Eye Robics

SCIENTIFIC WRITING COMPETITION

TOPIC :

SCIENCE

“EYE-ROBICS :

ALTERNATIVE WAY TO SOLVE EYESIGHT PROBLEM”

BY:

ISMI RAUDHA (409342021)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

2011

1

APPROVAL SHEET

Title of scientific paper : “Eye-Robics :Alternative Way to Solve

Eyesight Problem”

1) Areas of expertise : Science

2) Areas of science : Natural science

3) Writer identity

a. Name : ISMI RAUDHA

b. SID : 409342021

c. Department : Biology

d. University : State University of Medan

e. Address : Jl. Perunggu Kelurahan Kota Bangun Medan

f. Phone : 085262808184

Medan, May 4th

2011

Known Dean Assistant III Writer

Drs. H. Asrin Lubis, M.Pd. Ismi Raudha

NIP. 196010021987031009 NIM. 409342022

Known Rector Vice III Known Supervisor

Drs.Biner Ambarita, M.Pd. Dra. Meida Nugrahalia, M.Sc

NIP.195705151984031004 NIP. 196205271007032001

2

DAFTAR ISI

Approval Sheet 1

Preface 2

Content 3

Summary 4

Chapter I. Introduction

1.1. Background 5

1.2. Problem 6

1.3. Aims 6

1.4. Benefit 6

Chapter II. Litteratur Search

2.1. Eye 7

2.2. Eyesight Process 11

2.3. Eyesight Problem 12

2.4. Eye Probelem Solving 14

Chapter III. Method

3.1. Framework 15

3.2. Ideas Aplication 16

Chapter IV. Analysis

4.1. Eye-Robics Based on Bates Methods 19

4.2. Development of Bates Method About Eye-Exercise 20

4.3. Disagreement of Scientists to Eye Exercises 22

4.4. Eye-Exercise claimed Succes 23

Chapter V. Conclussion and Recommendation 26

Refferences 27

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Preface

Thank to Allah SWT, have to given me healthy and chance to write

paper With title “Eye-Robics : Alternatif Way to Solve Eyesight Problem”.

Nowadays, as a students in hight competition era, students should be have high

creativity to support them in developing their skills as a point to be success. So,

students should be creative to find out the new ways in human problems solving.

During finishing process of this paper writer haves many problems. But,

because of many helping, this paper able to finihed. In this chance writer thank

Dra. Meida Nugrahalia, M.Sc, as adviser lecture, also thank Mizanina Adlini as

friends to discuss in writing this paper and to all people taht support me.

Especially, thank my father Zulhendri and My Mother Arhami for giving

spiritual and material support to me in finishing this paper. Writer know that this

paper is needed to repair. So, Writer hope critique and advice from all to complete

and repair this paper. May this paper useful for peoples to solve their eyesight

problem

Medan, June 4th

2011

Penulis

4

SUMMARY

Eyesight is very important sense of human because more than 70 percent

of information on the world are received by eyesight. With normal eyes, people

can see everything clearly because images produced focus on the retina. But there

are peoples suffer not normal eye, where the images produced in front of or

behind retina. The defects are myopi, hyperopi, and astigmatism.

There are some way to solve the problem of eyes defects include using

vision aids or eye surgery. But both vision aid and eye surgery have negative

impact or weakness to human being. Vison aid can make irritation and eye

surgery is expensive way.

Eye-Robic is a alternative solution to solve eye-sight problem. It is

simple and and cheap. It also improve eyesight naturally. Eye-robics is eye-

exercise of eye that related to eye muscle work. Eye-Robics is based on Bates

method that have said eye focus controlled by eye muscle.

Methods of Eye-Robics are Reading newspapers from afar , Throw the

ball to the wall, Following the flashlight beam, and Following the flashlight beam.

Theory of eye-exercise produced pro-contra from scientist. Some

scientist agree with Bates method but others reject it.

Although not all scientists agree with bates method but many peoples are

claim this method successful to solve eye-problems.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

In living system, human have five sense organ to receive stimulus from

the environment. Senses are the physiological capacities within organisms that

provide inputs for perception. Sense make correlation to nervous system.

The nervous system has a specific sensory system or organ, dedicated to each

sense. One of important senses is Eyesight because more than 70 percent of

information on the world are received by eyesight. The organ which is responsible

for eyesight is eyes. It detect light than on an object and convert into electro-

chemical impulses in neurons than translated into an image of object.

With normal eyes, people can see everything clearly because images

produced focus on the retina. But there are peoples suffer not normal eye, where

the images produced in front of retina, it is called as Myopia or nearsightedness.

Myopia sufferer cannot see something in long–distance clearly. In Hyperopia or

farsightedness, sufferer cannot see something in short–distance because the

images produced behind the retina.

To solve the problem of eyes defects, people use eyeglasses with

concave lens for myopia and convex lens for hyperopia. Another aid is used to

help eyesight is softlens. Beside used vision aids, some peoples use eye-surgery

as option to get normal eyes. Either vision aids or surgery have negative effect.

Glasses and softlens are only used to temporarily fix vision but do not cure

eyesight and they are complicated to use. Using glasses in long time can make

nose and ear irritation and softlens can make irritation of eyes. Eye irritation in

long-time will cause blindness. To get eye surgery, much of money is needed.

Nowadays, it is needed to find new alternative way to solve eyesight

problem. It is should be safe and economic. So, the background of this paper

writing is to introduce Eye-robics as alternative way to solve eyesight problem.

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1.2.Problem

1. How to solve eyesight problems ?

2. What is the alternative way to solve eyesight problems ?

3. What is the advantage new alternative way compared with others?

1.3. Aims

The aims of the paper writing are:

1) To tell the way to solve eyesight problems.

2) To Introduce Eye-robics as alternative way to solve eyesight

problems.

3) To give information about the advantages of Eye-robics as

alternative way.

1.4. Benefits

The Benefits of this paper writing are :

1) Peoples know the way to solve eyesight problems.

2) People know about Eye-robics as alternative way to solve eyesight

problems.

3) People know the advantages of Eye-robics as alternative way.

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE SEARCH

2.1. Eye

a. Accessory structure of the eye

The site of accessory structures of t he eye are as follos: eyebrows,

eyelashes, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus.

Fig 2.1. Accessory structure of the eye

a. Eyebrows. The eyebrows are made up of several rows of hair above

t he upper eyelids. The eyebrows form an arch at t he junction of t he

upper eyelid and the forehead and structurally resemble the hairy

scalp. The hairs are generally coarse and grow toward the side of

t he face.

b. Eyelashes. Eyelashes are a row of hairs which project from the bord

er of each eyelid. Eyelashes coming from the upper eyelid are usual ly

long and tu rn upward; eyelashes from the lower eyelid are generally

short and tu rn downward. Sebaceous glands at t he base of eyelash

hair follicles pour a lubricating fluid into the follicles. When these

glands become infected, a s ty forms.

c. Eyelids. Each eyelid consists of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

connective tissue, fibers of oculi muscle, a tarsal plate, tarsal glands,

and a conjunctiva.The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous connective

tissue make up the skin of the eyelid. The tarsal plate is a thick fold of

connective tissue that forms part of t he inner wal l of each eyelid. The

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tarsal plate gives form and support to the eyelids. The conjunctiva is

a mucous membrane which lines t he inner aspect of t he eyelids as wel l

as t he visible portion of t he cornea ( the glossy, transparent part of t he

cornea).

d. Lacrimal Apparatus. This is t he term used for a group of structures

that manufacture and drain awa y tears. Included are t he lacrimal

glands, t he execratory lacrimal ducts, t he lacrimal canals, t he

lacrimal sacs, and the nasolacrimal ducts.

(1) Lacrimal gland. A lacrimal gland is located in the upper outer corn

er of each orbit. The lacrimal glands secret lacrimal fluid through

small ducts into t he space between the external surface of the

eyeball and the upper eyelid.

(2) Conjunctiva. The conjunctiva covers t he inner surface of t he

eyelids and the outer surface of t he eyeball. Lacrimal fluid

keeps the conjunctiva transparent. With the blink reflex, t he lacrimal

fluid washes awa y any foreign particles that may be on thesurface

of t he conjunctiva.

(3) Eyelid oil glands. The free margins of the upper and lower eyelids

have special oil glands. The oily secretion of these glands helps

prevent the lacrimal fluid from escaping.

(4) Lacrimal fluid. With the movement of the eyeball and the eyelids,

t he lacrimal fluid is gradually moved across the exterior surface

of t he eyeball to t he medialinferior corner. Here, t he lacrimal fluid

is collected into a lacrimal sac, which drains into

t he nasal chamber by way

of t he nasolacrimal duct. Thus , t he continuous production of lacrimal

fluid is conserved by being recycled within the body. (International

Specialist Eye Centre, 2009)

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Fig 2.2 Lacrimal apparatus

b. Structure of the eye ball

Anterior chamber — the front section of the eye's interior where aqueous

humor flows in and out of providing nourishment to the eye and surrounding

tissues.

Aqueous humor — the clear watery fluid in the front of the eyeball.

Blood vessels — tubes (arteries and veins) that carry blood to and from the eye.

Caruncle — a small, red portion of the corner of the eye that contains modified

sebaceous and sweat glands.

Choroid — the thin, blood-rich membrane that lies between the retina and

the sclera; responsible for supplying blood to the retina.

Ciliary body — the part of the eye that produces aqueous humor.

Cornea — the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.

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Fig 2.3 Eye-ball structure

Iris — the colored part of the eye. The iris is partly responsible for regulating the

amount of light permitted to enter the eye.

Lens (also called crystalline lens) — the transparent structure inside the eye that

focuses light rays onto the retina.

Lower eyelid — lower, inferior, skin that covers the front of the eyeball when

closed.

Macula — the focusing portion of the eye that allows us to see fine details

clearly.

Optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the retina with the brain. The

optic nerve carries signals of light, dark, and colors to the area of the brain (the

visual cortex), which assembles the signals into images (i.e., our vision).

Posterior chamber — the back part of the eye's interior.

Pupil — the opening in the middle of the iris through which light passes to the

back of the eye.

Retina — the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. The retina

senses light and creates impulses that are sent through the optic nerve to the brain.

Sclera — the white visible portion of the eyeball. The muscles that move the

eyeball are attached to the sclera.

Suspensory ligament of lens — a series of fibers that connect the ciliary body of

the eye with the lens, holding it in place.

Vitreous body — a clear, jelly-like substance that fills the back part of the eye.

(Children’s memorial hospital, 2011)

c. Eye Muscles

The muscles of the eye are a group of six muscles that control movement of

the eye. Four of the muscles control the movement of the eye in the four cardinal

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directions: up, down, left and right. The remaining two muscles control the

adjustments involved in counteracting head movement; for instance this can be

observed by looking into ones own eyes in a mirror whilst moving ones head.

(Wikipedia, 2011)

Table 2.1. Eye Muscle

Muscle Innervation Primary function Secondary

function

Tertiary

function

Levator palpebrae

superioris

Oculomotor

nerve

Elevation of the superior

(upper) eyelid . .

Superior rectus

Oculomotor

nerve Elevation Intorsion Adduction

Inferior rectus

Oculomotor

nerve Depression Extorsion Adduction

Lateral rectus

Abducens

nerve Abduction . .

Medial rectus

Oculomotor

nerve Adduction . .

Superior oblique

Trochlear

nerve Intorsion Depression Abduction

Inferior oblique

Oculomotor

nerve Extorsion Elevation Abduction

. 2.2. Eyesight Process

Vision begins when light rays are reflected off an object and enter the eyes

through the cornea, the transparent outer covering of the eye. The cornea bends or

refracts the rays that pass through a round hole called the pupil. The iris, or

colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil, opens and closes (making the

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pupil bigger or smaller) to regulate the amount of light passing through. The light

rays then pass through the lens, which actually changes shape so it can further

bend the rays and focus them on the retina at the back of the eye. The retina is a

thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains millions of tiny light-

sensing nerve cells called rods and cones, which are named for their distinct

shapes. Cones are concentrated in the center of the retina, in an area called the

macula. In bright light conditions, cones provide clear, sharp central vision and

detect colors and fine details. Rods are located outside the macula and extend all

the way to the outer edge of the retina. They provide peripheral or side vision.

Rods also allow the eyes to detect motion and help us see in dim light and at

night. These cells in the retina convert the light into electrical impulses. The optic

nerve sends these impulses to the brain where an image is produced. (protect your

eye sight,2011)

Fig 2.4. Process of vision

2.3. Eyesight Problem

Myopia

Nearsightedness or myopia, occurs when light entering the eye focuses in front of

the retina instead of directly on it. This is caused by a cornea that is steeper, or an

eye that is longer, than a normal eye. Nearsighted people typically see well up

close, but have difficulty seeing far away. (Wikipedia, 2011)

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Fig 2.5. Myopia

Hyperopia

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, longsightedness or hypermetropia, is

a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is

too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing difficulty focusing on

near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on

objects at any distance. As an object moves toward the eye, the eye must increase

its optical power to keep the image in focus on the retina. If the power of the

cornea and lens is insufficient, as in hyperopia, the image will appear blurred.

(Wikipedia, 2011)

Fig 2.6. Hyperopia

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Astigmatism

Astigmatism is an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of

the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the

retina. This may be due to an irregular or toric curvature of the cornea or lens.

There are two types of astigmatism: regular and irregular. Irregular astigmatism is

often caused by a corneal scar or scattering in the crystalline lens and cannot be

corrected by standard spectacle lenses, but can be corrected by contact lenses.

Regular astigmatism arising from either the cornea or crystalline lens can be

corrected by a toric lens. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Fig 2.6. Hyperopia

2.4. Eye Problem Solving

Vision Aids

a. Eyeglasses

Glasses – also called eyeglasses (formal), spectacles, or specs (informal) – are

frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, normally for vision

correction or eye protection.

Fig 2.7. Eyeglasses

(Wikipedia, 2011)

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Weakness of eyeglasses are :

- Make irritation of nose and ear

- Disturb many activity

(allaboutvision.com, 2011)

b. Softlens

Softlens is artificial lense normally for vision correction.

Fig.2.8 Soft lens using

Weakness of softlens are :

- Complicated in care and protection

- Make irritation of eye

(allaboutvision, 2011)

Eye Surgery

Although the terms laser eye surgery and refractive surgery are commonly used as

if they were interchangeable, this is not the case. Lasers may be used to treat

nonrefractive conditions (e.g. to seal a retinal tear), while radial keratotomy is an

example of refractive surgery without the use of a laser.

Weakness of eye surgery are :

- Expensive

- Give fear for patient

(Wikipedia, 2011)

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CHAPTER 3 WRITING METHOD

3.1. Framework

The ideas of this paper arranged into framework bellow :

Graph 3.1. Framework of Writing Paper

Important of Eye

Alternative way to Solve

Eyesight Problem is Needed

Eyesight problem

Eyesight problem

Solving

Weakness

Eyesight problem

Solving before

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Explanation of Frame Work

The fact of Eyesight is the most important sense for human life as the

basic idea to write this paper. Normal eye is the key point of eyesight, but not all

people have normal eye. How people without normal eye can enjoy their

eyesight? Known that there are some ways to solve eye problem, but every ways

have negative impact. So, the alternative way to solve eyesight problem is needed.

This idea is developed to find the alternative way called as “Eye-robics”

3.2. Ideas Application

Technique of Eye-Robics :

Reading newspapers from afar

If the job requires you to sit in front of the computer for hours, try the following.

Attach one-page paper on the wall approximately 2.5 meters away from where

you usually sit. Stop your work every 10 minutes to drive to the paper this view.

Try to read the writing on the paper. Then look again at your computer screen. Do

this again and again, each for 30 seconds, around six times in an hour. This

exercise can avoid the ambiguities that often experienced by workers at the end of

the workday.

Throw the ball to the wall

If you frequently play tennis, table tennis, squash or racquetball, this sport makes

pairing easier exercise. Stand at a distance of about 1-1.5 meters of a blank wall,

facing the wall.

Ask a friend stand behind you and then throwing a tennis ball against the wall.

When the ball was bouncing off the walls, try catch it. This exercise can help

improve hand and eye coordination you.

Following the flashlight beam

This fun exercise can improve your ability to follow an object with the eyes. This

exercise requires a friend and two flashlights. Stand in a dark room, facing the

wall. Ask your friends to be held lights to the wall and moved it to the sweeping

motion to form a wave.

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With the flashlight you hold, follow the circle of light while balancing a book

placed on the head. This way you are forced to follow the movement of light with

the eyes, without moving his head.

cThis exercise trains the eyes to be focused to a target object. This also trains the

brain to use both eyes together. Take a long string about 180 cm, insert into the

hole three beads with different colors. Tie one end of the string to the wall with a

height parallel to the eye, while the other end you’ll hold in front of the nose.

Slide one bead to the end of the wall, place a second bead at a distance of about

120 cm from the nose, while the third at a distance of approximately 40 cm from

the nose.

Point your view to the beads of the most distant. You’ll see the shadow of two

threads forming a V with the beads as the center. Move your gaze to the beads in

the middle. Note the letter X formed by the shadow of yarn with the beads as the

center. Then move your gaze back to the bead closest, and watch the letter X is

similar. Move your eyes from the beads to the other sate quickly, and do not

forget to consider the letter V or X is formed.

When your eyes work as a team, you always have to see two shadows crossing

each other thread when you focus to one of the beads. If your eyes do not work

together, you will see patterns of different or just a yarn.

(Healthy living guide, 2010)

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

4.1. Eye-Robics Based on Bates Method

The way to solve eye problem naturally than we called as eye-robics is

based on Bates methods. The Bates method is an alternative therapy aimed at

improving eyesight. Eye-care physician William Horatio Bates, M.D., (1860–

1931) attributed nearly all sight problems to habitual strain of the eyes, and felt

that glasses were harmful and never necessary. Bates self-published abook as well

as a magazine (and earlier collaborated with Bernarr MacFadden on a

correspondence course) detailing his approach to helping people relax such

"strain", and thus, he claimed, improve their sight. His techniques centered around

visualization and movement. He placed particular emphasis on

imagining black letters and marks, and the movement of such. He also felt that

exposing the eyes to sunlight would help alleviate the "strain"

Underlying concept about eye-exercises by Bates is about accommodation

of eye. Accommodation is the process by which the eye increases optical power to

maintain focus on the retina while shifting its gaze to a closer point. Bates model

of accomodation said the muscles surrounding the eyeballcontrolling its focus. In

addition to their known function of turning the eye, Bates maintained, they also

affect its shape. elongating the eyeball to focus at the near-point or shortening it to

focus at a distance.

Bates believed that refractive errors conditions are caused by tension of

the muscles surrounding the eyeball, which he believed prevents the eyeball from

sufficiently changing shape (per his explanation of accommodation) when gaze is

shifted nearer or farther. Bates characterized this supposed muscular tension as the

consequence of a "mental strain" to see, the relief of which he claimed would

instantly improve sight. He also linked disturbances in the circulation of blood,

which he said is "very largely influenced by thought", not only to refractive errors

but also to double vision, crossed-eye, lazy eye, and to more serious eye

conditions such as cataracts and glaucoma.

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4.2. Development of Bates Method About Eye Exercise

After Bates died in 1931, his methods of treatment were continued by his widow

Emily and other associates, some of whom incorporated exercises and dietary

recommendations. Most subsequent proponents did not stand by Bates'

explanation of how the eye focuses mechanically, but nonetheless maintained that

relieving a habitual "strain" was the key to improving sight

Margaret Darst Corbett

Margaret Darst Corbett first met Dr. Bates when she consulted him about her

husband’s eyesight. She became his pupil, and eventually taught his method at her

School of Eye Education in Los Angeles. She was of the stated belief that "the

optic nerve is really part of the brain, and vision is nine-tenths mental and one-

tenth only physical."

In late 1940, Corbett and her assistant were charged with violations of the Medical

Practice Act of California for treating eyes without a licence. At the trial, many of

her students testified on her behalf, describing in detail how she had enabled them

to discard their glasses. One witness testified that he had been almost blind from

cataracts, but that, after working with Corbett, his vision had improved to such an

extent that for the first time he could read for eight hours at a stretch without

glasses. Corbett explained in court that she was practicing

neither optometry nor ophthalmology and represented herself not as a doctor but

only as an “instructor of eye training”. Describing her method she said "We turn

vision on by teaching the eyes to shift. We want the sense of motion to relieve

staring, to end the fixed look. We use light to relax the eyes and to accustom them

to the sun."

The trial attracted widespread interest, as did the “not guilty” verdict. The case

spurred a bill in the Californian State Legislature which would have then made

such vision education illegal without an optometric or medical licence. After a

lively campaign in the media, the bill was rejected.

The case of Huxley

Perhaps the most famous proponent of the Bates method was the British

writer Aldous Huxley. At the age of sixteen Huxley had an attack of keratitis,

which, after an 18-month period of near-blindness, left him with one eye just

capable of light perception and the other with an unaided Snellen fraction of

10/200. This was mainly due to opacities in both corneas, complicated

by hyperopia and astigmatism. He was able to read only if he wore thick glasses

21

and dilated his better pupil withatropine, to allow that eye to see around an

opacity in the center of the cornea.

In 1939, at the age of 45 and with eyesight which continued to deteriorate, he

happened to hear of the Bates method and sought the help of Margaret Corbett,

who gave him regular lessons. Three years later he wrote The Art of Seeing, in

which he related: "Within a couple of months I was reading without spectacles

and, what was better still, without strain and fatigue... At the present time, my

vision, though very far from normal, is about twice as good as it used to be when I

wore spectacles".Describing the process, Huxley wrote that "Vision is not won by

making an effort to get it: it comes to those who have learned to put their minds

and eyes into a state of alert passivity, of dynamic relaxation." He expressed

indifference regarding the veracity of Bates' explanation of how the eye focuses,

stating that "my concern is not with the anatomical mechanism of

accommodation, but with the art of seeing"

His case generated wide publicity as well as scrutiny. Ophthalmologist Walter B.

Lancaster, for example, suggested in 1944 that Huxley had "learned how to use

what he has to better advantage" by training the "cerebral part of seeing", rather

than actually improving the quality of the image on the retina. Lancaster faulted

ophthalmologists in general for neglecting the role of the brain in the process of

seeing, "leaving to irregular, half-trained workers the cultivation of that field".

In 1952, ten years after writing The Art of Seeing, Huxley spoke at a Hollywood

banquet, wearing no glasses and, according to Bennett Cerf, apparently reading

his paper from the lectern without difficulty. In Cerf's words:

Then suddenly he faltered—and the disturbing truth became obvious. He wasn't

reading his address at all. He had learned it by heart. To refresh his memory he

brought the paper closer and closer to his eyes. When it was only an inch or so

away he still couldn't read it, and had to fish for a magnifying glass in his pocket

to make the typing visible to him. It was an agonizing moment.

In response to this, Huxley wrote "I often do use magnifying glasses where

conditions of light are bad, and have never claimed to be able to read except under

very good conditions.” This underscored that he had not regained anything close

to normal vision, and in fact never claimed that he had

Modern variants

"Natural vision correction" or "natural vision improvement" continues to be

marketed by practitioners offering individual instruction, many of who have no

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medical or optometric credentials. Most base their approach in the Bates method,

though some also integrate vision therapy techniques. There are also many self-

help books and programs, which have not been subjected to randomized

controlled trials, aimed at improving eyesight naturally. Purveyors of such

approaches argue that they lack the funds to formally test them.

The heavily advertised "See Clearly Method" (of which sales were halted by a

court order in November 2006, in response to what were found to be dishonest

marketing practices) included "palming" and "light therapy", both adapted from

Bates.The creators of the program, however, emphasized that they did not endorse

Bates' approach overall.

In his 1992 book The Bates Method, A Complete Guide to Improving Eyesight—

Naturally, "Bates method teacher" Peter Mansfield was very critical of eye care

professionals for prescribing corrective lenses. He recommended most of Bates'

techniques to improve vision, but omitted sungazing. The book included accounts

of twelve instances of eyesight improving, but did not report any measurements

of refractive error.

Czech native John Slavicek claims to have created an "eye cure" that improves

eyesight in three days, borrowing from ancient yogic eye exercises, visualizations

from the Seth Material, and the Bates method. Although he has testimonials from

his neighbor and others, several of his students indicate that he has greatly

exaggerated their cases. Slavicek's self-published manual, Yoga for the Eyes, was

rejected by an ophthalmologist who evaluated it, and evinced no interest from

the World Health Organization and St. Erik's Eye Foundation in Sweden as he had

not conducted double-blindtests.

4.3. Disagreement of Scientists to Eye-Exercises

Bates idea about accommodation is different to some scientists idea. Some

scientists explain accommodation as action of the ciliary muscle, a

muscle within the eye, which adjusts the curvature of the eye's crystalline lens.

This explanation is based in the observed effect of atropine temporarily

preventing accommodation when applied to the ciliary muscle, as well as images

reflected on the crystalline lens becoming smaller as the eye shifts focus to a

closer point, indicating a change in the lens' shape. But Bates rejected this

explanation, and in his 1920 book presented photographs which he said showed

23

that the image remained the same size even as the eye shifted focus, concluding

from this that the lens was not a factor in accommodation.

Ophthalmologist Richard E. Bensinger stated "When we put drops in the eye to

dilate the pupil, they paralyze the focusing muscles. The evidence of the

anatomical fallacy is that you can't focus, but your eye can move up and down,

left and right. The notion that external muscles affect focusing is totally wrong."

Science author John Grant writes that many animals, such as fishes, accommodate

by elongation of the eyeball, "it's just that humans aren't one of those animals.

Laboratory tests have shown that the eyeball is far too rigid to spontaneously

change shape to a degree which would be necessary to accomplish what Bates

described. Exceedingly small changes in axial length of the eyeball (18.6-

19.2 micrometres) are caused by the action of the ciliary muscle during

accommodation. However, these changes are far too small to account for the

necessary changes in focus, producing changes of only -0.036 dioptres.

4.4. Eye-Exercise Claimed Success

As evidence for the effectiveness of the Bates method, proponents point to the

many accounts of people allegedly having improved their eyesight by applying it.

While these anecdotes may be told and passed on in good faith, several potential

explanations exist for the phenomena reported other than a genuine reversal of

a refractive error due to the techniques practiced:

Some cases of nearsightedness are recognized as due to a transient spasm of

the ciliary muscle, rather than a misshapen eyeball. These are classed

as pseudomyopia, of which spontaneous reversal may account for some

reports of improvement.

Research has confirmed that when nearsighted subjects remove their

corrective lenses, over time there is a limited improvement (termed "blur

adaptation") in their unaided visual resolution, even

though autorefraction indicates no corresponding change in refractive error.

This is believed to occur due to adjustments made in the visual system One

who has been practicing Bates' techniques and notices such improvement may

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not realize that simply leaving the glasses off would have had the same effect,

which may be especially pronounced if the prescription was too strong to

begin with.

Visual acuity is affected by the size of the pupil. When it constricts (such as in

response to an increase in light), the quality of focus will improve

significantly, at the cost of a reduced ability to see in dim light. This is known

as the "pinhole effect".

Some eye defects may naturally change for the better with age or in cycles

(ophthalmologist Stewart Duke-Elder suggested that this is what happened

with Aldous Huxley). A cataract when first setting in sometimes results in

much improved eyesight for a short time. One who happens to have been

practicing the Bates method will likely credit it for any improvement

experienced regardless of the actual cause.

Some studies have suggested that a learned ability to interpret blurred images

may account for perceived improvements in eyesight. Ophthalmologist Walter

B. Lancaster had this to say: "Since seeing is only partly a matter of the image

on the retina and the sensation it produces, but is in still larger part a matter of

the cerebral processes of synthesis, in which memories play a principal role, it

follows that by repetition, by practice, by exercises, one builds up a

substratum of memories useful for the interpretation of sensations and

facilitates the syntheses which are the major part of seeing."

From the peoples post in a web (eyeexercisestoimprovevision.com), they have

success in eye-exercise to improve their eyesight.

1. Carol Walker from Nevada had some great success. She had been doing eye

exercises for about 30 days, and when she had an eye exam at the end of those 30

days, her eye doctor couldn’t believe it. He said that he never saw anything like it

(except for with those who underwent the dangerous laser eye surgery). Carol’s

eye doctor thought it was so fascinating that he decided to start doing eye

exercises to improve vision as well!

2. Tony Brawnovic from Costa Rica was thrilled when he found out he could

improve his vision naturally. He started doing eye exercises, and within 2 months,

he went from 20/30 in each eye to a perfect 20/20 vision in each eye – what an

improvement!

3. John Brown from Kansas has had glasses since he was just a little boy. Then

some of his friends told him about how simple eye exercises can improve your

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vision. He was skeptical at first, but he decided to try it for himself to see if it

would work. Indeed, just 3 short weeks later, his eyesight had improved

dramatically.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSION AND RECOMENADATION

Eye-Robics is alternative way to solve eye problem. It is about Bates

method where the eye problem can be solved by eye-exercise such as palming,

visualization, movements, sunning and etc.

Bates method is based on his idea about accommodation. Accommodation

cause of the muscles surrounding the eyeball controlling its focus. In addition to

their known function of turning the eye, Bates maintained, they also affect its

shape. elongating the eyeball to focus at the near-point or shortening it to focus at

a distance. Bates believed that refractive errors conditions are caused by tension

of the muscles surrounding the eyeball, which he believed prevents the eyeball

from sufficiently changing shape (per his explanation of accommodation) when

gaze is shifted nearer or farther. Bates characterized this supposed muscular

tension as the consequence of a "mental strain" to see, the relief of which he

claimed would instantly improve sight.

Then bates methods continued by some scientist such as Margaret Darst

Corbett, Huxley, and some modern scientist.

But Bates method of eye-exercise rejected by others scientist that say

accommodation as action of the ciliary muscle, a muscle within the eye, which

adjusts the curvature of the eye's crystalline lens.

Although not all scientist agree with Eye-Exercise methods, this method

have claimed successful by many peoples.

In this paper I would like to recommend eye-problem sufferer to use eye-

robics or eye-exercises as alternative method to solve your eye problem and

improve your eyesight naturally and this is needed to make a research about eye-

robic to prove Bates method.

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Refferences

Allaboutvision. 201. http://www.allaboutvision.com/buysmart/see_clearly.htm

accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Children’s memorial hospital. 2011.

http://www.childrensmemorial.org/depts/ophthalmology/normal_eyes.aspx.

accesed on June, 3rd

2011

International Specialist Eye Centre. 2009.

http://www.tpub.com/content/armymedical/MD0582/MD05820012.htm

accesed on June, 3rd

2011

protect your eye sight. 2011. http://www.protect-your-eyesight.com/visual-

process.html. accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/astigmatism accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/eye-glasses accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/eye-muscle accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/eye-surgery accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/Hyperopia accesed on June, 3rd

2011

Wikipeida. 2011. http//en.wikipedia.org/Myopi accesed on June, 3rd

2011