МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ГІРНИЧИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ Кафедра іноземних мов ЗБІРНИК ТЕКСТІВ ТА ВПРАВ до практичних занять та самостійної роботи студентів напряму підготовки «Гірництво», спеціальність «Буріння» Дніпропетровськ НГУ 2004
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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ГІРНИЧИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ
Кафедра іноземних мов
ЗБІРНИК ТЕКСТІВ ТА ВПРАВ
до практичних занять та самостійної роботи студентів
напряму підготовки «Гірництво», спеціальність «Буріння»
Дніпропетровськ
НГУ 2004
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Збірник текстів та вправ до практичних занять та самостійної роботи студентів
напряму підготовки «Гірництво», спеціальність «Буріння» / Упорядники: О. Д.
Швець, Н. В. Кошкар, В. Л. Хоменко. – Д.: Національний гірничий
університет, 2004. – 26 с.
Упорядники: О. Д. Швець, Н. В. Кошкар, В. Л. Хоменко.
Відповідальна за випуск зав. кафедри іноземних мов С.І. К;острицька, проф.
Друкується в редакційній обробці упорядників.
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Lesson 1
THE DIAMOND DRILL
Task 1. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
Core drill
Blast hole
Device
Quarry
Oil well
Road
Fit
Кар'єр, розробляти відкритим способом
Штанга
Шпур
Долото
Колонковий бур
Пристрій
Нафтова свердловина
Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences choosing the right words from
Task 1.
1) Some sources written in the 1860s mention the design and presumed results of an
_________ core-drilling tool called the diamond drill.
2) One rib of a diamond _________ now holds man9y more stones than an entire one of
earlier decades.
3) The principal uses of the diamond _________ in the 1800s and early 1900s were in
prospecting, mining and guarrying such as for coal in Pennsylvania, copper and iron in
the Michigan and Minnesota ranges, gold in the Rand, etc.
Task 3. Before reading the text, discuss with your partner the following questions:
1) When, where and how was the diamond core drill invented?
2) What kinds of drills were used in ancient times?9
3) What is Moh‘s scale of hardness?
Task 4. Read the text and check your answers to Task 3.
The diamond core drill was invented and put to practical use in 1863 by Rodolphe
Leschot, a French engineer. He used it for drilling blast holes for tunneling Mount Cenis on
the France-Italy border. Leschot patented the device in the United States in 1863 and it was
reissued in 1869 (Brantly 1971). In 1869 a Leschot diamond drill was shipped to the Unit-
ed States for use in a marble quarry in Vermont (Edson, 1926). It is not known if there is
any connection between the 1865 experimental diamond core drilling in the Pennsylvania
oil region and the Leschot blast hole drilling in France in 1863. A direct connection does
not seem likely.
Most any oil well device has a precursor in antiquity. A type of diamond rotary drill-
ing was used 5000 years ago in Egypt to quarry stone. A hollow wooden rod (later metal)
hardened by fire was rotated by hand or bow string on loose, hard mineral grains such as
granulated rubies or sapphires which were sifted onto the drill surface. Short holes of about
6 inches, and at least one example of 20 feet were drilled in this way. Ruby and sapphire
are species of corundum which is number nine on Moh's scale of hardness. Glass (quartz)
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is number seven and diamond is number ten which is the hardest mineral and would cut
through any hard rock.
The 1865 experimental diamond core drills as well as the earlier one by Leschot con-
sisted of a hollow tube or cylinder having a number of stones set on the bit end. The idea of
using jewels or stones as cutting faces came from Leschot's early experience as a watch-
maker, a concept which he successfully applied as a tunnel engineer. Leschot's diagram for
the reissue of his drill shows that the bit had six stones. Morris (1865) says six stones and
Eaton (1866) says fifteen in the tools they described of the experimental oil well(s) in the
oil region. Edson (1926) states that the average number used in bits in the 1920's were
eight. Setting the stones was the work of a highly skilled expert. The stones are carbonados
(black diamonds) or South African borts, the latter being preferred. Leschot may have used
cleat diamonds of jewel grade at first.
Task 5. Find in the text the names of minerals. (The total number is 5.)
Task 6. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information
in the text. If the statement is false, change it to make it true.
1) The use of diamond core drill started in the 18th century in France.
2) The diamond core drill was used to quarry marble in the USA.
3) The first diamond drills were invented 5,000 years ago.
4) Quarts can cut through any hard rock as it is the hardest material.
5) The first diamond drill invented by a French engineer, Rodolphe Leschot, con-
sisted of a cylinder with 6 stones on the bit end.
Task 7. Read the following paragraph and tell what it says about.
The diamond core drill requires a rotary motion and circulating fluid. The 1860's saw
not only the invention of the diamond drill but also numerous patents for pioneer rotary
drilling machines although the fluid circulating rotary method could be traced to an 1844
English patent by Robert Beart of Godmanchester. Rotary drilling came into considerable
use in the United States via fluid circulating rotary drilling rigs in Corsicana, Texas in
1894-1900 and in 1901 at Spindletop and thereafter.
Task 8. Ask all possible questions to the following passage.
The first commercial use of diamond core drilling for oil happened in 1916 and began
to replace other rotary core methods such as the adamantine drag-type coring tool and the
calyx toothed coring bit. By the 1920's diamond core bits and drilling bits were in general
use in the United States and were being used to drill into the limestone reservoirs of high
pressure wells in the Tampico Basin in Mexico.
Petroleum geologists made considerable use of portable diamond core outfits to drill
key bed holes, also called strat holes. The recovered core allowed the stratigraphy to be
studied in detail. The tops of key beds were used for structural mapping which was part of
the process to select a location for oil drilling. This was in the late 1920's and 1930's before
electrical well logging services and seismograph methods were generally available.
The Mid-continent, Gulf Coast and California were the main regions employing di-
amond core operations for oil in the U.S. in those years. In the older eastern fields, such as
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the Bradford field on the Pennsylvania-New York border, diamond coring was carried out
for water-flooding operations.
Lesson 2
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROCK PROPERTIES ON THE
PERFORMANCE OF THERMALLY STABLE PDC CORE BITS
Task 1. Before reading the text, fill in the gaps in the following sentences.
a) drilliability
b) rate
c) rig
d) penetrated rock
e) properties
f) performance
g) design
h) core bits
Drilling1 ______ is one of the main factors controlling drilling cost. The principal fac-
tors which need to be considered in predicting drilling rates are the bit2 _______, the bit
operating parameters and the characteristics of the3 _____________. A variety of rock
types were drilled using thermally stable polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and im-
pregnated diamond4 ______ using a fully instrumented laboratory drilling rig at different
rotational speeds and a over range of weights on bit. A wide range of textural, mechanical
and intact5 _______ of the rock were quantitatively determined, many of which were found
to have high degree of correlation for a given rock type. The rock properties have a signifi-
cant influence on the drilling rates and in the prediction of drilling rates, but the complex
nature of the failure mechanisms results in no single property being suitable as a6 _______
criterion for a drilling system. However, Grain shape factor, texture coefficient, quartz con-
tent, silica content, uniaxial compressive strength were found to have a significant effect on
the7 ________ of the drill bits.
Task 2. Read the text and decide on a suitable title for it.
Knowledge of rock properties is essential for proper design of the bit, drilling ma-
chine, and their operating conditions. Since the choice of drilling method and its economic
implementation depend to very large extent on the quality and quantity of rock investiga-
tion data that are available to machine manufacturers and contractors at the design or tender
stage. In fact, the performance of any drill bit is complex and is affected by numerous fac-
tors which include operating parameters of the bit, formation properties, bit designs and
type, wear, drilling fluid properties and flow mechanics, capability of drilling machine, op-
erator or crew efficiency. However, the principal factors which require consideration in
predicting drilling rates are the rock characteristics and the operating parameters of the drill
bits, particularly for mining applications.
There are many studies relating to the effects of the rock properties on the perfor-
mance of percussive and diamond drilling (Paone et. al., 1968; White, 1969; Schmidt,
1972; Clark, 1979; Rabia and Brook, 1980; Miller, 1986; Howarth and Rowlands, 1987;
Ambrose, 1987; Miller and Ball, 1990; Singh, 1990). Most of these studies have investi-
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gated the effects of the standard physical properties of rocks on the drilling performance.
However, the standard physical property tests do not measure all of the rock factors that in-
fluence fracturing and crushing under the action of a drill bit. Rock textural characteristics
(such as grain size, grain shape factor, grain orientation, degree of grain interlocking, grain
bonding structure), total silica content and physical structure are also very important and
their influence on the drilling rate varies from one rock type to another and even for differ-
ent samples of the same rock type. Consequently, an ideal test for the prediction of rate of
penetration (ROP) would include all the significant factors governing cutting at the bit/rock
interface.
Recently, operating characteristics and performan3ce analysis, wear characteristics
and mechanism, performance prediction using multi-variable analysis, textural influence of
rocks, analysis of drilling detritus and its effects on the performance of polycrystalline di-
amond compact (PDC) core bits have been examined (Ersoy and Waller, 1994, 1995,
1996; Waller and Ersoy, 1995). No study has been found relating the influence of a wide
range of rock characteristics on the rate of PDC drilling.
Task 3. Match the words in the left and right columns as they are used in the text.
1) rock
2) drill
3) operating
4) bit
5) principal
6) percussive
a) parameters
b) drilling
c) bit
d) properties
e) factors
f) design
Task 4.Complete the diagram with appropriate word-combinations.
Method
Task 5. Answer the questions about the text.
1) Why is it important to know the properties of rocks?
2) What does the choice of drilling method depend on?
3) What is a drill bit affected by?
4) What influence the drilling rate?
Drilling
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Lesson 3 Task 1. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1) drilling trial
2) core bit
3) pin bit
4) rectangular bar
5) hybrid bit
6) cutting material
7) rate of penetration
8) rotational speed
9) torque
10) logging system
a) обертальний момент
b) система розрізу бурової свердловини
c) пробне буріння
d) колонкове долото, бурова коронка
e) ступінь проникнення
f) частота обертання
g) пальцевий бур, долото
h) прямокутний брусок
i) ріжучий матеріал
j) гібридний бур, долото
Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences choosing the right words from
Task 1.
1. _________ had a total of six segments each with eight pins and 2 or 5 carbide
strips.
2. _________ is made of polycrystalline diamond pin in the form of _________ of
approximately 2 mm section.
3. Each rock was drilled using each bit over a range of WOB and at three
_________.
4. _________ is essentially an impregnated bit 9enhanced with PDC pins.
5. _________ reduced over a small range with increasing _________.
Task 3. Read the text and decide on a suitable title for it.
Drilling trials were conducted in limestone, siltstone, sandstone, granite and diorite
using PDC and impregnated diamond BQ (ID 36mm, OD 59mm), wireline, core bits. Two
types of PDC bits, pin and hybrid, based on the "Syndax3" product were tested. Syndax3 is
a solid, unbacked, polycrystalline diamond product, which is thermally stable to 1200° C in
a reducing atmosphere (Tomlinson and Clark 19992). The cutting material is made of po-
lycrystalline diamond pin in the form of a rectangular bar of approximately 2 mm section.
The pin bit had a total of six segments each with eight pins and 2 or 5 carbide strips sym-
metrically placed on the outside and inside edges. The hybrid bit is essentially an impreg-
nated bit enhanced with PDC pins. It has six or eight segments and each containing four
pins. The impregnated bit had eight segments of a soft matrix material. Matrix impregna-
tion of the hybrid and impregnated bits used synthetic diamonds of 30-40 US-mesh at 40
concentration, and blocky and cubooctahedral in shape.
The rate of penetration (ROP), weight on bit (WOB), rotational speed (RPM), torque
and drilling specific energy (SE) were monitored on a computer controlled logging system.
Each rock was drilled using each bit over a range of WOB and at three rotational speeds
(550 rpm, 1150 rpm and 1650 rpm). However, these speeds reduced over a small range
with increasing torque. Therefore, each bit contains a series of drilling data for each rock, at
8
each different RPM and applied WOB. Water was used as flushing medium at 60 1/min. A
total of 580 drilling tests have been completed and a total of 220 metres have been drilled.
The optimum data for the bits were extracted from each series of results using a crite-
ria based on maximum ROP at minimum drilling SE or vice versa. SE gives a very good
indication of bit performance. This is illustrated in Figure 1 showing the WOB and SE ver-
sus ROP for the pin bit in limestone at 1650 RPM. The regions of the SE and WOB curves
selected as optimum performance are shown between vertical delimiters. The Figure show
clearly that high ROP is produced at low SE. The optimum data were used for performance
comparisons of the bits. Figure 1 also show that increasing WOB gave increasing ROP up
to some maximum point. Further increase of WOB causes constant or little increases or
even decreases ROP.
Task 4. Answer the following questions.
1) How many types of PDC bits were tested? What are they?
2) What does pin bit consist of?
3) What does hybrid bit consist of?
Task 5. Decode the abbreviations.
PDC, ROP, WOB, RPM, SE, ID, OD.
Task 6. Find in the text the names of minerals and learn them by heart.
Task 7. Decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information
in the text. If a statement is false, change it to make it true.
1) Drilling trials were conducted in limestone, siltstone, sandstone, granite and dio-
rite.
2) Three types of PDC bits based on ―Syndax 3‖ product were tested.
3) The hybrid bit has six or eight segments and each containing four pens.
4) The impregnated bit had nine segments of a soft matrix material.
5) Each rock was drilled using each bit over a range of WOB and at five rotational
speeds.
6) A total of 580 drilling tests have been completed and a total of 320 meters have
been drilled.
7) Further increase of WOB causes constant or little increases or even decreases
ROP.
Lesson 4 Task 1. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1) grain size
2) rock texture
3) X-ray machine
4) tensile strength
5) rock hardness
6) artificial corundum
7) degree of grain interlocking
8) grain orientation
a) розташування зерен
b) ступінь зціплення
c) текстура породи
d) розмір зерен
e) штучний корунд
f) рентгенівський апарат
g) твердість породи
h) межа міцності на розтягування
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Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences choosing the right words from
Task 1.
1) _________ ―Baux 60US screen size 60‖ was used as the index standard material.
2) Total silica content was determined by chemical analysis using an automatic
_________.
3) _________ is taken as a measure of the bond strength between grains.
4) The textural characteristics are _________, grain shape, _________, _________, rela-
tive proportions of grains and matrix.
Task 3. Read the text and answer the following questions:
1) What is the performance of a drill bit influenced by?
2) What does the resistance of rock to drilling depend on?
3) What are the textural characteristics?
4) How were they measured?
5) What was determined by chemical analysis?
6) What does index tests comprise?
The performance of a drill bit for a given duty is considerably influenced by the rock
properties which enable the determination of the drilling parameters required to drill a par-
ticular hole. Therefore, it is of vital importance to know whether a rock can be drilled by a
chosen drill bit and method before problems arise rather than see the costly removal a sys-
tem which proved to be inadequate.
Drillability or cuttability of rocks cannot be defined in an absolute manner by a single
index or measured by a single test, because there is no single rock parameter which can
adequately define the breakage characteristics that are predominant in drilling mechanics.
The resistance of rock to drilling depends to large extent upon the means used for destruc-
tion. Thus, extensive laboratory tests have been carried out on the drilled rocks. These tests
include mineralogical, textural, chemical, physical and index properties analysis.
The percentage mineral analysis has been calculated using a point counter with an av-
erage of 3000 counts from two thin sections of each rock. The textural characteristics are