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Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere Okala Practitioner Chapter 17
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Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

Mar 16, 2022

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Page 1: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

Evolution of our biosphere

IND 243 Design for Ecology and Social Equity Module 3 Evolution of the Biosphere  

Okala Practitioner Chapter  17

Page 2: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

The Biosphere

The  biosphere  consists  of  the  thin  twelve-­‐mile  thick  layer,  comprised  of  the  Earth’s  crust  (the  lithosphere),  the  thin  layer  of  atmosphere  and  the  thinner  yet  layer  of  the  waters  (the  hydrosphere).    

The  volume  of  all  water  on  the  Earth  compared  to  the  volume  of  rock.  

The  volume  of  all  air    on  the  Earth  compared  to  the  volume  of  rock.  

Page 3: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

Evolution of the Biosphere

The  biosphere  has  evolved  gradually  over  roughly  five  billion  years.  The  following  sequence  summarizes  this  evoluEonary  process.  

Page 4: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

9 - 4.5 billion years ago

Compiled  from  colliding  meteors,  the  Earth  consisted  of  lifeless  rock,  water  and  a  thin  layer  of  carbon  dioxide.                                The  moon  also  formed,  possibly  spliGng  from  the  Earth.    

                                                           Thin  red  CO2  atmosphere  

                                                 Iron-­‐dense  ocean  

                                                         Upper  crust  

 Lower  crust  (mix  of  solid  &  liquid  magma)    

                 

               Semi-­‐solid  mantle  

Page 5: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

3.5 billion years ago

Over  Eme,  exposure  of  liquid  lava  to  water  created  granite.  Lighter  per  unit  volume  than  lava,  granite  floated  above  the  lava  to  form  the  conEnental  plates.    

Extraordinarily,  photosyntheEc  algae  evolved,  gradually  increasing  atmospheric  nitrogen  and  oxygen  and  establishing  the  geneEc  basis  for  all  organisms.  

                                 Thickening  atmosphere  

 Granite-­‐filled  conEnental  plates  

 Blue-­‐green  algae  in  ocean  

 

Growing  planet  diameter  

Page 6: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

2 billion years ago

PrimiEve  organisms  adapted  to  land.                                                          

Stratospheric  layer  ozone  formed,  protecEng  terrestrial  organisms  from  ultraviolet  light.  

   

Soil  slowly  developed.  SedimentaEon  gradually  separated  most  toxic  metals  below  the  Earth’s  crust.  

                   PrimiEve  plants  and  soil  evolved  on  land.      

Page 7: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

1.5 billion years ago

Four  periods  of  mass  exEncEon  occur,                      punctuated  by  long  periods  of  species  diversificaEon.      

 Oceans  changed  from  green  to  blue.  

Page 8: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

420 million years ago

Increasing  atmospheric  oxygen  coincided  with  the  arrival  of  a  diversity  of  dinosaurs.    Decaying  trees  in  freshwater  swamps  inhibit  decomposiEon,  and  sequester  as  fossil                                    carbon  deposits  (eventually  to  be  used                                      as  fossil  fuel).  

Page 9: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

The human species (homo sapiens) evolved roughly 200,000 years ago.  

We  began  massive  extracEon  of  carbon  from  fossil  fuels  into  the  atmosphere  200  years  ago.    

We  now  extract  and  concentrate  toxic  metals  in  amounts  rarely  found  in  nature.                                                                      We  manufacture  persistent  toxic  syntheEc  chemicals  not  found  in  the  biosphere.  

Habitat  destrucEon  and  polluEon  now  bring  a  sixth  wave  of  exEncEon.  

         CO2  and  other  air  pollutants    

         Habitat  destrucEon  

 

           Water  polluEon  

Page 10: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

 Summary: Evolution of the Biosphere  

1.  The  biosphere  is  unique  in  the  universe.  No  other  living  planets  have  yet  been  found.  The  biosphere  evolved  over  a  rather  incomprehensible  period  of  five  billion  years.    

2.  The  release  of  fossil  carbon  (CO2)  significantly  damages  the  Earth's  climate  and  emission  of  toxic  metals  from  the  Earth's  crust  significantly  damage  ecological  and  human  health.  

3.  The  Earth  passed  through  five  major  periods  of  species  exEncEon.                    It  now  passes  through  another  major  period  of  exEncEon  because  of  human  acEviEes.  Humans  now  consume  and  systemaEcally  destroy  the  biosphere  in  a  relaEvely  small  period  of  Eme.  

 

 

 

Page 11: Evolution of our biosphere Evolution of the Biosphere IND ...

This  presentaEon  is  part  of  an  educaEonal  presentaEon  series  that  supports  teaching  from  the  Okala  Prac))oner  guide.        

Okala  Prac))oner  and  these  presentaEons  were  created  by  the  Okala  Team  to  disseminate  fact-­‐based  knowledge  about  ecological  design  to  the  design  disciplines  and  business.      

Unless  provided  in  the    presentaEons,  InformaEon  sources  are  found  in  the  Okala  Prac))oner  guide.    

Okala Practitioner Integrating Ecological Design

The  Okala  Team  iniEated  the  collaboraEon  with  the  US  EPA  and  the  Industrial  Designers  Society  of  America  (IDSA)  in  2003.  The  team  developed  Okala  PracEEoner  with  support  from  Autodesk,  IBM,  Eastman  Chemical  and  the  IDSA  Ecodesign  SecEon.      

Okala  Prac))oner  is  available  through  amazon.com.        

More  informaEon  and  the  free  Okala  Ecodesign  Strategy  App  are  found  at  Okala.net.  Copyright  ©  2014,  Okala  presentaEons  are  free            for  educaEonal  uses,  but  fully  protected  from  unlicensed  commercial  reproducEon  or  use.    Okala™  is  a  registered  trademark  of  the  Okala  Team    

 The  Okala  Team:  Philip  White  IDSA  Associate  Professor,  Arizona  State  University  Louise  St.  Pierre  Associate  Professor,  Emily  Carr  University  of  Art  +  Design        

Steve  BelleEre  IDSA  Professor,  Southern  Illinois  University  Carbondale