- 1. Evaluating risks in the informal milk value chain in
Northeast India-with particular focus on risk communication through
stakeholders involvementJohanna Lindahl, Manish Kakkar, Purvi
Mehta, Ram Deka, Delia Grace9th Food Safety and Quality Summit, New
Delhi, India2-3 December 2014
2. Presentation outlineBackgroundRisks and benefits of milkDairy
in IndiaThe importance of stakeholdersThe Assam
studyMethodsResultsConclusions 3. Milk consumption in IndiaMilk
consumption 46 kg per capita in 1983; 62 kg per capita in 1997;
and, 106 kg in 2011-12Estimated total annual consumption of 60
million megatonsIndia consumed 13% of the milk in the world 4. The
importance of milkNutritiousImportant animal-source food for many
vegetariansOften targeted towards women and childrenAdapted for
growing offspring 5. Food-borne diseasesFood-borne diseases are
very important1.4 million children die every year of diarrheaThe
majority is food and water-associatedAnimal-source food
over-represented as a cause 6. Risks and benefits with dairy
Pathogens from the cow and from the milkMycobacterium bovisBrucella
spp.Bacillus anthracisSalmonellaEHECStreptococcus
spp.Staphylococcus aureusClostridium spp.Listeria spp. 7. Risks and
benefits associated with dairy- What else is in the milkMicrobial
loadAdulterants 8. Risks and benefits associated with dairy- What
else is in the milkAntibiotic residuesFrequently
detectedPesticidesHigh percentage of milk samplesMycotoxins-
aflatoxinsDetected in many milk samples, sometimes high levels 9.
Aflatoxins are a major issueEconomic impactProduction
lossesRegulation costsHealth costs (hard to know)Health impactAcute
poisoningCancerImmunosuppressionStunting?Invisible
toxinOdourlessHeat-stable 10. Confrence internationale Africa 2013
sur lEcosant Farmer ConsumerEconomic flowAflatoxin flow Human
exposure Feed producer AB1AB1AB1-> AM1 AM1Corn/feed produced at
farmCorn/feed purchased Milk produced at farm AB1 AM1Treatments
Feed seller FarmerVeterinary services Milk retailer Agricultural
services Consumer 11. Risks and benefits of urban dairyGood and
badCloseness to the market, farm inputs & servicesReduced cost
& time for transportationIt is an opportunity to provide food
for the family and an incomeLocal markets for live/ dead
animalsPoor sanitation & inadequate space for farm waste
disposalLiving in close proximity to the animals keptHigh density
of people and animals 12. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur
lEcosantThe importance of dairy production-AssamOne of the poorest
statesOver 30 million people, 27% ruralAgriculture accounts for of
the state domestic product8.5 million cattle, >90% indigenous97%
marketed in the informal traditional marketMost initiatives focus
on the organized sector12 13. FAT(%)SNF (%)Added waterTotal
bacteria (log)Total coliforms
(log)UHT3.67.963.50Pasteurised3845.53.5Raw3.16.620.56.14.12007
screening 14. PathwaysTrader Hotels Restaurants 15. Adulteration- a
problem?1.Producers in 2009: 0-66% water added2.Traders in 2009:
2-55% water added3.Producers in 2012: between 0-28 % water
added4.Traders in 2012: 0-31 % water addedAdulteration occurs at
every step!Consumers can not tell the difference!No clear
association with bacterial count 16. More milk production &
marketing More livelihood benefits Better health for men and
animals More organised dairyingBetter hygieneBetter milk
qualityLess milk spoilageLower incidence of mastitisHigher demand
for milkPremium priceBetter social status of market actorsBetter
linkages with other actors Motivation Training Monitoring
Certification Licensing Branding Business developPolicy
EnvironmentDairy Development DepartmentConsumerFriendly
approachSweet makersCottage processorJCMCDairy Dept.Vety
Dept.Health Dept.MunicipalityDistrict
AdmILRIProducersTradersUnorganized Dairy Development Model in Assam
17. Working with stakeholdersUsing outcome mappingSocial
changeMeaningful development outcomesIdentify all relevant
stakeholdersRisk communication 18. Risk communicationRisk
communicationInteractive, participatoryRisk managementPoliciesRisk
analysisScientific 19. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur
lEcosantThe Assam studyConcerns about milk quality in AssamTraining
to promote knowledge and hygiene amongst producers and tradersThe
objectives was to evaluate the improvements in
knowledge19200920122009-2011ProducerTradersTotal20094051755802012161226387Total566401967
20. Confrence internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantTraining on
hygieneTraining & monitoring on hygienic milk production and
handlingProducers and trainers in Kamrup districtMedia and
information campaigns20 21. Stakeholders identified1.Dairy
Development Department (DDD)2.Animal Husbandry & Veterinary
Department (AHVD)3.Guwahati Municipal Corporation (GMC)4.Health
& Family Welfare Dept.5.Assam Agricultural Competitiveness
Project (AACP, World Bank sponsored) Joint Coordination &
Monitoring Committee (JCMC) 22. Confrence internationale Africa
2013 sur lEcosantCan diseases be transmitted from dung?22Believe
diseases can be transmitted from dungProducers20092.7%
(11/404)201237.2% (60/161)***Trained (2012)69.8%
(37/53)***Untrained (2012)21.3% (23/108)Traders20091.1%
(2/175)201247.1% (106/225)***Trained (2012)63.9%
(78/122)***Untrained (2012)27.2% (28/103)Comparison between 2009
and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012
Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 23. Confrence
internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantCan diseases be transmitted
by milk?23Believe diseases can be transmitted from
milkProducers200913.0% (52/401)201235.4% (57/161)***Trained
(2012)64.2% (34/53)***Untrained (2012)21.3% (23/108)Traders20099.1%
(16/175)201241.5% (93/224)***Trained (2012)64.8%
(79/122)***Untrained (2012)13.7% (14/102) Comparison between 2009
and 2012 survey Comparison between trained and untrained 2012
Comparison between 2009 and untrained 2012 24. Confrence
internationale Africa 2013 sur lEcosantIs the milk completely safe
after boiling?24Believe milk is completely safe after
boilingProducers200996.0% (380/396)201293.1% (148/159)Trained
(2012)86.8% (46/53)*Untrained (2012)96.2% (102/106)Traders200989.1%
(156/175)201293.8% (212/226)Trained (2012)91.8% (112/122)Untrained
(2012)96.2% (100/104)*Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey
Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between
2009 and untrained 2012 25. Confrence internationale Africa 2013
sur lEcosantWhich diseases can be transmitted?TuberculosisFood
poisoning/ gastrointestinal diseaseGeneral disease symptoms (fever,
cough, cold)WormsProducers20093.5% (14/405)18.3% (74/405)0.3%
(1/405)4.7% (19/405)20128.7% (14/161)**36.0% (58/161)***11.2%
(18/161)***9.3% (15/161)*Trained (2012)18.9% (10/53)***64,2%
(34/53) ***20.8% (11/53)**9.4% (5/53)Untrained (2012)3.7%
(4/108)22.2% (24/108)6.5% (7/108)***9.3% (10/108)Traders20094.0%
(7/175)9.7% (17/175)0% (0/175)2.9% (5/175)201213.7%
(31/226)***42.9% (97/226)***11.5% (26/226)***4.0% (9/226)Trained
(2012)23.8% (29/122)***61.5% (75/122)***20.5% (25/122)***6.6%
(8/122)*Untrained (2012)1.9% (2/104)21.2% (22/104)**1.0%
(1/104)1.0% (1/104)25Comparison between 2009 and 2012 survey
Comparison between trained and untrained 2012 Comparison between
2009 and untrained 2012 26. What do you use most often to wash your
hands?TradersUntrained- 74% answered soapTrained 92% answered soap
(p