Extended Essay

Nelson Mandela Leading Through SportsThe use of Rugby in South Africa

To What Extent did Nelson Mandela’s use of Rugby Help to Integrate South

Africa?

Name: Elizabeth Trent

Abstract

Apartheid had controlled much of South Africa’s history. Nelson

Mandela just like many other people is a subject of its abuse. When

Mandela became President of South Africa he had many problems to take

on. In 1995 Nelson Mandela and his administration had the chance to

change the racial segregation of South Africa. This paper will investigate

the extent of Nelson Mandela’s use of rugby to help integrate South

Africa.

In order to answer this question, the 1995 Rugby World Cup and the

1999 Rugby World Cup are analyzed. The Springboks, the national rugby

team, were considered a white sport. Earlier in South Africa’s history the

Springboks had been banned from participating in international sporting

events in an attempt for them to end apartheid. When Nelson Mandela was

elected, he was able to secure the Rugby World Cup to be hosted in South

Africa. Additionally, the Springboks would be allowed to participate. From

there Nelson Mandela left it up to the people to decide whether or not they

wanted to support the team. To investigate this event Nelson Mandela’s

biography, articles on the Springboks, books about South Africa in the

twentieth century and speeches are used.

2

When examining the use of rugby as a tool to unite South Africa it can

be seen that the 1995 Springbok team was not very representative of the

country. However it can be seen that as time went on the governments

began to once again use rugby as a tool for unification of the country. The

team was increasing its amount of support from both races and by 1999 the

team represented a new South Africa. Nelson Mandela created a new idea

that rugby will always be a symbol for hope in the country.

Word Count: 296

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract 2

Introduction 4

Nelson Mandela and Rugby 6

History of the Springboks 6

Mandela and the Springboks 7

Preparing for the World Cup 8

Springboks in the World Cup 9

Tainted Image 11

Aspirations of South Africa 12

Continuing Change in 1999 13

Integration Over the Years 14

3

Conclusion 15

Bibliography 17

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to show the extent of Nelson Mandela’s

use of rugby in helping to integrate South Africa, following the end of

apartheid. Many people do not think to look past politics when thinking

about events such as the apartheid. The reason for looking at a post

apartheid South Africa is to prove that ruby played a major role in

integrating the country. Looking at rugby as more than a game will show

that sports can have great effects on people and even have the power to

change a nation. The situation in South Africa with rugby is unique and the

sport needs to be given more credit when it comes to ending apartheid.

South African horrors legally began in 1948 with the Prohibition of

Mixed Marriages Act. The Population Registration Act followed, which

4

classified people based on their race. Additionally, the Group Areas Act,

which separated racial groups, and the Suppression of Communism Act1

were passed in 1950.2 The physical separation of blacks and whites began in

1954 in the city of Sophiatown when ethnical ghettos were created and

blacks were forced to live there. Growing up, Nelson Mandela lived in an

ethnic ghetto called Qunu with his family. In response to these newly

passed laws, the first wave of Black Nationalism was seen in Sharpeville. On

March 21, 1960 a riot broke out and 67 Africans died. Following the riot the

African National Congress declared a day of mourning out of consideration

for the dead. 3

Nelson Mandela became active in politics long before obtaining his

law degree. However, his actions began to impact South Africa efficiently

while he was studying at Witwatersrand University, where he earned a law

degree. In 1944 he was elected into the executive committee of the ANCYL

(African National Congress Youth League), and later he became the ANCYL

President in 1951. His problems began when he was first arrested in the

1950s for heading the ANC’s defiance campaign.4 He was put under

banning orders for six months. Mandela became upset with the way things

were planning out and declared that the time for passive resistance was 1 This act made the communist political group illegal and the government could decide who could hold office. The government could outlaw certain people from running for government if they were believed to be a communist. 2 William Beinart, Twentieth-Century South Africa, Oxford University Press, 2001, Pg.xiii-xvii3 Norman Phillips, The Tragedy of Apartheid: A journalist’s Experiences in the South African Riots, Van Rees Press, 1960, Pg. 3-15. 4 Elleke Boehmer, Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2008, Pg. 38-39.

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over. In 1956 he was arrested again, the trial lasted until 1961 and he was

later acquitted. The final straw was on August 5, 1962 when he was

arrested for trying to leave South Africa illegally. He was later charged with

sabotage, the promotion of guerrilla warfare and planning an armed

invasion.5 On June 12, 1964 he was sentenced to life in prison.

While in prison, South African conditions worsened. In 1967 they

passed the Terrorism Act, making it legal to detain someone without a fair

trial. Mandela’s wife Winnie was a victim of this law. On an international

note, the United Nations declared apartheid a crime against humanity, as a

way to help stop the apartheid in South Africa. In an attempt to stop South

Africa, the United Nations Security Council stationed arms embargos. The

message still did not get across to the people of South Africa. A “Release

Mandela” campaign was launched in 1980 sparking an international cry for

the release of the prisoner.6

In 1977 an international attempt to hurt South Africa was seen in the

Gleneagles Agreement, discouraging sporting contact with the country. In

1979 the French government announced South Africa was not welcome to

play rugby in their country. Across the globe, specifically in London,

England, there were many protests to end apartheid.7 People everywhere

were showing their discontent with South Africa and their apartheid ways.

South Africans felt the pain in 1981 when the Springboks, the national 5 Tom Lodge, Mandela: A Critical Life, Oxford University Press, 2006, Pg. 108.6 Rita Barbard, The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela, Cambridge University Press, 2014, Pg. 73.7 Coombes, Annie, History After Apartheid, Duke University Press, 2003, Pg. 279-281.

6

rugby team, went on a tour in New Zealand. They faced many riots, because

New Zealand prided itself on being racially equal. Losing rugby made the

black community happy, because for so long the team represented

apartheid. The divide increased. Mandela was released from prison in 1990.

Nelson Mandela and Rugby

Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa in 1994. After

he came into office the hardest job to tackle was the racial divide. He

crossed over the political divide by winning the election, however the social

divide was still prominent.8 Mandela finally came up with an idea to unite

the races rugby. Sports have the power to make people come together and

create a bond. For so long that bond has been only within a person’s race.

His goal was to expand that bond across different races. He set up a

meeting with François Pienaar, the captain of the Springboks.9 In the

meeting, a plan was created to make rugby a sport loved by all races.10

Mandela needed the team to do well, because the base of his leadership

depended on their success. South Africa was chosen to host the Rugby

World Cup and this was a very important time for the country. The world

was nervous about sending their players to a place that for so long

8 The towns in South Africa were mainly created based on race. The blacks lived in ghettos outside of the city, while whites lived in nicer areas. 9 Martin Meredith, Mandela, PublicAffairs, 2010, Pg. 522-55410 François Pienaar said, “He talked about the power sport had to move people and how he had seen this not long after his release in the Barcelona Olympics, which he especially remembered for one particular moment when he said he stood up and he felt the whole stadium reverberating.” John Carlin, Invictus, Penguin Books, Pg. 163

7

discriminated against any race that was not white. Mandela essentially

asked Pienaar to help him rebuild South Africa. Pienaar used this meeting

as a catalyst for the team to work harder and do their best to win the

tournament. When looking at the situation, it was imperative for the sake of

South Africa that the team won.11

History of the Springboks

The Springboks are the national rugby team of South Africa. The

white population of South Africa always only supported the Springboks. In

the black community they represented apartheid and a dark time in history.

As the white Europeans began to throw money at the team, their status

grew from a common to elite sport, furthering the divide. Even in 1995

during the World Cup there was only one black person on the team named

Chester Williams. The black population religiously followed soccer, and

whenever they got the chance they cheered against the Springboks. For the

past few years leading up to the World Cup, the Springboks were not

welcome to play by the international community. The first blow to the

Springboks was in 1977 when the Gleneagles Agreement was signed,

discouraging athletic competition with South Africa. The team’s level of play

began to decrease. This began to create a discontent amongst the white

population of South Africa.

In 1981 the team traveled to New Zealand and when they arrived they

were greeted by an array of riots. The people of New Zealand prided

11 Carlin, Pg. 164

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themselves on their racial equality and did not believe that South Africa

should get to participate in anything that would further the country until

they ended apartheid.12 Nelson Mandela knew the history of the Springboks

and understood that he needed to win the trust of the white population.

Mandela’s ability to understand the people is one of the reasons he is

regarded as one of the best leaders from South Africa.

Mandela and the Springboks

Nelson Mandela knew that improved relations between the races

would only come from a common goal. For his whole political career,

Mandela did not have the whites support, which was vital for the success of

the country. In 1993 he secured the 1995 Rugby World Cup, allowing South

Africans to support the team they longed to see play internationally.13

Mandela temporarily lost faith that his plan is working when right-

wing extremists killed John Heyns. Heyns was killed because he played a

pivotal part in getting the members of his church to believe apartheid was a

sin. While trying to find the men who committed the crime he came across

positive Intel. While in Pretoria, he heard some men talking about how they

could not do anything to hurt Mandela or his cause because he gave them

back rugby.14 It was from that moment Mandela knew rugby would win the

right wings hearts.

12 “1981 Springbok Tour”, Ministry for Culture and Heritage, <http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/1981-springbok-tour.>13Barnard, Pg. 234+14 The man said, ‘No you cant do that! Look at what they have done for rugby, look at the international rugby they have given us.’

9

In that original meeting with Pienaar, Mandela made it clear rugby

was going to be used for nation building. The ANC15 agreed that hosting the

World Cup would be good for the country. However, they wanted to change

the team name because to the black community it represented the horrors

of apartheid. This idea was leaked to the general public, enraging many

Afrikaners. Afrikaners are white and typically come from a Dutch origin.

Mandela decided to step in and stop them from changing the name with the

sole goal of protecting the current peace with the white population. He

wanted to show that just because black people now had power, they were

not going to destroy the only world the Afrikaners knew.16 By doing this

Mandela was gaining trust from the white community and showing is strong

leadership capabilities.

Preparing for the World Cup

Mandela needed influential rugby lovers like Louis Luyt to change his

views. Luyt was the President of the South African Rugby Football Union.

During the past few exhibition games Luyt was seen waving the old South

African flag and singing the old national anthem. After being approached by

Mandela and others Luyt began to change his ways. He appointed Edward

Griffiths, and Morné du Plessis, who would work with the team on their

appearance. He came up with the Springboks new slogan, “One Team, One

Country”.17

15 The ANC is the African National Congress, and it was the party that Nelson Mandela was apart of. The ANC gain more control over South Africa when Mandela came into power. 16 Meredith, Pg. 22517 Carlin, Pg. 173

10

The next step was for the team to embody their country. Anne Munnik

and Du Plessis taught the team the new national anthem.18 Mandela did not

want the men to be sitting on the sidelines and not be able to sing their own

national anthem. He needed them, white and black, to sing the same song

together. Mandela needed the team to win so that he would not have to face

the backlash of supporting the team from his peers. Secondly he needed the

people of South Africa to be on their best behavior, because the whole

world was waiting for something to go wrong. At the time hosting the Rugby

World Cup was one of the only ways South Africa could show the

international community that they were united.

Springboks in the World Cup

Before the Springboks first game against Australia,19 on May 25,

1995, motivating statement for the team. After that game, the Springboks

took a trip to Robben Island, the prison that held many political prisoners

like Mandela. They learned about South Africa’s past and why change was

so important. Following, Mandela gave a speech on nation building, and

how both the blacks and whites needed to give a little for the good of the

country. Both sides had to be willing to accept the other.

The hard part for the black population was accepting the team as

their own. For so long people taught their children to hate the Springboks.

Mandela made the team visit black camps, such as Zwide. While there, they

were to interact with young children and begin to integrate themselves into

18 Carlin, pg. 174-17519 The Springboks won their game against Australia.

11

a new South Africa, where race does not matter. Mandela’s own bodyguard,

Moonsamy, admitted accepting the team was hard at first. South Africa’s

allegiance to the Springboks would be tested in their next game against a

dark skinned Western Samoans20 team. Typically the black population

cheered against the Springboks, but the team began to see in the stands

and in the streets that all races were cheering for them.21

The Springbok team had made it to the finals of the Rugby World Cup,

and the atmosphere of South Africa was different. Mandela was wearing a

green Springbok’s jersey and entered into a stadium full of people yelling

his name. People were amazed that he was able to forgive and be one with

the people of South Africa.22 Regardless of race everyone was cheering for

the Springboks. Moonsamy said, “We were so tense during the game. We

were so close at the end of it. The black and white groups in our unit: we

were now indistinguishable. All of us going absolutely crazy with relief and

joy.”23 The people of South Africa had found something they had in common

the Springboks. Justice Bekebeke explained that from that moment the

white South Africa he knew was redefined.24 Everything changed from that

winning moment. It was best explained when François Pienaar accepted the

trophy noting, “We didn’t have 62,000 fans behind us. We had 43 million

20 The Springboks won their game against the Western Samoans. 21 Meredith, Pg. 526-52722 Carlin, Pg. 22123 Carlin, Pg. 22224 Ibid, Pg. 225

12

South Africans.”25 From that moment it was evident to the people and the

international community that change would happen.

The only black player on the team was Chester Williams and South

Africa saw this as a problem. This was a byproduct of apartheid and it

showed the white population that they had discouraged many blacks from

participating in rugby at a high level. At schools in Eastern Cape and Xhosa,

which were predominantly black, the people were avid rugby players and

supporters. However, the poor sport facilities in their communities

discouraged them from continuing to play.26 The 1995 Rugby World Cup

showed the community that they needed to open up to the black community

and encourage them to pursue a career in not only professional rugby, but

also any sports.

Tainted Image

Following the Springboks victory their uplifting effect began to fade.

As they switched from a hated team to a professionally loved team, there

were many financial disputes.27 The people of South Africa began to see that

the team they supported were not as concerned with the nation, but the

money they were given. In 1996 it looked as if progress was reversing.

During an All Black team tour, South African fans were seen waving the old

flag. This was seen as the opposite of what the world cup was suppose to

25 Ibid, Pg. 22726 Frankental, Sally and Sichone, Owen, South Africa’s Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebooks, ABC-CLIO, 2005, Pg. 276-27927 Albert Grundlingh, From Redemption to Recidivism?, Sporting Traditions, 1998, Pg. 79

13

do. Du Plessis tried to announce that the Springboks did not play for those

that were returning to the old flag.28

The fans were returning to apartheid behavior. Mandela’s plan

seemed to be falling apart. During all this tension, the international

community began to believe South Africa would never be able to achieve

peace. It seemed that the people did not want to. In 1996 the Springboks

lost to the All Blacks and two key players, François Pienaar and Joel

Stransky were released from the team.29 This was seen as controversial

because during the ’95 World Cup they were seen as the change and

rebuilders of South Africa. Following their release, Du Plessis and Luyt

were dismissed. Many problems arrived when Chester Williams, the sole

black player of the team, would not sign a contract with the South African

Rugby Football Union. The discontent continued when the Springbok head

coach, Andre Markgraaff, resigned.30 To everyone in the world it seemed

that the South Africa in 1995 was not the South Africa in 1997.

Races were once again segregating and the black resistance became

stronger. The people did not believe in the new South Africa, wondering

why South Africa was returning to their old ways. The editor of the Weekly

Mail and Guardian commented on the changes, stating, “When South Africa

characterizes itself as ‘one nation’ it is less a statement of fact than the

28 Ibid, Pg. 8029 “Rugby Football History”, Introduction to Rugby Football to SA, <http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/south_africa.html>30 Grundlingh, Pg. 80-81

14

expression of aspiration.”31 This means that the people of South Africa

wanted Rugby to solve all of its problems, so they placed all of their

excitement in the team. Once the euphoria ended they did not know how to

conduct themselves.

In 1996 at Fernwood, a school in South Africa, made it mandatory for

all the boys to try out for rugby. Other sports that were popular amongst

the black population such as soccer and basketball were being neglected.

The school was trying to save their reputation as a “white” school and was

trying to attach rugby to a certain race.32 Again this shows how rugby plays

an important role in heightening the status of different organizations.

However, schools and places like Fernwood were doing it the wrong way.

Nelson Mandela and the Springboks wanted to show the country that the

sport was not suppose to be tied to anyone race but the community as a

whole.

Aspirations of South Africa

No one can take away the Springboks success in 1995. It unified

people even though they did not stay whole for too long, but the old

practices of South Africa could never return. There was too much change in

their society apartheid to re-emerge.33 Rugby was a powerful symbol of

change in South Africa. The sport took the past of South Africa and made it

so the people could never return back. Rugby could never be regarded as

31 Ibid, Pg. 82-8332 Dolby, Nadine, Constructing Race, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2001, Pg. 49-52.33 Carlin, Pg. 252-253

15

just a white sport because all the people of the country had supported the

Springboks together. The spiritual ownership of the team had been

extended to all races and corners of South Africa.

What the Springboks did was not completely reinvent South Africa

and change all of its social policies. The team took the current state of an

internationally hated country and gave it hope. The team made it impossible

for the whites to claim rugby as their own. It gave both races a connection

that now could never be broken. They also made it impossible for South

Africa to return to an apartheid state. Nelson Mandela used the team to

give hope to the people and the idea that they can one day change the way

they live. Rugby in South Africa use to be run by ethnic motives and now it

is run with capitalistic interests.34 This is a positive move because no longer

can only whites participate in rugby; it is based off talent and who can get

the most money.

Continuing Change in 1999

In 1999 the Rugby World Cup was about to be played. South Africa

once again wanted to use the team for nation building. Rian Oberholzer, the

Chief Executive of SARFU, was quoted saying, “We decided at a meeting a

year ago that we wanted the World Cup to be used as a vehicle for nation-

building, something that was done very successfully in 1995.”35 The

government used Nelson Mandela’s voice in the advertisements to improve

national unity, while promoting the 1999 World Cup. The current president, 34 Grundlingh, Pg. 8435 Farquharson, Karen, and Timothy Marjoribanks, Transforming the Springboks: Re-imagining the South African Nation through Sport, 2003. Pg. 64

16

Thabo Mbeki, appeared in front of the public wearing a Springboks jersey,

just like Mandela did. They were once again trying to push for unity among

all South Africans.

When the 1999 World Cup team was announced four black players

were listed.36 The ANC released an official statement about how they wish

the team luck as they carry the aspirations of South Africa.37 This statement

shows that the government was not going to give up because of a rough

patch. They believed that the country could one day achieve full unity. The

media confirmed that the current government was trying to accomplish

what Mandela did through rugby. Even though the country lost its way for a

while after the tournament. The people of South Africa always clung to the

hope that one day they will unite forever.

The country had already been politically integrated. The 1995 World

Cup and the work of Mandela created a lasting legacy. The legacy was not

that he change South Africa using the rugby team during the World cup, it

was the hope he gave the people. As stated above the people resorted to old

ways when they became discouraged. But never went back to apartheid. It

may have been hard to see at the time but Mandela made a lasting change

on the people of South Africa. This legacy was seen in the 1999 World Cup

36Ibid, Pg. 937 “The people of South Africa are wholly behind [coach] Nick Mallett, [captain] Joost van der Westhuizen and the rest of the squad. They carry with them the dreams and aspirations of the whole country in the glorious pursuit of further international honours.” Ibid, Pg. 9

17

because the government was using the team once again and they know that

Mandela was the reason for all this change in the country.

Integration over the Years

In 1995 South Africa had a black president and a black player on the

national rugby team. Society was not coming together. Mandela used the

1995 World Cup rugby team to head his plan for integration. The team was

being used to introduce new ideas and ways of living to South Africa.

December 31, 1994 Mandela gave his New Years address to the people. In

this speech he listed his hopes and goals for South Africa. He wanted to

improve the black communities relationship with the law and the individual

police officers. He wanted to keep their democracy intact and push the

country to a brighter future. Overall, he wanted South Africa to be soldiers

of peace and unity.38

From 1996 to 1999 it seemed the people had lost their way. There was

no observable progress being made. Then for the new World Cup team they

announced that four black players made the team. The team needed to

represent all of South Africa. The SARFU began to give more support to the

black players. Coaches realized that when choosing the national team, it

had to be color-blind. If all white people made the team it had to be because

they were the best of the best.39 When the country could realize that people

were not being cut because of their race but because of their talent then it

38 Nelson Mandela, New Year’s Message by President Nelson Mandela for 1996, December 31, 1995.39 Farquharson, Karen, and Timothy Marjoribanks, Pg. 13

18

would show that they can be more accepting. This was a step in increasing

equality in South Africa.

Conclusion

Nelson Mandela used rugby because it was a potential symbol for

unity. He was using the enemy of his people as a weapon to achieve a larger

goal. He knew that if he took a white dominated sport and opened it up to

the whole country then they would not be able to have anything anymore

that was solely for the white population. Slowly the people would begin to

have similar interests and then they would not be separate. After the World

Cup when the people began to return to old ways, it seemed that all hope

was lost. It seemed all people had was hope and dreams. They wanted

South Africa to change but did not know how to begin. Rugby is, and always

will be, a symbol for change in South Africa. Rugby opened the doors for

many opportunities for social change. If Nelson Mandela had not backed the

Springboks then most likely the change would not have happened. Mandela

took something hated by a group of people and turned it into something

that they could support. He opened up the people’s eyes to the need for

social change and the advancement of South Africa.

While Mandela’s use of rugby did not immediately solve all of South

Africa’s problems, the plan allowed for the country to begin the healing

process. It took many years for the people to accept one another and still

today, a year after Mandela’s death some people are not willing to

integrate. Nelson Mandela as an individual stands for change and loving

19

one another. He was the leader that South Africa needed and was able to

create a lasting change for the people. Sports have a way of speaking to the

people and connecting them all over the globe. The World Cup, in any sport,

allows for all corners of the globe to come together, share cultures and

creates a peaceful universe. The Rugby World Cup did just that, it showed

the international community that South Africa was coming together and

working towards bettering their community.

My goal in this essay was to show that Nelson Mandela and the

Springboks did not change South Africa during any one moment. However,

they changed the country by continuously challenging the boundaries. They

gave the people hope and a reason to change. Essentially Mandela did not

change South Africa; he shaped it into what the people wanted it to be.

Without the people of South Africa knowing, he created a way for them to

unite and become one. While there were some problems along the way,

Mandela created an ideal South Africa that the people needed to strive to

be. It is time to look past the politics and see how sports can change a

country. Sports are typically overlooked when it comes to significant

change. Nelson Mandela gave the people a way to integrate socially

through rugby creating a new community. Sports have the power to change

more than people think and Nelson Mandela showed the world just that.

20

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