardness tested in three
locations, as shown in Figure 3. Hardness was measured from
sections with different heat treatment temperatures including one
section without heat treatment. The temperatures ranged from 420 C
to 1115 C. For 420 C to 520 C, isothermal temperatures were kept
for three hours. For 815 C to 1115 C, the temperatures were kept
for one hour and were then dropped to 420 C for three hours.
686
r:========================~y Single Weld Bead
X
Perimeter Two bead thick wall
Multi-material stamping tool
. . . . . .
. . . IllUUl(l{lllllllJl[ iJ~li(~~~~l([[lUW
-
Figure 3. Hardness test locations on the three-bead thick
wall
Results
Regarding the weldability test, there were no apparent issues
welding with MAR 250 using the Power Mode Waveform. A wire feed
speed of 95.25mm/sec was used, and a power of 3.3 kW was used. 2.5
kW was originally used for the power; however, this produced a
colder weld with minimal wetting. Visible ripples in the weld and
non-uniform melting of the metal droplets occurred as well. In
Figure 4, it was observed that using Trimix gas improved the
surface quality of the welded beads, which was caused by the
additional heat added to the system. Since Trimix mainly consisted
of Helium gas, it has a higher thermal conductivity than Ar-CO2 gas
mixture. Different welding speeds were used, and improvements were
seen using a faster weld speed of 16 in/min (6.77 mm/sec) compared
to using 10 in/min (4.23 mm/sec).
Figure 4. Single bead welds of MAR 250 with different welding
speeds and shielding gas mixtures
Using the welding parameters obtained from the weldability test,
a single bead wall was printed. This resulted in a large and rough
surface finish. Figure 5 shows the printed one-bead thick wall. The
sides of the wall have large uneven lumps. This feature in a single
bead would not be suitable when printing multi-bead thick parts.
This will lead to uneven melting causing
687
Weld Speed: 16 in./min GAS:Ar-COZ
Weld Speed : 10 in./min GAS:Ar-COZ
Three bead thick wall
\
- - - -
Rockwell ----1..,.. __ Hardness Test
Locations
Base Plate
I Weld Speed : 16 in./min
GAS:Trimix
-
visible voids in the printed part. Uneven melting of the layers
would occur due to the actual geometry of the bead. Since the bead
itself has uneven geometry, when the beads overlap each other, the
bead-to-bead spacing (Figure 6) would differentiate throughout the
build. Less spacing would cause significant overbuilding throughout
the layers, and more spacing would create pockets between the
beads.
Figure 5. Single bead wall printed in MAR 250
Figure 6. Bead-to-bead spacing representation
Two-bead thick walls were printed to investigate on possible
defects that could occur from these geometric instabilities
observed in the one-bead thick wall experiment. The first set of
walls (Figure 7) were printed with the welding waveform, Power
Mode. It was determined that using a welding power of 1.7kW and
increasing the travel speed improved the shape of the walls. Travel
speed ranged from 16 in/min (6.77 mm/sec) to 30 in/min (12.7
mm/sec). Originally, 3.3 kW of power was used; however, this
increased the surface roughness. The high power added excessive
amounts of heat to the wall, thus causing molten metal to droop
randomly during the print. In Figure 7c, the printed wall with a
travel speed of 30 in/min (12.7 mm/sec) visibly has
688
Front View ~---, , _, ~~.:.....,. ,........._ .... ~ --~ ......
~~ ·<
. ~ --. . ~, -
Side View
Bead-to-bead Spacing 1---1 I I
-
the least surface roughness. Although there were improvements,
the printed walls still encountered uneven surface geometry.
Figure 7. Two-bead thick walls printed with Power Mode. a.)
front view of the walls, b.) side view of the walls, c.) wall
with
fastest travel speed used for this set.
A second set of two-bead thick walls (Figure 8) were printed
with the welding waveform, surface tension transfer (STT). In STT,
current automatically adjusts the heat without depending on the
wire feed speed [9]. This minimizes the heat added to the weld,
which is ideal for this material. In addition to minimizing heat,
STT has more variables to control such as peak current, background
current, and tail-out speed. This allows finer tuning of the
welding parameters. The outcome of these walls was significantly
better in surface roughness. It was evident by visual observation
and was confirmed by software developed in MDF. This software
(Figure 9) uses scan data to interpret surface roughness by
cross-sectioning the point-cloud of a wall and analyzing each side
of it. The surface roughness average data is shown in Table 1.
Based on the results in Table 1, walls printed with STT have about
a 30% lower surface roughness average compared to walls printed
with Power Mode. The walls printed with STT had higher consistent
bead geometry with less waviness at the top surface of each wall.
There was no significant difference in wall surface roughness when
increasing the weld speed from 24 in/min (10.16 mm/sec) to 30
in/min (12.7 mm/sec).
Figure 8. Two-bead thick walls printed with STT
689
Lumpy surface (Weld speed: 16 in./min)
c. Highest weld ing speed: 30 in./min
Bead spacing too wide
Fastest: 30 in./min
Slowest: 24 in./min
-
Figure 9. In-house software to find surface roughness average
from point-cloud data
Table 1. Roughness averages of the two-bead thick walls printed
with Power Mode and STT
In Figure 10, hardness values are shown for each heat treatment
temperature used. As expected from maraging steel, the HRC values
for no heat treatment were below 32. For heat treatment
temperatures ranging from 420 C to 520 C, hardness was higher near
the bottom of the wall. However, for 815 C and 1115 C, hardness was
at its highest in the center of the wall. This was most likely
caused by the weld dilution caused by welding on the base plate for
the bottom portion. This area would be less pure in maraging steel
as it has mixed some composition with the base plate. In the top
layers of the wall, hardness was at its lowest. This was also seen
in mild steel [4], which was caused by the less refined
microstructures seen in this region.
Figure 10. Hardness values taken from three locations of a
two-bead thick wall as well as different heat treatment
temperatures
Cross Sections Right Ra (mm) Left Ra (mm) Right Ra (mm) Left Ra
(mm)1 0.279 0.383 0.303 0.2132 0.401 0.319 0.252 0.2663 0.381 0.419
0.202 0.1984 0.312 0.344 0.189 0.2585 0.309 0.319 0.222 0.346
Average Ra 0.3364 0.3568 0.2336 0.2562
Power Mode STT
690
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fll/'tlbqnNRl,jS•U21 lollbqnNRMS•lJ.ru
No Heat Treatment
15mm
520"C-3 Hrs
15mm
420"C-3 Hrs
l 'HSC ( 8HRC !,
15mm
815°C-1Hr+ 420"C-3 Hrs
480"C-3 Hrs
1115°C-1Hr+ 420"C-3 Hrs
-
Conclusion
Maraging steel shows promise in providing the desired hardness
of an HRC above 50. By
using MAR 250 welding wire, weldability was tested and shown to
be weldable. Different shielding gases were tested with Trimix gas
producing the best results. Using the starting welding parameters
from the weldability test, walls were printed to observe how the
material bonds together. Results show that one-bead and two-bead
thick walls were successfully printed; however, the geometric
features of the walls were rough, with large waviness. Using
another welding mode, STT, surface roughness of the beads improved
with more homogenous layers.
Overall, process parameters for MAR 250 will need further
adjustments to produce similar results shown in printing mild and
stainless steel. On the other hand, its printability success makes
it a feasible material for mBAAM. MAR 250 did result in a slightly
lower hardness than the desired 50 HRC; however, it is
significantly better compared to mild and stainless steel. Future
tests will be conducted with MAR 350 welding wire to observe if the
hardness has increased with the higher strength material.
Ultimately, maraging steel will be used for multi-material prints
(Figure 11) to develop high strength tools and dies with low costs.
This can be achieved by printing an outer perimeter of maraging
steel and an inner core of mild steel.
Figure 11. Multi-material stamping tool with an outer surface of
stainless steel and an inner core of mild steel
Acknowledgements
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of
Science, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy,
Advanced Manufacturing Office, under contract number
DE-AC05-00OR22725. The authors would like to thank Lincoln Electric
and Wolf Robotics for collaborating with us in development and
providing the Wolf wire-arc system.
691
Mild steel fill material
410 stainless steel outer
surface
Printed Machined
-
References 1. Nycz, A., Adediran, A. I., Noakes, M. W., &
Love, L. J. (2016). Large-Scale Metal Additive
Techniques Review. In Solid Freeform Fabrication 2016:
Proceedings of the 27th AnnualInternational Solid Freeform
Fabrication Symposium - An Additive ManufacturingConference.
Retrieved from
http://sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/2016/161-Nycz.pdf
2. Nycz, A., Noakes, M. W., Richardson, B., Messing, A., Post,
B., Paul, J., . . . Love, L. J. (2017).Challenges in Making Complex
Metal Large-scale Parts for Additive Manufacturing: A CaseStudy
Based on the Additive Manufacturing Excavator. In Solid Freeform
Fabrication 2017:Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid
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Conference. Retrieved
fromhttp://sffsymposium.engr.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/2017/Manuscripts/ChallengesinMakingComplexMetalLargeScalePar.pdf
3. Tooling solutions for advanced high strength steels. Tooling
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https://www.uddeholm.com/files/Tooling_solutions.pdf
4. Shassere, B., Nycz, A., Noakes, M. W., Masuo, C., &
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Properties of Metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing.
AppliedSciences, 9(4), 787.
5. (2012). 11 - Steels for aircraft structures. In Introduction
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6. Garrison Jr, W. M., & Banerjee, M. K. (2016). Martensitic
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WelcomeTitle PagePrefaceOrganizing CommitteePapers to
JournalsTable of ContentsBroader Impacts and EducationDesign for
Additive Manufacturing: Simplification of Product Architecture by
Part Consolidation for the LifecycleAn Open-Architecture
Multi-Laser Research Platform for Acceleration of Large-Scale
Additive Manufacturing (ALSAM)Large-Scale Identification of Parts
Suitable for Additive Manufacturing: An Industry
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Processing Course: An Educational PaperConceptual Design for
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Process to Success in ManufacturabilityInvestigating the Gap
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Binder JettingInfluence of Drop Velocity and Droplet Spacing on
the Equilibrium Saturation Level in Binder JettingProcess
Integrated Production of WC-Co Tools with Local Cobalt Gradient
Fabricated by Binder JettingThe Effect of Print Speed on Surface
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in Binder Jet 3D PrintingBinder Saturation, Layer Thickness, Drying
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Cobalt Chrome - Tricalcium Phosphate Biocomposite
Data AnalyticsPredicting and Controlling the Thermal Part
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ProcessConditional Generative Adversarial Networks for In-Situ
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Monitoring for Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing Using Image
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Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Cells: A Concept for a Hybrid Process
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Materials: MetalsComparison of Fatigue Performance between
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Novel Fatigue Test SetupElevated Temperature Mechanical and
Microstructural Characterization of SLM SS304LFatigue Behavior of
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Direct Metal DepositionSS410 Process Development and
CharacterizationEffect of Preheating Build Platform on
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured
316L Stainless SteelCharacterisation of Austenitic 316LSi Stainless
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Fracture of LPBF 316L Stainless SteelEnvironmental Effects on the
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PH Stainless SteelFatigue Life Prediction of Additive Manufactured
Materials Using a Defect Sensitive ModelEvaluating the Corrosion
Performance of Wrought and Additively Manufactured (AM) Invar ® and
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LB-PBF 316L Stainless SteelA Study of Pore Formation during Single
Layer and Multiple Layer Build by Selective Laser
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Fused Nickel-Based Superalloy, Using the Small Punch
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Inconel 718 at Elevated TemperatureVery High Cycle Fatigue Behavior
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Evolution Using In-Situ TestingAn Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Produced
by Laser Powder Bed FusionWire-Arc Additive Manufacturing: Invar
Deposition CharacterizationStudy on the Formability,
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MeltingLaser-Assisted Surface Defects and Pore Reduction of
Additive Manufactured Titanium PartsFatigue Behavior of LB-PBF
Ti-6Al-4V Parts under Mean Stress and Variable Amplitude Loading
ConditionsInfluence of Powder Particle Size Distribution on the
Printability of Pure Copper for Selective Laser
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Manufactured Tool Steel 1.2344The Porosity and Mechanical
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ApplicationsInvestigation and Control of Weld Bead at Both Ends in
WAAM
Materials: PolymersProcess Parameter Optimization to Improve the
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Performance of Laser Sintered Poly(Ether Ketone Ketone)
(PEKK)Influence of Part Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of
PA6X Laser Sintered SpecimensOptimizing the Tensile Strength for 3D
Printed PLA PartsCharacterizing the Influence of Print Parameters
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ModelingAnalysis of Layer Arrangements of Aesthetic Dentures as
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Forming ProcessDimensional Comparison of a Cold Spray Additive
Manufacturing Simulation ToolSimulated Effect of Laser Beam Quality
on the Robustness of Laser-Based AM SystemA Strategy to Determine
the Optimal Parameters for Producing High Density Part in Selective
Laser Melting ProcessRheology and Applications of Particulate
Composites in Additive ManufacturingComputational Modeling of the
Inert Gas Flow Behavior on Spatter Distribution in Selective Laser
MeltingPrediction of Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition
Modeling Made Parts Using Multiscale Modeling and Classical
Laminate Theory
Process DevelopmentThe Use of Smart In-Process Optical Measuring
Instrument for the Automation of Additive Manufacturing
ProcessesDevelopment of a Standalone In-Situ Monitoring System for
Defect Detection in the Direct Metal Laser Sintering
ProcessFrequency Inspection of Additively Manufactured Parts for
Layer Defect IdentificationMelt Pool Monitoring for Control and
Data Analytics in Large-Scale Metal Additive ManufacturingFrequency
Domain Measurements of Melt Pool Recoil Pressure Using Modal
Analysis and Prospects for In-Situ Non-Destructive
TestingInterrogation of Mid-Build Internal Temperature
Distributions within Parts Being Manufactured via the Powder Bed
Fusion ProcessReducing Computer Visualization Errors for In-Process
Monitoring of Additive Manufacturing Systems Using Smart Lighting
and Colorization SystemA Passive On-line Defect Detection Method
for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Infrared
ThermographyExamination of the LPBF Process by Means of Thermal
Imaging for the Development of a Geometric-Specific Process
ControlAnalysis of the Shielding Gas Dependent L-PBF Process
Stability by Means of Schlieren and Shadowgraph
TechniquesApplication of Schlieren Technique in Additive
Manufacturing: A ReviewWire Co-Extrusion with Big Area Additive
ManufacturingSkybaam Large-Scale Fieldable Deposition Platform
System ArchitectureDynamic Build Bed for Additive
ManufacturingEffect of Infrared Preheating on the Mechanical
Properties of Large Format 3D Printed PartsLarge-Scale Additive
Manufacturing of Concrete Using a 6-Axis Robotic Arm for Autonomous
Habitat ConstructionOverview of In-Situ Temperature Measurement for
Metallic Additive Manufacturing: How and Then WhatIn-Situ Local
Part Qualification of SLM 304L Stainless Steel through Voxel Based
Processing of SWIR Imaging DataNew Support Structures for Reduced
Overheating on Downfacing Regions of Direct Metal Printed PartsThe
Development Status of the National Project by Technology Research
Assortiation for Future Additive Manufacturing (TRAFAM) in
JapanInvestigating Applicability of Surface Roughness Parameters in
Describing the Metallic AM ProcessA Direct Metal Laser Melting
System Using a Continuously Rotating Powder BedEvaluation of a
Feed-Forward Laser Control Approach for Improving Consistency in
Selective Laser SinteringElectroforming Process to Additively
Manufactured Microscale StructuresIn-Process UV-Curing of Pasty
Ceramic CompositeDevelopment of a Circular 3S 3D Printing System to
Efficiently Fabricate Alumina Ceramic ProductsRepair of High-Value
Plastic Components Using Fused Deposition ModelingA Low-Cost
Approach for Characterizing Melt Flow Properties of Filaments Used
in Fused Filament Fabrication Additive ManufacturingIncreasing the
Interlayer Bond of Fused Filament Fabrication Samples with Solid
Cross-Sections Using Z-PinningImpact of Embedding Cavity Design on
Thermal History between Layers in Polymer Material Extrusion
Additive ManufacturingDevelopment of Functionally Graded Material
Capabilities in Large-Scale Extrusion Deposition Additive
ManufacturingUsing Non-Gravity Aligned Welding in Large Scale
Additive Metals Manufacturing for Building Complex PartsThermal
Process Monitoring for Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Using IR
CamerasA Comparative Study between 3-Axis and 5-Axis Additively
Manufactured Samples and Their Ability to Resist Compressive
LoadingUsing Parallel Computing Techniques to Algorithmically
Generate Voronoi Support and Infill Structures for 3D Printed
ObjectsExploration of a Cable-Driven 3D Printer for Concrete Tower
Structures
ApplicationsTopology Optimization for Anisotropic
Thermomechanical Design in Additive ManufacturingCellular and
Topology Optimization of Beams under Bending: An Experimental
StudyAn Experimental Study of Design Strategies for Stiffening Thin
Plates under CompressionMulti-Objective Topology Optimization of
Additively Manufactured Heat ExchangersA Mold Insert Case Study on
Topology Optimized Design for Additive ManufacturingDevelopment,
Production and Post-Processing of a Topology Optimized Aircraft
BracketManufacturing Process and Parameters Development for
Water-Atomized Zinc Powder for Selective Laser Melting FabricationA
Multi-Scale Computational Model to Predict the Performance of Cell
Seeded Scaffolds with Triply Periodic Minimal Surface
GeometriesMulti-Material Soft Matter Robotic Fabrication: A Proof
of Concept in Patient-Specific Neurosurgical SurrogatesOptimization
of the Additive Manufacturing Process for Geometrically Complex
Vibro-Acoustic MetamaterialsEffects of Particle Size Distribution
on Surface Finish of Selective Laser Melting PartsAn Automated
Method for Geometrical Surface Characterization for Fatigue
Analysis of Additive Manufactured PartsA Design Method to Exploit
Synergies between Fiber-Reinforce Composites and Additive
Manufactured ProcessesPreliminary Study on Hybrid Manufacturing of
the Electronic-Mechanical Integrated Systems (EMIS) via the LCD
Stereolithography TechnologyLarge-Scale Thermoset Pick and Place
Testing and ImplementationThe Use of Smart In-Process Optical
Measuring Instrument for the Automation of Additive Manufacturing
ProcessesWet-Chemical Support Removal for Additive Manufactured
Metal PartsAnalysis of Powder Removal Methods for EBM Manufactured
Ti-6Al-4V PartsTensile Property Variation with Wall Thickness in
Selective Laser Melted PartsMethodical Design of a 3D-Printable
Orthosis for the Left Hand to Support Double Bass Perceptional
TrainingPrinted Materials and Their Effects on Quasi-Optical
Millimeter Wave Guide Lens SystemsPorosity Analysis and Pore
Tracking of Metal AM Tensile Specimen by Micro-CtUsing Wax Filament
Additive Manufacturing for Low-Volume Investment CastingFatigue
Performance of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L for
Nuclear ApplicationsFailure Detection of Fused Filament Fabrication
via Deep LearningSurface Roughness Characterization in Laser Powder
Bed Fusion Additive ManufacturingCompressive and Bending
Performance of Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg
StructuresCompressive Response of Strut-Reinforced Kagome with
Polyurethane ReinforcementA Computational and Experimental
Investigation into Mechanical Characterizations of Strut-Based
Lattice StructuresThe Effect of Cell Size and Surface Roughness on
the Compressive Properties of ABS Lattice Structures Fabricated by
Fused Deposition ModelingEffective Elastic Properties of Additively
Manufactured Metallic Lattice Structures: Unit-Cell ModelingImpact
Energy Absorption Ability of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)
Cellular Structures Fabricated via Powder Bed FusionPermeability
Analysis of Polymeric Porous Media Obtained by Material Extrusion
Additive ManufacturingEffects of Unit Cell Size on the Mechanical
Performance of Additive Manufactured Lattice StructuresMechanical
Behavior of Additively-Manufactured Gyroid Lattice Structure under
Different Heat TreatmentsFast and Simple Printing of Graded Auxetic
StructuresCompressive Properties Optimization of a Bio-Inspired
Lightweight Structure Fabricated via Selective Laser
MeltingIn-Plane Pure Shear Deformation of Cellular Materials with
Novel Grip DesignModelling for the Tensile Fracture Characteristic
of Cellular Structures under Tensile Load with Size EffectDesign,
Modeling and Characterization of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface
Heat Exchangers with Additive ManufacturingInvestigating the
Production of Gradient Index Optics by Modulating Two-Photon
Polymerisation Fabrication ParametersAdditive Manufactured
Lightweight Vehicle Door Hinge with Hybrid Lattice Structure
Attendee ListAuthor Index