Facilitating the Planning Process Facilitating the Planning Process Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC) Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC) Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
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Facilitating the Planning Process Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC) Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Forming the Multinational.
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Facilitating the Planning ProcessFacilitating the Planning Process
Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC)Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC)Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
PurposePurpose Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)
– Terminology and Design– Command and Control– CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure
References• MNF SOP (Working Draft #8)• Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95• JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01• JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations• JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97• JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99
References• MNF SOP (Working Draft #8)• Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95• JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01• JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations• JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97• JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99
Multinational OperationsMultinational Operations
“ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to
describe military actions conducted by forces of two
or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the
structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16
Key TerminologyKey Terminology MNFMNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”
– Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).
– The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”.support based upon “shared interests”.
Two Types of MNF OperationsTwo Types of MNF Operations::
– CoalitionCoalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based : Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based
(East Timor)(East Timor)– CombinedCombined: Alliance / Treaty Based : Alliance / Treaty Based
(Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)(Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)
– Combined TF (CTF)Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based : Alliance / Treaty-Based (predetermined(predetermined guidelines and / or guidelines and / or contingency plans present)contingency plans present)
Strategic GuidanceStrategic Guidance Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear
and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquartersand legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters Sources of GuidanceSources of Guidance::
– Multinational Regional Organization guidanceMultinational Regional Organization guidance based upon alliance / based upon alliance / treaty.treaty.
– Coalition Multinational Organizational guidanceCoalition Multinational Organizational guidance based upon crisis based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions. action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions.
– UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandateUN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandate for for
multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead). multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).
– Unilateral Operations by a single countryUnilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.operation or UN operation.
Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)
Broad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF OpnsBroad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF Opns
Participating Nations and contributionParticipating Nations and contribution
Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be usedLead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be used
Agreement on Collective Security Interests InvolvedAgreement on Collective Security Interests Involved
Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, SensitivitiesLimitations, Concerns, Sensitivities
Guidance may be initially incomplete or Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situationevolving crisis situation
Guidance will require ongoing refinements and Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolvesadjustments as the crisis evolves
Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)required by the situation (never-ending process)
Command RelationshipsCommand Relationships&&
Control / Coordination RelationshipsControl / Coordination Relationships
Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist
– Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command:commanded by TWO separate chains of command:
#1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command#1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command
#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command
Command Relationship TermsCommand Relationship Terms Command and Control Relationships / ConceptsCommand and Control Relationships / Concepts::
– Operational Control (OPCON):Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the missionauthoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission
– Tactical Control (TACON)Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, : A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.missions or tasks.
– SUPPORTSUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in : Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / directioncoordination, and control / direction
MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice JointJoint Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency
MOOTW / SSC is MOOTW / SSC is most likelymost likely scenario scenario Short Duration / Small Scale / No-NoticeShort Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice JointJoint Multinational / InteragencyMultinational / Interagency
MNF / CTF MissionsMNF / CTF Missions
NEONEONEONEO PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcement
PeacePeaceEnforcementEnforcement
CMCMCMCM
HA/HA/DisasterDisaster
ReliefRelief
HA/HA/DisasterDisaster
ReliefRelief
PeacePeaceKeepingKeepingPeacePeace
KeepingKeepingSSCSSCSSCSSC MRCMRCMRCMRC
Facts and Decisions Affecting Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF StructureMNF/CTF Structure
• COMMON UNDERSTANDINGAll forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential
• COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANSNations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliestopportunity to improve interoperability and mutual understanding
• TRUST AND CONFIDENCECommanders and their representatives must establish and maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communicationand common courtesy are essential.
Unified Action in Multinational OperationsCoordination and Consensus are key elements for MNF operations
Unity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required
Principles of MultinationalUnity of Effort
A MNF/CTFA MNF/CTF that can:that can:
““The” GoalThe” Goal
Rapidly plan in a complex settingRapidly plan in a complex setting Develop a plan which supports national and strategic Develop a plan which supports national and strategic
theater goalstheater goals Continuously integrate logistics Continuously integrate logistics Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravityOrient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravity Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s
conceptconcept Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and
Lead Nation ConceptLead Nation Concept A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the
MNF effortMNF effort
Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort coordination for the MNF effort – Among nations Among nations – With UN channelsWith UN channels– With other Non-Governmental or International Organization With other Non-Governmental or International Organization
(NGO / IO)(NGO / IO)
Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nationsupon collaboration and agreements with participating nations
Provides for “unity of effort”Provides for “unity of effort”
Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONStrategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd SupportAnd Support
National Command National Command, National Command National Command, TheaterTheater
Lead Nation NCALead Nation NCA(Nation #1)(Nation #1)
(NAT AUTHORITIES)(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Lead Nation NCALead Nation NCA(Nation #1)(Nation #1)
Tailored Lead Nation Command StructureTailored Lead Nation Command Structure(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)
Coalition Coordination CenterCoalition Coordination Center
Strategic GuidanceStrategic GuidanceAnd Support And Support
OPCON or TACONOPCON or TACON
National CommandNational Command Tentative, This componentTentative, This componentmay or may not be may or may not be activated due to nature ofactivated due to nature ofthe crisis.the crisis.
Legend:Legend:Strategic GuidanceStrategic GuidanceAnd Support And Support
OPCON or TACONOPCON or TACON
National Command National Command
Tentative, This componentTentative, This componentmay or may not be may or may not be activated due to nature ofactivated due to nature ofthe crisis.the crisis.
““They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” and make their recommendations.”
““They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” and make their recommendations.”
LTG Stiner, USALTG Stiner, USACdr, JTF South, Operation Just CauseCdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause
FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL
SSTTAAFFFF
Standardized CTF HQs Standardized CTF HQs
MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLEMNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =LIAISON & COORD =
ClassificationClassification::Case by Case Case by Case
Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) (Coalition / Combined Media Pools)
COSCOS
C1C1PERSPERS
C2C2INTELINTEL
C3C3OPNSOPNS
C4C4LOGLOG
C5C5PLANSPLANS
C6C6COMMSCOMMS
C7C7CIV-MILCIV-MIL
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Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance
Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance
CTF: 0-96 HrsCTF: 0-96 Hrs
Issues Orders, Drafts Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent MessagesPertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Monitor, Assess, Direct & ControlDirect & Control
Execution. Execution. Maintain SA.Maintain SA.
CAP ProductsCAP Products
CTF: 168 Hrs /CTF: 168 Hrs / Next PhaseNext PhaseTransition,Transition,
Lesson Learned:• “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; and be smart enough to know when to deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT
Lesson Learned:“Leaders should use the military decision-making processto expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.”
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?”
Lesson Learned:CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate JRSOI is on-hand).
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well.
Lesson Learned:There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly.
Lesson Learned:Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold.
Lesson Learned:Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforseen exigencies.
Lesson Learned:Transition may occur between the CTF with a UN command, with another military command with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.
Lesson Learned:Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.
Multinational Force SOPMultinational Force SOP“A Journey Starts with a first step”“A Journey Starts with a first step”
MNF SOPMNF SOP – “ A Step in the Right Direction” – “ A Step in the Right Direction”– A “Guide”A “Guide” for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures for Operational Start Points and CTF procedures
Not prescriptive, binding, or directive Not prescriptive, binding, or directive
– Focus on Operational LevelFocus on Operational Level – CTF HQs and Command – CTF HQs and Command
– PurposePurpose::
Speed of Initial Response Speed of Initial Response