FDR Foreign Policy WWII LOOMS

FDRForeignPolicyWWIILOOMS

DICTATORSTHREATENWORLDPEACE

• FormanyEuropeancountriestheendofWorldWarIwasthebeginningofrevoluGonsathome,economicdepression,andtheriseofpowerfuldictatorsdrivenbynaGonalismandterritorialexpansion.

Twopowerful20thCenturydictatorswereStalin&Hitler.

FAILUREOFVERSAILLES

•  ThepeacesePlementthatendedWorldWarI(VersaillesTreaty)failedtoprovidea“justandsecurepeace”aspromised.

•  GermanygrewmoreandmoreresenWulofthetreatythattheyfeltwastooharshandtoopuniGve.

TheVersaillesTreaty(aboveoncrutches)tookabeaGngintheU.S.andabroad

WEIMARREPUBLICRULESGERMANY

•  ThevictorsinstalledmanynewdemocraGcgovernmentsinEuropea[erWorldWarIincludingtheWeimarRepublicinGermany.

• Mostwereoverwhelmedfromthestartandstruggledeconomically.

AGermanwomanisseenherein1923feedingbundlesofmoneyintothe

furnace...why?

JOSEPHSTALINTRANSFORMSTHEUSSR

•  A[erV.I.Lenindiedin1924,JosephStalintookcontroloftheSovietUnion.

•  Hisgoalsincludedbothagriculturalandindustrialgrowth.

•  StalinhopedtotransformtheUSSRfromabackwardruralnaGontoamajorindustrialpower.

Stalin(right),shownherewithLenin,ruledRussiawithanironfistfornearly30years.

(9)TheUSrecognizestheUSSR•  In1933PresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltagreedtoaccordformalrecogni<ontothegovernmentoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR).

• WHY??(1)wesharedopposiGontothefascistregimesinGermanyandItaly.Andalsothe(2)needtoopentradetohelpendthedepression.TheSovietUnionwasjustasdepressedaseveryoneelseandseemedverynon‐aggressive.

•  LiPledidweknow…wewereWRONG!!!

STALIN’SPLANS

•  Inthefirstyearofhis“5‐yearplan”StalinplacedalleconomicacGvityunderstrictstatecontrol.

•  By1937,Stalinhadachievedhisgoal–USSRwastheworld’s2ndlargestindustrialpower.

This1932posterchampionedtheSovietDefenseindustry.

STALINMURDERSMILLIONSOFSOVIETS

•  Inhisdesiretopurge(eliminate)anyonewhothreatenedhispower,Stalinwasresponsibleforthedeathsof8–13millionofhisownSovietciGzens.

•  Millionsmorediedoffaminecausedbyhiseconomicpolicies.

LaborcampworkersinSiberia‐‐StalinsentmillionsofpoliGcalprisonersto

laborcamps.

TOTALITARIANSTATE•  By1939,StalinfirmlyestablishedatotalitariangovernmentintheUSSR.

•  InatotalitarianstatethegovernmentsuppressesallopposiGonandhasstrictcontrolovertheciGzenswhohavenocivilrights.

IntotalitarianstatesciGzensareexpectedtotreatthedictatorwithadoraGon.

THERISEOFFASCISMINITALY

•  WhileStalinwasconsolidaGnghispowerintheSovietUnion,BenitoMussoliniwasestablishingatotalitarianregimeinItaly.

•  Mussoliniseizedpower,takingadvantageofhighunemployment,inflaGonandamiddle‐classfearofCommunism.

MUSSOLINICREATESFASCISTPARTY

•  MussoliniwasastrongpublicspeakerwhoappealedtoItaliannaGonalpride.

•  By1921,MussolinihadestablishedtheFascistParty‐‐FascismstressednaGonalismandmilitarismandplacedtheinterestofthestateabovetheinterestsoftheindividual.

MUSSOLINIMARCHESONROME

•  DespitethefactthatKingEmmanuelIIhadalreadyagreedtoturnpowerovertoMussolini(ILDUCE),hestagedamocktakeoverbymarchinghisblackshirtsthroughthestreetsofRomeinOctober,1922

MussolinimarchesonRome,1922

NAZISTAKEOVERGERMANY•  MeanwhileinGermany,AdolfHitlerfollowedasimilarpathtoMussolini.

•  AttheendofWWIhewasajoblesssoldierdri[ingaroundGermany.

•  In1919,hejoinedastrugglinggroupcalledtheNaGonalSocialistGermanWorkers’Party(Nazis).

•  (DespiteitsnamethepartyhadnoGestosocialism.)

Hitler,farle[,shownduringWWI

HITLERGAINSFOLLOWING

•  Hitler’sabilityasapublicspeakerandorganizerdrewmanyfollowers.

•  HequicklybecametheNaziPartyleader.

•  Callinghimself“DerFuhrer”(theleader)hepromisedtoreturnGermanytoitsoldglory.

HitlerrosetopowerinpartbycriGcizingtheVersaillesTreatyasunfairandhumiliaGngtotheproudGermannaGon

HITLER’SBELIEFS

•  Hitlerexplainedhisbeliefsinhisbook,MeinKampf(MyStruggle)

•  HewantedtouniteallGerman‐speakingpeopleunderonegrandEmpire

•  Hewantedracialpurity–“inferior”racessuchasJews,Slavsandallnon‐whitesweretoformaworkforceforthe“masterrace”–blond,blue‐eyed“Aryans”

Healone,whoownstheyouth,gainstheFuture!

‐‐AdolfHitler,speechattheReichsparteitag,1935

LEBENSRAUM

•  AnotherelementofHitler’sgranddesignwasnaGonalexpansion

•  Hitlercalledit“Lebensraum”orlivingspace

•  HitlerbelievedthatforGermanytothriveitneededmorelandattheexpenseofherneighbors

HitlerposedanimmediatethreattoCzechoslovakia,Poland,Austria,

France,BelgiumandtheNetherlands

(8)HITLERAPPOINTEDCHANCELLOR

•  Bymid‐1932,theNazishadbecomethestrongestpoliGcalpartyinGermany.

•  InJanuaryof1933,HitlerwasappointedChancellor(PrimeMinister).

•  Onceinoffice,hequickly

dismantledGermany’s

democraGcWeimar

Republicandreplaceditwith

atotalitariangovernment.HitlerwasappointedchancellorbytheagingPresidentHindenburgoftheWeimarRepublic.

THETHIRDREICH•  Onceinpower,HitlerestablishedtheThirdReich,orThirdGermanEmpire

•  ThefirstwasduringtheMiddleAgesandtheSecondcamewiththeUnificaGonofGermanyin1871

•  AccordingtoHitlertheThirdReichwouldlast1,000years

MILITANTSGAINCONTROLOFJAPAN

•  Halfwayaroundtheworld,naGonalisGcleaderswereseizingcontroloftheImperialgovernmentofJapan.

•  LikeHitler,theydesiredlivingspacefortheirgrowingpopulaGon.

JAPANINTHE1930s•  The1930swereyearsoffearinJapan,characterizedbytheresurgenceofright‐wingpatrioGsm,theweakeningofdemocraGcforces,domesGcterroristviolence(includinganassassinaGonaPemptontheemperorin1932),andstepped‐upmilitaryaggressionabroad

HIROHITO:EMPEROROFJAPAN

•  EmperorHirohito’sreignlastedfrom1926‐1989.

•  HirohitofollowedtradiGonandchoseanameforhisreign.

•  Hisreignwascalled"Showa",or"RadiaGngPeace.”

•  However,hebeganamilitarybuildupwithseveralaPacksonChinaandadreamofPacificdominaGon.

(17)JAPANATTACKSCHINA•  In1931,JapanaPackedtheChineseprovinceofManchuria.

•  Swi[ly,JapancapturedtheprovincewhichisroughlytwicethesizeofTexas.

• ThisendedrelaGonsbetweentheUSandJapan‐precursortoPearlHarbor.

JapanesesoldiersinManchuria

AGGRESSIONBEGINSINEUROPE

•  Intheearly1930sbothJapanandGermanyquittheLeagueofNaGons.

•  Hitlerthenbeganahugemilitarybuild‐up(indirectviolaGonoftheTreatyofVersailles).

•  By1936HitlersenttroopsintotheRhineland,aGermanregionborderingFranceandBelgiumthatwasdemilitarizedbytheVersaillesTreaty.

CIVILWARINSPAIN

•  In1936,agroupofSpanisharmyofficersledbyGeneralFranciscoFranco,rebelledagainsttheSpanishRepublic

•  ACivilWarensuedasHitlerandMussolinisupportedFranco’sfascistswhilethewesterndemocraciesremainedneutral

SPANISH LOYALIST AT THE INSTANT OF DEATH

byRobertCapra,1936

FRANCO’SFASCISTSWINCIVILWAR

•  Franco’svictoryin1939establishedhimasfascistleaderofatotalitarianSpain

•  TheSpanishCivilWarledtoacloserrelaGonshipbetweentheGermanandItaliandictators

FrancoadmiresamilitaryparadeinMadrid–500,000diedinthe

SpanishCivilWar

(15)Rome‐BerlinAxisin1936•  HitlerwaspleasedwithallthesurroundingtotalitarianisminEurope.

• HitlerandMussolinisignedanalliance.HitlerhopedItalywouldprotecttheMediterranean.

NAZIGermany

Italy

EU

ROPE

U.S.REMAINSNEUTRAL...FORNOW

•  WithmemoriessGllfreshfromWWI,mostAmericansbelievedtheU.S.shouldnotgetinvolvedintheincreasingaggressioninEurope.

•  SomecriGcsbelievedbanksandmanufacturerswerepushingforwarsolelyfortheirownprofit.

•  CriGcscalledthem“merchantsofdeath.”

SomecriGcsfelttheU.S.mightgetinvolvedsolelyto

makeaprofit.

FDR:WEARENEUTRALANDFRIENDLY

FDRandhissecretaryofStateCordellHullstudyEuropeanpoliGcalaffairsverycarefully.

•  FDR’spolicesintheearlytomid1930sreflectedadesiretoremainoutofthegrowingconflictinEurope.

•  HerecognizedtheUSSRdiplomaGcallyin1933(exchangedambassadors).

•  Heloweredtariffs.

(10)GoodNeighborPolicyWewithdrewarmedforcesfromLaGnAmerica‐tobea

“goodneighbor”‐tosetanexampleforEurope.

CONGRESSSTAYSNEUTRAL(14)CongresspassedaseriesofNeutralityActs•  (1934)outlawedarmssalesorloanstonaGonsatwar

•  (1936)outlawedarmssalesorloanstona<onsfigh<ngcivilwars

USA

Europe

WAR USA

U.S.NEUTRALITYISTESTED

•  A[erJapanrenewedaPacksChinain1937,FDRsentarmsandsuppliestoChina.

•  HegotaroundtheNeutralityActsbecauseJapanhadnotactuallydeclaredwaronChina.

•  FDRpromisedinaspeechinChicagoto“takeastandagainstaggression.”

FDRspeechinChicago,10/05/1937

WARINEUROPE

•  Latein1937,HitlerwasanxioustostarthisassaultonEurope.

•  Austriawasthefirsttarget.•  ThemajorityofAustria’s6

millionpeoplefavoredunificaGonwithGermany.

•  OnMarch12,1938,GermantroopsmarchedintoAustriaunopposed.

•  Adaylater,GermanyannounceditsunionwithAustria.

CZECHOSLOVAKIANEXT

•  HitlerthenturnedtoCzechoslovakia.•  About3millionGerman‐speakingpeoplelivedinthewesternborderregionsofCzechoslovakiacalledtheSudetenland.

•  Hitlerbuiltuptroopsontheborder.

HITLERMAKESADEAL•  Then,justasanaPackon

Czechoslovakiaseemedimminent,HitlerinvitedFrenchleaderEdouardDaladierandBriGshleaderNevilleChamberlaintomeetwithhiminMunich(Italywastheretoo).

•  InMunichhepromisedthattheannexaGonoftheSudetenlandwouldbehis“lastterritorialdemand.”

ChamberlainandHitlerattheMunichConference,1938.

Fromle[toright;BriGshPrimeMinisterNevilleChamberlain,FrenchPrimeMinisterEduardDeladier,GermanFuehrerAdolfHitler,ItalianleaderBenito

MussoliniandItalianForeignMinisterCountCianoattheMunichConference,September1938

MunichConference,1938

“PEACEINOURTIMES!!?”

•  ThisagreementturnedovertheSudetenlandtoGermanywithoutasingleshotfired.

•  ChamberlainreturnedtoEnglandandannounced,

“I have come back from Germany with peace with honor. I believe it 

is peace in our Fme.”

• ChamberlainandDaladierbelievedHitlerandsignedtheMunichAgreementinSeptemberof1938.

APPEASEMENTCRITICS•  CriGcsofChamberlainincludedEnglishpoliGcianandfuturePrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillwhosaidEuropehadadoptedadangerouspolicyofappeasement–orgivingupprinciplestopacifyanaggressor.

GERMANOFFENSIVEBEGINS

•  DespitetheMunichAgreement,HitlerwasnotfinishedexpandingtheGermanEmpire.

•  March,151939:GermantroopspouredintowhatremainedofCzechoslovakia.

•  AtnighWallHitlerdeclared,“Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.”

GermantroopsinvadeCzechoslovakiainMarchof1939.

NEXTTARGET:POLAND•  Hitlernextturnedtoward

Germany’seasternneighbor–Poland.

•  ManythoughtHitlerwasbluffingbecauseanaPackonPolandsurelywouldbringUSSR,BritainandFranceintowar.

•  AstensionsroseoverPoland,StalinshockedeveryonebysigningaNon‐AggressionPactwithHitler.

•  OncebiPerenemiesnowCommunistRussiaandFascistGermanyvowedtoneveraPackeachother.

Partners:Hitler&Stalin

BLITZKRIEGINPOLAND

•  AsdaybrokeonSeptember1,1939,theGermanLu[waffe(airforce)roaredoverPolandrainingbombsonairfields,militarybases,railroadsandciGes.

•  GermantanksracedacrossthePolishcountryside.

BRUTEFORCE:GermansmarchedthroughthestreetsofPolishtownsandadornedbuildings

withswasGkas

(21)WORLDWARIIBEGINS• A[erthePolishinvasion,BritainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany,9/1/39.

•  ToolatetosavePoland,theAlliesfocusedongewngtroopstothefrontinGmetostopGermany’sBlitzkriegstrategy(LightningWar–fastmovingtanksandpowerfulaircra[).