Fatty Acids and Lipid Classes of Three Underutilized Species and Changes Due to Canning MALCOLM B. HALE and THOMAS BROWN Introduction The coastal herrings are, in general, small, bony fishes of the family Clupeidae which regularly occur in large schools and have the highest potential yield of any fishery resource in the west-central Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Houde (1976) esti- !J1ated that the resource in the eastern Gulf alone could probably support a 500,000 metric ton (t) annual yield. Several species have been utilized to some extent as bait fish and menhad- en have been fully exploited for fish meal, but the untapped potential of small herrings and related species for food use is great. The coastal herrings are not suit- able for the traditional fresh or frozen markets because of their small size, bony structure, and readily oxidizable fat content. Several species have a good potential as canned products, however, since the bones are softened A BSTRA CT-Canned products were pre- pared from three underutilized species that are abundant in the Gulf of Mexico: Spanish sar- dine, Sardinella aurita; thread herring, Opis- thonerna oglinurn; and chub mackerel, Scorn- ber japonicus. Proximate chemical composi- tions, fatty acid profiles, and lipid class com- positions are reported for both raw and canned products. Results indicate that heat processing in sealed cans has no significant ef- fect on thefatty acid profile or lipid class com- position. The use of vegetable oil as a packing medium, however, has major effects on the product fatty acid profile. Linoleic acid (18:2w6) is greatly increased and the con- centrations of long-chain polyunsaturatedfat- ty acids decreases. April-May-June 1983,45(4-6) during heat processing and sealed cans prevent lipid oxidation during storage. In recent years, there has been much interest in the effect of diet on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Several studies have demon- strated that the consumption of fish or fish oils lowers serum lipid levels in both human subjects and experimen- tal animals. Von Lossonczy et a1. (1978) showed that both serum cho- lesterol and triglycerides (triacylgly- cerols) were reduced in healthy human subjects by ingestion of a con- trolled diet based on mackerel. Trus- well (1978) stated, "It is firmly estab- lished that plasma total cholesterol is positively related to the risk of subse- quent CHD." In addition, eicosapen- taenoic acid (EPA, 20:5w3), a major fatty acid in marine fish, also protects against CHD by acting as a precursor for a prostaglandin which slows the rate of blood clotting (Rawls, 1981). Coastal herrings and other under- utilized species from southeastern U.S. coastal waters have relatively high contents of the highly unsatur- ated fatty acids (HUFA) containing five or six double bonds. Processing or storage conditions, however, could potentially result in undesirable changes to these labile compounds. Malcolm B. Hale and Thomas Brown are with the Charleston Laboratory, Southeast Fish- eries Center, National Marine Fisheries Ser- vice, NOAA, P.O. Box 12607, Charleston, SC 29412'{)607. This paper is Contribution No. 83-30C, Southeast Fisheries Center. Although the effects of frozen storage on fatty acid composition of fish has been widely studied and reported, the effects of processing in general and canning in particular are not well known. Dudek et a1. (1981) reported fatty acid data on six seasonal samples each of Atlantic mackerel and sock- eye salmon. Their data indicated that neither canning, broiling, baking, nor microwave cooking had a significant effect on total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or the five and six double-bonded HUFA. Giddings and Hill (1975) heat processed blue crab for 10 minutes at 121 DC and found that PUFA losses were not excessive and changes in lipid fractions were slight. In this paper we present fatty acid, lipid class, and proximate composi- tion data on some abundant but gen- erally unfamiliar species and indicate whether nutritionally desirable poly- unsaturated fatty acids are affected by the canning process. Materials and Methods The fish samples used for the pri- mary study were collected in May and June 1982, from the vicinity of Pana- ma City, Fla. Spanish sardines, Sardi- nella aurita, and chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, were harvested by beach seine; thread herring, Opis- thonema oglinum, was harvested by purse seine. Samples were frozen into ice blocks in polyethylene containers at the Southeast Fisheries Center's Panama City Laboratory and later transported to the SEFC Charleston 45
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Fatty Acids and Lipid Classes of ThreeUnderutilized Species and Changes Due to Canning
MALCOLM B. HALE and THOMAS BROWN
Introduction
The coastal herrings are, in general,small, bony fishes of the familyClupeidae which regularly occur inlarge schools and have the highestpotential yield of any fishery resourcein the west-central Atlantic Ocean andGulf of Mexico. Houde (1976) esti!J1ated that the resource in the easternGulf alone could probably support a500,000 metric ton (t) annual yield.Several species have been utilized tosome extent as bait fish and menhaden have been fully exploited for fishmeal, but the untapped potential ofsmall herrings and related species forfood use is great.
The coastal herrings are not suitable for the traditional fresh or frozenmarkets because of their small size,bony structure, and readily oxidizablefat content. Several species have agood potential as canned products,however, since the bones are softened
A BSTRA CT-Canned products were prepared from three underutilized species that areabundant in the Gulf of Mexico: Spanish sardine, Sardinella aurita; thread herring, Opisthonerna oglinurn; and chub mackerel, Scornber japonicus. Proximate chemical compositions, fatty acid profiles, and lipid class compositions are reported for both raw andcanned products. Results indicate that heatprocessing in sealed cans has no significant effect on the fatty acid profile or lipid class composition. The use of vegetable oil as a packingmedium, however, has major effects on theproduct fatty acid profile. Linoleic acid(18:2w6) is greatly increased and the concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases.
April-May-June 1983,45(4-6)
during heat processing and sealedcans prevent lipid oxidation duringstorage.
In recent years, there has beenmuch interest in the effect of diet onthe risk of coronary heart disease(CHD). Several studies have demonstrated that the consumption of fishor fish oils lowers serum lipid levels inboth human subjects and experimental animals. Von Lossonczy et a1.(1978) showed that both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (triacylglycerols) were reduced in healthyhuman subjects by ingestion of a controlled diet based on mackerel. Truswell (1978) stated, "It is firmly established that plasma total cholesterol ispositively related to the risk of subsequent CHD." In addition, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5w3), a majorfatty acid in marine fish, also protectsagainst CHD by acting as a precursorfor a prostaglandin which slows therate of blood clotting (Rawls, 1981).
Coastal herrings and other underutilized species from southeasternU.S. coastal waters have relativelyhigh contents of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) containingfive or six double bonds. Processingor storage conditions, however, couldpotentially result in undesirablechanges to these labile compounds.
Malcolm B. Hale and Thomas Brown are withthe Charleston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, P.O. Box 12607, Charleston, SC29412'{)607. This paper is Contribution No.83-30C, Southeast Fisheries Center.
Although the effects of frozen storageon fatty acid composition of fish hasbeen widely studied and reported, theeffects of processing in general andcanning in particular are not wellknown. Dudek et a1. (1981) reportedfatty acid data on six seasonal sampleseach of Atlantic mackerel and sockeye salmon. Their data indicated thatneither canning, broiling, baking, normicrowave cooking had a significanteffect on total polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA) or the five and sixdouble-bonded HUFA. Giddings andHill (1975) heat processed blue crabfor 10 minutes at 121 DC and foundthat PUFA losses were not excessiveand changes in lipid fractions wereslight.
In this paper we present fatty acid,lipid class, and proximate composition data on some abundant but generally unfamiliar species and indicatewhether nutritionally desirable polyunsaturated fatty acids are affected bythe canning process.
Materials and Methods
The fish samples used for the primary study were collected in May andJune 1982, from the vicinity of Panama City, Fla. Spanish sardines, Sardinella aurita, and chub mackerel,Scomber japonicus, were harvestedby beach seine; thread herring, Opisthonema oglinum, was harvested bypurse seine. Samples were frozen intoice blocks in polyethylene containersat the Southeast Fisheries Center'sPanama City Laboratory and latertransported to the SEFC Charleston
45
Table 1.-Size data for whole fish and proxlmale chemical compositions for dressed,H&G fish, both raw and canned.
matic print-out of temperatures andcomputed Fo values at 2-minute intervals. Samples for chemical analysisconsisted of the drained solids contents from the individual cans forwhich the specified Fo values weredetermined.
Spanish sardines, harvested in September 1981, from the vicinity of PortSt. Joe, Fla., were canned in an earlierprocessing study. The dressed fishwere heat processed to the normallevel (Fo = 12) in two groups: I) Witha 2 percent brine packing medium and2) with soybean oil as a packingmedium. Raw dressed samples anddrained solids from each cannedproduct were comminuted and analyzed for proximate chemical compositions and fatty acid profiles.
Protein, moisture, and ash contentswere determined by AOAC methods(AOAC, 1975) and the lipid contentwas determined by a chloroformmethanol extraction method (Smith etal., 1964).
Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from extracted lipids by themethod of Metcalfe and Schmitz(1961) and were analyzed with a Hewlett-Packard 5830A gas chromatograph equipped with a 50 m flexiblefused silica capillary column coatedwith Carbowax 20-M. Separation wasisothermal at 210 0C with injector anddetector at 300 0c. The individual fatty acid esters were identified by meansof a computer program containingequivalent chain length (ECL) valuesof authentic standards and those ofesters of cod liver oil (Ackman and
78.8± 13.518.8 ± 0.77
Chub mackerel
108.4± 12.618.2± 0.56
Thread herring
Size data (whole fish)
Burgher, 1965).Lipid classes were quantified using
an automated system of thin layerchromatography (TLC) with flameionization detection (Iatroscan Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan) of the typedescribed by Sipos and Ackman(1978). Type S (II) chromarods werespotted with 10-20 JAg of lipid dissolved in heptane:chloroform (1: 1 byvolume) and developed for 30 minutesin hexane:diethylether:acetic acid (85:15:0.02) to separate triglycerides, freefatty acids, sterols, and total polarlipids. Detector peaks were quantifiedwith a Hewlett-Packard 3390A reporting integrator.
Results and Discussion
Length, weight, and proximatecomposition data for the lots of Spanish sardine, thread herring, and chubmackerel used in this study are listedin Table 1. Both protein and lipidconcentrations increase during canning due to moisture losses. Relativeto other fish, these species rate high inprotein and moderate in fat content.
The major fatty acids, as determined for raw and canned samples,are listed in Table 2 for Spanish sardine, Table 3 for thread herring, andTable 4 for chub mackerel. The 16:0and 22:6w3 fatty acids predominate inall three species. There are minor variations in the analytical results for individual fatty acids, but no definitepattern is apparent. The oxidation offish lipids normally results in a decrease in the polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA) and particularly those
71.5± 23.816.9± 1.7
Spanish sardine
Moisture (%)Protein (%)Lipid (%)Ash (%)
Mean weight (g ± SO)Mean length (em ± SO)
Item
'Mention of trade names or commercial firmsdoes not imply endorsement by the NationalMarine Fisheries Service. NOAA.
Laboratory in Styrofoam 1 boxes. Onarrival, the plastic containers weresealed in Cryovac bags and stored at- 30 °C until processed (within 2weeks).
The individual fish were separatedfrom ice blocks in cold tap water afterpartial thawing in a chilled roomovernight. Length and weightmeasurements were made on a representative sample of each lot. A subsample of approximately 500 g wasdressed, comminuted in a food processor, sealed in plastic sample cupsand frozen for later analysis.
Fish for processing were washedafter removal of heads, tails, and viscera. The dressed fish were immersedin a 60 degree brine (15.8 percentNaCl) for 15 minutes, drained, lightlyrinsed, and refrigerated for 1-2 hoursbefore packing. The dressed threadherring and chub mackerel werepacked into 307 x 409 (No.2) cansand the Spanish sardines were cut intochunks and packed into 307 x 113(No. \12 tuna) cans. Needle-type copper-constantan thermocouples werecentered in several cans in each runusing Ecklund receptacles and connectors. The packed fish were steamprecooked to a temperature of about190 OF (88 0C). Free liquid wasdrained from the cans and a hot 2 percent brine was added. Lids were applied to the cans and sealed with aRooney can sealer. Cans of each species were processed in two batches in aRDTI-3 steam retort (Dixie CannerEquipment Co.). One batch was processed to the normal sterilization level(Fo = about 12) and the second batchto an Fo value (total heat exposure)about 50 percent greater. The Fo valueis a measure of total heat exposure atthe center of the can, including heatup, processing, and cool-down. An Fovalue of 12 indicates a degree of sterilization equivalent to that obtainedduring 12 minutes at a constant 250°F(121°C). The thermocouples insidethe cans were connected to a data logger (Kaye Instrument Co.) for auto-
46 April-May-June 1983,45(4-6)
Table 2.--MaJor fally acids of rsw snd canned Spanish Tsble 3.-MsJor fslly sclds of raw and csnned thread Table 4.-Major fslly acids of raw and canned chubsardines, Sard/nelfa aurlta (weight percent composl- herring, Oplsthonema og/lnum (weight percent com- mackerel, Scomber japonicus (weight percent com-
Table a.-lipid class composition of raw and eannedchub mackerel.
Sample form
Lipid class RawCanned
(Fe ~ 13.3)Canned
(Fe = 18.8)
tern. Triglycerides predominate withpolar lipids a strong second. An apparent shift from triglycerides topolar lipids was indicated by analysesof two of the canned samples. Thisshift did not show up in the corresponding samples canned at higher
with five or six double bonds(HUFA). However, neither docosahexaenoic acid (22:6w3) nor otherHUFA showed any consistent patternof change due to heat processing inthis study.
Shown in Table 5 is the effect thatpacking media can have on the fattyacid profiles of canned fish. Lipidcontent and selected fatty acids arelisted for the Spanish sardines harvested in September 1981. Headedand gutted (H&G) fish were analyzedboth raw and as the drained solidsafter canning in either 2 percent brine
or in soybean oil. Fat content of theseSpanish sardines was low, and a significant amount of the soybean oilwas absorbed. Consequently, the fatty acid profJle showed a much higherlevel of l8:2w6 and much lower22:6w3, since soybean oil containsabout 65 percent 18:2 and no 22:6w3at all.
The lipid class compositions as determined by the automated TLC system, for Spanish sardine, thread herring, and chub mackerel appear inTables 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Allthe raw samples have a similar pat-
Lipid characteristics of thesesamples of Spanish sardines, threadherring, and chub mackerel are fairlysimilar, with relatively high levels ofhighly unsaturated fatty acids and apredominance of triglycerides as alipid class. No significant changes inPUFA concentrations or lipid classdistributions due to heat processing insealed cans were demonstrated. Theuse of oil as a packing medium canhave great effects on the lipid contentand fatty acid proftle of the finalproduct. The positive medical benefitsof the highly unsaturated fatty acidscontained in marine lipids could bemore fully realized with a fish oilpacking medium rather than vegetable oils. The present food regulations would probably limit usage to
48
oil recovered from precooking of thesame species, however.
Acknowledgments
We thank Gloria Seaborn for performing the lipid class analyses, JimBonnet for the proximate composition data, Rick Dufresne (PanamaCity) for collecting the fish, and JohnGoodwin for assistance in processingand sample preparation.
Literature Cited
Ackman, R. G., and R. G. Burgher. 1965. Codliver oil fatly acids as secondary referencestandards in the GLC of polyunsaturatedfatly acids of animal origin: Analysis of adermal oil of the Atlantic leatherback turtle. J. Am. Oil Chern. Soc. 42:38-42.
AOAC. 1975. Official methods of analysis ofthe Association of Official Anal. Chern.12th ed. Assoc. Off. Analytical Chern.,Wash. D.C.
Dudek, J. A., B. A. Behl, E. R. Elkins, Jr.,R. E. Hagen and H. B. Chin. 1981. Determination of effects of processing and cooking on the nutrient composition of selectedseafoods. Natl. Food Processors Assoc.,
Wash., D.C.Giddings, G. G., and L. H. Hill. 1975. Pro
cessing effects on the lipid fractions andprincipal fatty acids of blue crab(Callinectes sapidus) muscle. J. Food Sci.40: 1127-1129.
Houde, E. D. 1976. Abundance and potentialfor fisheries development of some sardinelike fishes in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst. 28:73-82.
Metcalfe, L. D., and A. A. Schmitz. 1961. Therapid preparation of fatty acid esters forgas chromatographic analysis. Anal.Chern. 33:363-364.
Rawls, R. 1981. Fatly acid source a factor inheart disease. Chern. & Eng. News 59(6):24 (Feb. 9).
Sipos, J. c., and R. G. Ackman. 1978. Automated and rapid quantitative analysis oflipids with chromarods. J. Chromatogr.Sci. 16:443-447.
Smith, P., Jr., M. E. Ambrose, and G. M.Knobl, Jr. 1964. Improved rapid methodfor determining total lipids in fish meal.Commer. Fish. Rev. 26(7):1-5.
Truswell, A. S. 1978. Diet and plasma lipidsa reappraisal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:977998.
Von Lossonczy, T. 0., A. Ruiter, H. C.Bronsgeest-Schoute, C. M. Van Gent, andR. J. J. Hermus. 1978. The effect of a fishdiet on serum lipids in healthy human subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:1340-1346.