Evaluation of Novel Wing design of UAV€¦ · Evaluation of Novel Wing design for UAV (MASTERS THESIS) Parvathavadhani Krishna Bahumanyam . Advisor: Dr. Brain Landrum . Department

Evaluation of Novel Wing design for UAV (MASTERS THESIS)

Parvathavadhani Krishna Bahumanyam

Advisor: Dr. Brain Landrum Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

University of Alabama in Huntsville

10/9/2014 COMSOL Conference 2014 - Boston 1

Outline

• Introduction • Non Planar Wing design • Aerodynamic Evaluation • Structural Evaluation • Choosing the best configuration • Conclusion


Outline



Introduction

• Great demand in small scale UAVs produced by both government and private companies like

–Boeing –Lockheed Martin –AeroVironment –AAI Coorperation


AAI Aerosonde

• Reconnaissance • Inverted V Tail • Catapult Launched • Long Range • All Sensors in Fuselage


Aerosonde Specifications

Geometry & Weight Length 5.58 ft (1.7 m) Height 1.97 ft (0.60 m)

Wingspan (b) 9.67 ft (2.95 m) Mean Chord (𝑐𝑐̅) 0.631 ft (0.192 m) Wing Area (S) 6.1 ft2 (0.567 m2)

Aspect Ratio (AR=b2/S) 15.33 Max GTOW 55 lbs (24.94 kg)

Wing Loading (W/S) 9.02 lbs/ft2

(432 N/m2)


Tornado Analysis of Aerosonde

• NACA 4415 for Wing • NACA 0012 for Tail • Lift, Drag, CL, CD have

been Obtained for Various angles of attack


COMSOL Analysis of Aerosonde


• Model imported from Solid Edge

• Applying a block around it for simulating a wind tunnel

• Meshing using ahmed body method in COMSOL

• Mesh Evaluation study has been carried out

• Results of COMSOL has been verified by comparing the Lift with Tornado

Outline



Non Planar Wing Configurations

• Non Planar configurations have been considered as an alternative – Various Configurations of Box wing have been considered

• Varying the Gap and Stagger – Various Configurations of Joined wing have been considered

• Varying the wing span and Apex of the tail


Outline

• Introduction • Non Planar Wing design • Aerodynamic Evaluation • Structural Evaluation • Comparison of Results • Conclusion


Aerodynamic Evaluation

• Aerodynamic evaluation of the Non Planar configurations have been done by the following method – Evaluate various box wing configurations in Tornado – Evaluate various Joined wing configurations in Tornado – Compare the best configurations of Box wing and Joined wing in

COMSOL using the method of comparison.


Method of Comparison

• In each comparison, the following have been kept constant/ Consistent – Center Body (Fuselage) – Wing Plan form Area – Total Load – Structural Material – Thickness – Airfoils – Load distribution – Flying Conditions


Box Wing


• Different configurations with varying gap and stagger have been tested

• Aerodynamically Best configuration has been selected using Tornado

• The best Configuration that is selected is with 0.75c Stagger and 2c Gap

• The entire aircraft has been tested in COMSOL for accurate comparison to Aerosonde

Different Box wing Configurations tested


Results from Tornado


1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

0 1 2 3 4 5

Coef

ficie

nt o

f Lift

Gap

Coefficient of Lift variation with Gap and Stagger

Stagger 0

Stagger 0.5

Stagger 1

Stagger 1.5

Stagger 2

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.055

0 1 2 3 4 5

Coef

ficie

nt o

f Dra

g

Gap

Coefficient of Drag variation with Gap and Stagger

Stagger 0

Stagger 0.5

Stagger 1

Stagger 1.5

Stagger 2

Results from COMSOL

Slno Property Aerosonde Box wing

1 Lift 252.2674 N 227.268 N

2 Drag 10.8782 N 11.023 N

3 CL/CD 23.1901 20.6176


Joined wing Configuration


• The Same wing and tail plan form area combined has been kept constant

• 2.5% increase in Lift has been Obtained with an increase of 0.77% drag

• A reduction of 9.2% span can be accomplished keeping the same Lift Coefficient.

Joined wing aircraft

Sl no Parameter Aerosonde Joined wing % difference

1 Ref. Area 1868.78 1708.2 8.59%

2 Ref. Span 152 138 9.21%

3 Coefficient of Drag 0.02427 0.02525 -4.04%


Evaluation of results

• Mesh control analysis has been done and proven that a mesh finer than what we used in the analysis would not change the results

• The same model has been analyzed in both COMSOL and Tornado to compare the results and it has been proven that COMSOL is very accurate in its results using not only the Tornado values but also by generic Data (Analysis of NACA 0012)


Outline



Structural analysis

• For performing the structural analysis, we need to calculate the loads affecting the aircraft.

• The V-n diagram for Gust loads has been calculated • The V-n diagram for maneuver loads has been calculated • The maximum loads that the aircraft will experience has been

taken • The max load is then applied to all three aircraft configurations


Maneuver V-n Diagram


Gust V-n Diagram


Analyzing in COMSOL


Comparison of Results

Result Set Aerosonde Joined Wing Box wing

Max Stress 3.38821 MPa 3.28974 MPa 0.50346 MPa

Max Displacement 1.03 e

-3 m 4.4558e-4 m 9.425e-6 m


Maximum Deflection


0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

0.0012

Aerosonde Joined Wing Boxed wing

Max Deflection

Max Deflection

Outline



Choosing the best configuration

• Aerodynamically, Joined wing is the best configuration • Structurally, Box wing is the best configuration • Trade off should be made whether to use monoplane wing, Joined

wing or Box wing. • Box wing is a great alternative as it reduces the size of the aircraft

giving decent aerodynamic performance and a very good structural performance for long range usage.

• Joined wing has higher aerodynamic performance when compared to the box wing and Aerosonde and can be chosen when aerodynamics is the main concern.


Conclusion

• Box wing aircraft is the best configuration that can be used on small scale UAV and the best alternative for AAI Aerosonde configuration as it can provide – High Maneuverability – Stronger aircraft – Easily transportable and Storable.


References [1] J. Wilson, “UAV ROUNDUP 2013,” Aerosp. Am., 2013. [2] M. Dareck, C. Edelstenn, and T. Ender, “Flightpath 2050 Europes Vision for Aviation,” … Off. Eur. …, 2011. [3] D. Schiktanz, “Design of a Medium Range Box Wing Aircraft,” 2011. [4] D. Schiktanz and D. Scholz, “The Conflict of Aerodynamic Efficiency and Static Longitudinal Stability of Box Wing Aircraft,” CEAS 3rd CEAS Air&sp. …, pp. 910– 921, 2011. [5] D. Schiktanz and D. Scholz, “Box Wing Fundamentals – An Aircraft Design Perspective,” DGLR Dtsch. Luft-und …, pp. 601–615, 2011. [6] L. R. Miranda, S. Oaks, and Calif, “Boxplane wing and aircraft,” 3834654, 1974. [7] F. Khan, P. Krammer, and D. Scholz, “Preliminary aerodynamic investigation of box-wing configurations using low fidelity codes,” DGLR Dtsch. Luft-und …, 2010. [8] I. KROO, S. SMITH, and J. GALLMAN, “Aerodynamic and structural studies of joined-wing aircraft,” J. Aircr., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 74–81, Jan. 1991. [9] J. D. Anderson, Introduction to Flight. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2005, p. 814. [10] T. McGeer, “Laima: the first Atlantic crossing by unmanned aircraft,” pp. 1–25, 1998. [11] D. P. Raymer, Aircraft design: a conceptual approach. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989, p. 729. [12] “FAA on Track to Meet September 2015 Deadline | UAS VISION.” . [13] “Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap,” 2013. [14] T. Melin, “A vortex lattice MATLAB implementation for linear aerodynamic wing applications,” Master’s Thesis, Dep. Aeronaut. R. …, no. December, 2000. [15] R. Austin, Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. [16] I. Kroo, “NonPlanar Wing Concepts for Increased Aircraft Efficiency,” … Adv. concepts Futur. Civ. Aircr., pp. 1–29, 2005. [17] D. Bennett, “The Wing Grid: A New Approach to Reducing Induced Drag,” MIT, 2001.


References [18] U. La Roche, “WING-GRID, a Novel Device for Reduction of Induced Drag on Wings,” HTL Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland, 1996. [19] J. Wolkovitch, “Joined wing aircraft,” 4,365,773, 09-Mar-1982. [20] E. F. E. Kim and H. Djojodihardjo, “Conceptual design and aerodynamic study of joined-wing business jet aircraft.,” Jul. 2012. [21] R. Lange, J. Cahill, and E. Bradley, “Feasibility study of the transonic biplane concept for transport aircraft application,” no. June, 1974. [22] M. Andrejasic and G. Veble, “Shape Optimization of Nonplanar Lifting Surfaces and Planar--Nonplanar Break Points.,” J. Aircr., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 798–806, May 2013. [23] B. S.Lazos, “Biologically Inspired Fixed-Wing Configuration Studies,” May 2012. [24] B. Lazos and K. Visser, “Aerodynamic comparison of Hyper-Elliptic cambered span (HECS) Wings with conventional configurations,” Proc. 24th AIAA Appl. Aerodyn. …, pp. 1–18, 2006. [25] G. Landolfo, “Aerodynamic and Structural design of a small Nonplanar wing UAV,” no. January, pp. 1–12, 2008. [26] Z. Jiaqiang, H. Junhua, X. Qifeng, F. Jinfu, and X. Hu, “Research on Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Performance of Conformal Semi-Ring Wing Configuration,” Procedia Eng., vol. 29, pp. 3100–3104, Jan. 2012. [27] RedHammer, “Uaer’s Guide Reference manual for Tornado 1.0 Release 2.3 2001-01-31,” 2001. [28] A. Rohatgi, “WebPlotDigitizer.” [Online]. Available: http://arohatgi.info/WebPlotDigitizer/citation.html. [Accessed: 30-Sep-2014]. [29] “NACA 4 digit airfoil generator.” [Online]. Available: http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/naca4digit. [Accessed: 30-Sep-2014]. [30] COMSOL, “Air flow Over an Ahmed Body,” pp. 1–30. [31] COMSOL, “Flow Around an Inclined NACA 0012 Airfoil,” pp. 1–18, 2013. [32] M. Cavcar, “Load Factor and Maneuvering Limitations,” Turkey, 2004. [33] S. Mohammad, Aircraft Performance Analysis, 1st ed. VDM Verlag, 2009, p. 476. [34] T. Jennewine, “Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV) Certification,” no. 937, 2002. [35] T. A. Mark, “Aerosonde mark 4.7: redefining expeditionary ®.”


Thank you


Evaluation of Novel Wing design for UAVOutlineOutlineIntroductionAAI AerosondeAerosonde SpecificationsTornado Analysis of AerosondeCOMSOL Analysis of AerosondeOutlineNon Planar Wing ConfigurationsOutlineAerodynamic EvaluationMethod of ComparisonBox WingDifferent Box wing Configurations testedResults from TornadoResults from COMSOLJoined wing ConfigurationJoined wing aircraftEvaluation of resultsOutlineStructural analysisManeuver V-n DiagramGust V-n DiagramAnalyzing in COMSOLAnalyzing in COMSOLAnalyzing in COMSOLComparison of ResultsMaximum DeflectionOutlineChoosing the best configurationConclusionReferencesReferencesThank you

Evaluation of Novel Wing design of UAV€¦ · Evaluation of Novel Wing design for UAV (MASTERS THESIS) Parvathavadhani Krishna Bahumanyam . Advisor: Dr. Brain Landrum . Department

Documents