EV CHARGERS FOR TWO, THREE, FOUR WHEELERS AND E-BUSES …

EV CHARGERS FOR TWO, THREE, FOUR

WHEELERS AND E-BUSES WITH POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION

RAHUL PANDEY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

OCTOBER 2020

©Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD), New Delhi, 2020

EV CHARGERS FOR TWO, THREE, FOUR

WHEELERS AND E-BUSES WITH POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION

by

RAHUL PANDEY

Department of Electrical Engineering

Submitted

In fulllment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

to the

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

OCTOBER 2020

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled EV Chargers for Two, Three, Four Wheel-

ers and E-Buses with Power Factor Correction, being submitted by Mr. Rahul

Pandey for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of a bonade research

work carried out by him in the Department of Electrical Engineering of Indian Institute of

Technology Delhi.

Mr. Rahul Pandey has worked under my guidance and supervision and has fullled the re-

quirements for the submission of this thesis, which to my knowledge has reached the requisite

standard. The results obtained herein have not been submitted to any other University or

Institute for the award of any degree.

Prof. Bhim SinghProfessorDepartment of Electrical EngineeringIIT Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, India

Place: New Delhi

Date: 22 October 2020

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I express my deepest gratitude and indebtedness to Prof. Bhim Singh for providing me the

lifetime opportunity to do Ph.D work under his supervision. Working under him, has been

a wonderful experience, which has provided me a deep insight into the world of research.

His experience and vision have played a vital role in guiding me throughout the research.

Continuous monitoring, useful discussions, valuable guidance and time management by him

was an inspiring force for me to complete this work. From time to time, he encouraged me

for excelling in my work and it is his quest for excellence that has actuated me to improve

my work and constantly introspect myself.

My sincere gratitude is reserved for all the SRC members Prof. Sukumar Mishra, Prof.

Amit Kumar Jain and Prof. Ashu Verma who have been a part of the evaluating team of

experts, providing me their valuable insights, suggestions and encouragement throughout

my research work. My sincere thanks to Prof. Bhim Singh, Prof. Sukumar Mishra, Dr.

Amit Kumar Jain and Prof. Abhijit R. Abhyankar for their valuable inputs during my

course work, which helped me to enrich my knowledge.

I am grateful IIT Delhi for providing me the research facilities. Thanks are due to Mr.

Gurucharan Singh, Mr. Amit Kumar, Mr. Satey Singh Negi, Mr. Srichand, Mr. Puran

Singh and Mr. Jagbir Singh, lab. sta of Power Electronics and PG Machines labs. For their

sustained help and co-operation rendered to carry out my dissertation work. I would like

to oer my sincere thanks to my seniors Dr. Vashist Bist, Dr. Madishetti Sandeep, Dr. N.

Krishna Swami Naidu, Dr. Ikhklaq Hussain who have endorsed me during initial start-up of

my research work. I too would wish to thank Dr. Shailendra Kumar, Dr. Anjanee Mishra,

Mr. Utkarsh Sharma, Mr. Anshul Varshney for their valuable aid and co-operation. My

deepest gratitude and sincere thanks are due to Dr. Aniket Anand and Ms. Yashi Singh

who have given me immense moral support and shown exemplary attitude and dedication

for research.

I am immensely thankful to EXICOM Power Solutions and its MD Mr. Anant Nahata

for providing me the opportunity to continue the research work. My deepest thanks are due

to Mr. Ashwani Malik, Mr. Bulendra Verma, Dr. Parminder, Mr. Rohit Garg, Mr. Jugal

Parmar, Mr. Alok Shukla, Mr. Adarsh and Mr. Ravindra Saini from EXICOM family who

supported me during my research work.

Words cannot express the feeling and gratitude I have for my father Late Mr. Janar-

dan Pandey and mother Mrs. Basanti Pandey for their constant encouragement, support

ii

and personal sacrices they made to push me forward to allow me to reach new levels of

excellence.

I am extremely grateful to my beloved wife, Mrs. Mansi Pandey who have been very

patient and supportive during tu times in research. It is truly because of her and my

son Mr. Vihaan Pandey and Mr. Aarav Pandey that I continued to push myself towards

completion of this research.

Once again, I bow to all those who directly or indirectly helped me but whose names areleft out. Last but not the least I'm beholden to almighty for their blessings to help me toraise my academic level to this stage. I pray for their benediction in my future endeavors.May their blessings be showered on me for strength, wisdom and determination to achievein future goals also!

Department of Electrical EngineeringIIT Delhi, New Delhi-110 016, India Rahul Pandey

iii

ABSTRACT

For long enough, whole automobile industry has utilized internal combustion engines (ICE)

to drive the public and private transport system. Consequently, toxic emissions owing due

to exhaustive petroleum and gasoline fuel consumption, have raised serious health concerns

and resulted in environmental pollution. According to world health organization (WHO)

report, nation wise, India stands fourth in contributing to total percentage of global CO2

emissions with a gure of 7%. Moreover, amongst the list of top ten most polluted cities of

world, nine cities are situated in India. This is largely accounted by the population density,

energy requirement, localisation of various industries and emissions from transport. India is

dedicated to curtail its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 35% from 2005− 2030. Electric

vehicles (EV) are going to dominate the automobile market in near future, which requires

that everyone should have easy access to the facility to charge their vehicles. Anticipating an

exponential growth in electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEV) in near future, the

requirement of domestic and bulk charging stations with varying power ratings, is evident.

Fluctuating fuel prices, frequent and costly vehicular maintenance and health concerns, have

paved way for use of cleaner energy source in form of batteries to propel the automotive

drive system. However, capacitive nature of batteries, results in drawing non- sinusoidal and

harmonic rich current from utility grid resulting in humongous burden on the distribution

transformer and malfunctioning of other connected equipment nearby.

However, international standards for power quality (PQ), such as IEEE − 519 and

IEC − 61000 − 3 − 2 impose stern restrictions on any such solutions, which leads to poor

PQ. Thus, a power factor correction stage to comply with this standard becomes absolutely

mandatory and requires to be the part of any EV charging solution. Contrary to the

growth of type EV's globally, the Indian EV sector observes great opportunity in EV charger

solutions for small two wheelers (2 −W ) and three wheelers (3 −W ) since almost 80% of

total vehicle population is accounted to them. Moreover, the power requirements and system

architecture vary widely with dierent types of vehicles owing to dierent capacity of EV

battery and charging voltages and current. Thus, in light of varying battery ampere hour

(Ah) and kilo watt hour (kWh) capacity, the EV battery charger solution is not unique.

Moreover, since the single phase AC utility supply switches are rated to a maximum current

rating of 16A, the charging solution for EV batteries in four wheelers (4 −W ) and public

transport require a battery charger power from three phase AC mains supply.

This work presents battery charging solutions for various types of transport starting from

(2−W ), (3−W ), (4−W ) and e-buses. The work is segmented in two parts. The rst part

iv

aims to maintain good PQ indices at input AC mains by shaping sinusoidal current and

regulating the DC link voltage. Thus, this power factor correction (PFC) solution adheres

to the international standard of power quality such as IEC−61000−3−2. The second part

is a DC-DC converter with transformer isolation, which imbibes the constant current (CC)

and constant voltage (CV) algorithm for charging the EV battery. The practical converters

for EV chargers are categorised according to the type of EV, such as 2 −W, 3 −W, 4 −Wand e-buses.

For small 2−W and 3−W , the input current shaping can be achieved by operating the

PFC inductor in discontinuous inductor conduction mode (DICM) or continuous inductor

conduction mode (CICM). The DICM control uses single voltage loop and provides a sim-

ple control structure. However, EV's with larger battery capacity requires larger charging

current and shorter charging duration, therefore the control of front end PFC is CICM to

limit the current stress in the switching devices and reduced electromagnetic interferences.

This work investigates both DICM and CICM control for achieving power factor correction

at input mains. Moreover, since the modern day EV chargers are intended to facilitate

charging of EV batteries with dierent nominal voltages, the buck-boost PFC converters

with PFC feature are proposed and investigated for wide range output voltages. A unique

variable DC link algorithm is proposed, which not only provides wide output voltage, but

in addition it reduces the switching loss in back end DC-DC inductor-inductor-capacitor

(LLC) resonant converter.

Moving forward, EV chargers for 3 −W and 4 −W using boost converters and their

variations along with LLC resonant converter are proposed. Comprehensive analysis with

clear research objective of higher eciency and small package is carried out in this work.

Detailed design and experimental validation of various boost PFC based topologies like

bridgeless, semi-bridgeless, interleaved and totem pole boost are presented in this work.

Furthermore, three phase EV chargers for 4−W are investigated and design is extended for

wide output voltage, typically 200V − 1000V to cover entire range of e-buses. Lastly, bi-

directional capability of proposed fully controlled EV charger is presented to demonstrate EV

chargers ability to perform vehicle to home (V 2H) and vehicle to grid (V 2G) applications.

The presented work aims to provide best in class eciency, hence back end DC-DC converters

with zero voltage switching (ZVS) features such as half bridge-LLC (HB-LLC) converter,

full bridge-LLC (FB-LLC) converter and three level phase shifted half bridge converter

(3L-PSHBC) along with synchronous rectiers (SR) are designed, developed, analysed and

presented in detail.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Certicate i

Acknoledgements ii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents xv

List of Figures xxxii

List of Tables xxxiii

List of Abbreviations xxxiv

List of Symbols xxxvii

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 11.1 General 11.2 Standards for EV Chargers 11.3 Battery Technologies 2

1.3.1 Lead Acid Battery 21.3.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) 31.3.3 Lithium-Ion Batteries (Li-ion) 3

1.4 EV Battery Charging Methods and Levels 31.5 EV Battery Charging Prole 41.6 Scope Of Work 5

1.6.1 Analysis, Design and Development of Single Phase EV Chargers for2-W and 3-W 5

1.6.2 Analysis, Design and Development of Single Phase EV Chargers for2-W and 3-W with Wide Output Range 6

1.6.3 Analysis, Design and Development of Single Phase EV Chargers for3-W and 4-W 6

1.6.4 Analysis, Design and Development of Three Phase EV Chargers for4-W and e-buses 6

1.6.5 Analysis, Design and Development of Single Phase Bi-directional EVChargers for V2H and V2G Applications 7

1.7 Outline Of Chapters 7

CHAPTER-II LITERATURE REVIEW 102.1 General 102.2 Literature Survey 10

2.2.1 Review of Single Phase EV Chargers 12

viii

2.2.2 Review of Three Phase EV Chargers 162.3 Identied Research Areas 172.4 Conclusions 17

CHAPTER-III CLASSIFICATION ANDCONFIGURATIONS OF SIN-GLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE EV CHARGERS 19

3.1 General 193.2 Generic Power Requirements of EV Chargers For TwoWheelers, Three Wheel-

ers, Four Whe-elers and E-Buses 19

3.3 Requirements Of Front-End and Back-End Converters of EV Chargers 203.4 classication of converters for EV chargers 223.5 congurations of Single-Phase and Three Phase EV Chargers 23

3.5.1 Congurations of Single Phase EV Chargers 233.5.1.1 Congurations of back-end DC-DC converters for EV Charg-

ers 233.5.1.2 Congurations of front-end AC-DC buck-boost converters

for EV Chargers 263.5.1.3 Congurations of front-end AC-DC boost converters for EV

Chargers 263.5.1.4 Congurations of front-end and back-end converters for bi-

directional EV chargers 283.5.2 Congurations of Three Phase EV Chargers 32

3.6 Conclusions 34

CHAPTER-IV SINGLE PHASE BUCK- BOOST PFC BASED EV CHARG-ERS FOR TWO AND THREE WHEELERS 35

4.1 General 354.2 Conguration of Single Phase Buck-Boost PFC Based EV Chargers 35

4.2.1 Conguration of a Single Phase EV Charger Based on Buck-Boostand HBLLC Converters 36

4.2.2 Conguration of a Single Phase EV Charger Based on Cuk and HBLLCConverters 36

4.2.3 Conguration of a Single Phase EV Charger Based on CSC and HBconverters 37

4.3 Modes of Operation of Single Phase EV Chargers Using Buck-Boost Convert-ers for 2−W and 3−W 384.3.1 Modes of Operation of Buck-Boost Converter and HBLLC Converter

based Single Phase EV Charger 384.3.2 Modes of Operation of Cuk Converter Based Single Phase EV Charger 404.3.3 Modes of Operation of CSC Converter Fed HB Converter Based Single

Phase EV Charger 414.4 Design of Buck-Boost Converters Fed HB and HBLLC Converters Based Sin-

gle Phase EV Charger 434.4.1 Design of a Single Inductor Buck-Boost Converter Based EV Charger 444.4.2 Design of a DICM Cuk Converter Based EV Charger 454.4.3 Design of CICM-CSC Converter 464.4.4 State Space Modeling of CSC Converter in CICM Mode 47

ix

4.4.5 Design of Resonant HBLLC Converter 494.4.6 Design of HB Converter 51

4.5 Control of Buck-Boost Converters Based EV Chargers 524.5.1 Control of Front-End Buck-boost and Cuk Converters in DICM mode 524.5.2 Control of Front-End CSC Converter in CICM mode 534.5.3 Control of Back-End Resonant HBLLC Converter 544.5.4 Control of Back-End HB Converter 55

4.6 MATLAB Modelling of Buck-Boost Converters Based EV Chargers 564.6.1 MATLAB Modelling of DICM Single Inductor Buck-Boost Converter

Fed HBLLC Converter Based EV Charger 564.6.2 MATLAB Modelling of DICM Cuk Converter Fed HBLLC Converter

Based EV Charger 574.6.3 MATLABModelling of CICM CSC Converter Fed HB Converter Based

EV Charger 574.7 Hardware Implementation 57

4.7.1 Hardware Development of Front-End PFC Buck-boost Converters 584.7.2 Hardware Development of Back-End DC-DC Converters 58

4.8 Results and Discussion 594.8.1 Simulated Performance of Buck-Boost PFC Based EV Chargers 59

4.8.1.1 Simulated Performance of DICM Buck-Boost Converter FedHBLLC Converter Based EV Charger 59

4.8.1.2 Simulated Performance of DICM Cuk Converter Fed HBLLCConverter Based EV Charger 62

4.8.1.3 Simulated Performance of CICM CSC Converter Fed HBConverter Based EV Charger 64

4.8.2 Experimental Results of Buck-Boost PFC Based EV Chargers 664.8.2.1 Performance of PFC-Cuk Fed HBLLC Resonant Converter 664.8.2.2 Performance of PFC-CSC Fed Half-Bridge Converter 68

4.9 Conclusions 72

CHAPTER-V BUCK-BOOST PFC CONVERTERS BASED EV CHARG-ERS FOR TWOAND THREEWHEELERSWITHWIDEOUTPUT RANGE 75

5.1 General 755.2 Congurations of Wide Output Range EV Charger 75

5.2.1 Cuk Converter Fed HBLLC Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 765.2.2 SEPIC Converter Fed HBLLC Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 77

5.3 Operating Modes of Front End Buck-Boost Converters Based Wide OutputVoltage EVBC 775.3.1 Operating Modes of Front End CICM Cuk Converter Based Wide

Output Voltage EVBC 775.3.2 Operating Modes of Front End CICM SEPIC Converter Based Wide

Output Voltage EVBC 785.3.3 Operating Modes of HBLLC Converter With Synchronous Rectiers 79

5.4 Design of wide output voltage ev charger 815.4.1 Design of CICM Cuk and SEPIC Converters Based Wide Output Volt-

age EV Charger 825.4.2 Design of Wide Output HBLLC converter 83

x

5.5 State Space Modeling of CICM SEPIC Converter 855.6 Control of Wide Output Voltage EV Chargers Using Buck-Boost and Reso-

nant HBLLC Converters 875.6.1 Control of CICM Adaptive DC Link Cuk and SEPIC Converters Based

Wide Output EVBC 875.6.2 Control of Wide Output Voltage EVBC With Fast Voltage Control

Loop 895.7 MATLAB modelling of buck-boost converter based wide output voltage ev

chargers 925.7.1 MATLAB Modelling of CICM Cuk Converter Based Wide Output

Range EV Charger 935.7.2 MATLAB Modelling of CICM SEPIC Converter Based Wide Output

Range EV Charger 935.8 Hardware Implementation 935.9 Results and Discussion 94

5.9.1 Simulated Performance of CICM Cuk and SEPIC Converters BasedWide Output Voltage EV Chargers 945.9.1.1 Simulated performance of CICM Cuk converter based wide

output range EV charger 955.9.1.2 Simulated performance of CICM SEPIC converter based wide

output range EV charger 955.9.2 Experimental Results of CICM Cuk and SEPIC Converters Based

Wide Output Voltage EV Chargers Feeding a 51.2V EV Battery 965.9.2.1 Steady state performance of CICM Cuk converter based wide

output voltage EV charger 995.9.2.2 Turn-o loss reduction in HBLLC converter by frequency

control loop and variable DC link voltage operation 1005.9.2.3 Start-up transients of CICM Cuk converter based wide out-

put voltage EV charger 1005.9.2.4 Transient performance of CICM Cuk converter based wide

output voltage EV chargers 1025.9.2.5 Power quality of CICM Cuk converter based wide output

voltage EV charger 1035.9.2.6 Steady state performance of CICM SEPIC converter based

wide output voltage EV charger 1055.9.2.7 Transient performance of CICM SEPIC converter based wide

output voltage EV charger 1065.9.2.8 Power quality of CICM SEPIC converter and experimental

results of charge and discharge cycle of an E-bike battery 1075.9.3 Experimental Results of CICM SEPIC Converter Based Wide Output

Voltage EV Chargers Feeding a 70.4V EV Battery 1085.9.3.1 Steady state and transient performance of wide output volt-

age EV charger at high output voltage 1085.9.3.2 Power quality of wide output voltage EV charger at high

output voltage 1115.10 Conclusions 113

xi

CHAPTER-VI SINGLE PHASE BOOST PFC BASED EV CHARG-ERS FOR THREE AND FOUR WHEELERS 115

6.1 General 1156.2 System Conguration of EV Chargers for Three and Four Wheelers 1166.3 Congurations and Operating Modes of EV Chargers Based on Boost Derived

Converters and Resonant Converters 1176.3.1 Single Switch Boost Converter and HB-LLC Resonant Converter Based

EV Charger 1186.3.1.1 Operation of boost converter 119

6.3.2 Interleaved Boost Converter and FBLLC Resonant Converter BasedEV Charger 1206.3.2.1 Operation of interleaved boost converter 121

6.3.3 Semi-Bridgeless Boost Converter and FBLLC Resonant Converter BasedEV Charger 1226.3.3.1 Operation of semi-bridgeless boost converter 123

6.3.4 Bridgeless Boost Converter (BLB) and FBLLC Resonant ConverterBased EV Charger 1266.3.4.1 Operation of PFC-BLB converter 127

6.3.5 Bridgeless Totem-Pole Boost Converter (BLTPBC) and FBLLC Res-onant Converter Based EV Charger 1296.3.5.1 Operation of PFC-BLTPBC converter 130

6.3.6 Bridgeless Totem-Pole Interleaved Boost Converter (BLTPIBC) andFBLLC Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 1316.3.6.1 Operation of PFC-BLTPIBC converter 132

6.4 Design of EV Charger for Three and Four Wheelers 1346.4.1 Design of Boost and HBLLC Converters Based EV Charger 135

6.4.1.1 Design of front-end PFC boost converter 1356.4.1.2 Design of back-end HBLLC converter 137

6.4.2 Design of Interleaved Boost and FBLLC Converters Based Charger 1406.4.2.1 Design of interleaved boost converter 1406.4.2.2 Design of back-end FBLLC converter 141

6.4.3 Design of Semi-Bridgeless Boost and FBLLC Converters Based EVCharger 143

6.4.4 Design of BLB and FBLLC Converters Based EV Charger 1436.4.5 Design of BLTPBC and FBLLC Converters Based EV Charger 1446.4.6 Design of BLTPIBC and FBLLC Converters Based EV Charger 145

6.5 Control of Boost and Resonant Converters Based EV Chargers 1466.5.1 Control of Single Switch Boost Converter 1476.5.2 Control of Interleaved Boost Converter 1486.5.3 Control of Semi-bridgeless Boost Converter 1486.5.4 Control of Bridgeless Boost Converter 1496.5.5 Control of Bridgeless Totem Pole Boost Converter 1496.5.6 Control of Bridgeless Totem Pole Interleaved Boost Converter 1506.5.7 Control of HBLLC and FBLLC Resonant Converter 1506.5.8 Control of Output Synchronous Gate Drives of HBLLC/FBLLC Res-

onant Converter 1506.5.8.1 Analog control of synchronous rectiers 1516.5.8.2 Digital control of synchronous rectiers 152

xii

6.6 MATLAB Modelling of EV Chargers Based on Boost Derived Converters andResonant Converters 1546.6.1 MATLABModelling of Boost and HBLLC Resonant Converters Based

EV Charger 1546.6.2 MATLAB Modelling of Interleaved Boost and Synchronous FBLLC

Converters Based EV Charger 1556.6.3 MATLABModelling of Semi-Bridgeless Boost and Synchronous FBLLC

Converters Based EV Charger 1556.6.4 MATLAB Modelling of BLB and Synchronous FBLLC Converters

Based EV Charger 1566.6.5 MATLAB Modelling of BLTPBC and Synchronous FBLLC Convert-

ers Based EV Charger 1566.6.6 MATLAB Modelling of BLTPIBC and Synchronous FBLLC Convert-

ers Based EV Charger 1576.7 Hardware Implementation 1576.8 Results and Discussion 159

6.8.1 Performance of Boost Converter and HBLLC Resonant ConverterBased EV Charger 1596.8.1.1 Simulated performance of boost converter and HBLLC res-

onant converter based EV charger 1606.8.1.2 Experimental performance of boost converter and HBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger 1626.8.2 Performance of Interleaved Boost Converter and Synchronous FBLLC

Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 1696.8.2.1 Simulated performance of interleaved boost converter and

synchronous FBLLC Resonant Converter based EV charger 1696.8.3 Performance of Semi-Bridgeless Boost Converter and Synchronous

FBLLC Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 1706.8.3.1 Simulated performance of semi-bridgeless boost converter

and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1716.8.3.2 Experimental performance of semi-bridgeless boost converter

and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1746.8.4 Performance of Bridgeless Boost Converter and Synchronous FBLLC

Resonant Converter Based EV Charger 1796.8.4.1 Simulated performance of BLB converter and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1796.8.4.2 Experimental performance of BLB converter and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1816.8.5 Performance of BLTPBC and Synchronous FBLLC Resonant Con-

verter Based EV Charger 1886.8.5.1 Simulated performance of BLTPBC converter and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1886.8.5.2 Experimental performance of BLTPBC converter and syn-

chronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger 1936.8.6 Performance of BLTPIBC and Synchronous FBLLC Resonant Con-

verter Based EV Charger 2006.8.6.1 Simulated performance of BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger 202

xiii

6.8.6.2 Experimental results of BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLCresonant converter based EV charger 204

6.9 Conclusions 207

CHAPTER-VII THREE PHASE PFC BASED EV CHARGERS FORFOUR WHEELERS AND E-BUSES 213

7.1 General 2137.2 Circuit Conguration of Three Phase EV Chargers for Four Wheelers and

E-Buses 2137.3 Modes of Operation of Three Phase EV Chargers for 4−W and E-Buses 216

7.3.1 Operating Modes of a Single Switch Vienna Rectier and HBLLCConverter Based Three Phase EV chargers 216

7.3.2 Operating Modes of a Two Switch Vienna Rectier and HBLLC Con-verter Based Three Phase EV Chargers 216

7.3.3 Operating Modes of a Vienna Rectier using Back to Back Switchesand 3L-PSFBC Converter Based Three Phase EV Chargers 2197.3.3.1 Operating modes of a Vienna rectier using back to back

switches 2197.3.3.2 Operating modes of a 3L-PSFBC 219

7.4 Design of Three Phase EV Charger for 4−W and E-Buses 2217.4.1 Design of Front-End Vienna Rectier for Three Phase EV Chargers 2237.4.2 Design of Back-End HBLLC Converter for Three Phase EV Chargers 2257.4.3 Design of Back-End 3L-PSFBC for Three Phase EV Chargers 225

7.5 Control of Three Phase EV Charger for 4−W and E-Buses 2287.5.1 Control of Single Switch Vienna Rectier 2297.5.2 Control of Two Switch and Back to Back Switches Vienna Rectier 2297.5.3 Control of HBLLC and 3L-PSHBC 230

7.6 MATLAB Modeling of Three Phase EV Chargers 2307.7 Hardware Implementation 2317.8 Results and Discussion 234

7.8.1 Simulated Results of Single Switch Vienna Rectier and HBLLC Con-verter Based EV Charger 234

7.8.2 Simulated Results of Two Switch Vienna Rectier and HBLLC Con-verter Based EV Charger 236

7.8.3 Simulated Results of EV Charger Based on Vienna Rectier UsingBack to Back Switches and 3L-PSHBC 237

7.8.4 Experimental Results of EV Charger Based on Vienna Rectier UsingBack to Back Switches and 3L-PSHBC 2407.8.4.1 Steady state performance 2427.8.4.2 Dynamic load performance 2427.8.4.3 Transient performance under line voltage variations 2447.8.4.4 Short circuit performance 2457.8.4.5 Start up performance 2457.8.4.6 Two phase operation 2477.8.4.7 Power quality and eciency 247

7.9 Conclusions 249

CHAPTER-VIII BIDIRECTIONAL EV CHARGERS 252

xiv

8.1 General 2528.2 Circuit Conguration of Bidirectional Charger 2538.3 Operating Modes and Equivalent Circuits of Bidirectional EV Charger 253

8.3.1 Operating Modes of CLLC Resonant Converter 2548.3.2 Equivalent circuit of CLLC converter in forward mode 2568.3.3 Equivalent circuit of CLLC converter in backward mode 2578.3.4 Operating Modes of Single Phase Inverter 258

8.4 Design of Bidirectional EV Charger 2598.4.1 Design of Bidirectional CLLC Converter 2608.4.2 Design of BLTPBC for G2V Operation 2618.4.3 Design of Inverter for V 2H Operation 263

8.5 Control of Bidirectional EV Charger 2648.5.1 Control of Bidirectional CLLC Converter in G2V Mode 2648.5.2 Control of Bidirectional CLLC Converter in V2G Mode 2648.5.3 Control of Single Phase Inverter 264

8.6 MATLAB Based Modeling of Bidirectional EV Charger 2658.7 Hardware Implementation 2678.8 Results and Discussion 267

8.8.1 Simulated Steady State Performance of Bidirectional CLLC converterDuring Forward Mode 268

8.8.2 Simulated Steady State Performance of Bidirectional CLLC converterDuring Backward Mode 268

8.8.3 Simulated Dynamic Performance of Bidirectional CLLC converter 2698.8.4 Simulated Performance of Single Phase Inverter for V2H/V2G Modes 2708.8.5 Experimental Results of Bidirectional EV Charger 272

8.9 Conclusions 275

CHAPTER-IX MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUR-THER WORK 276

9.1 General 2769.2 Main Conclusions 2769.3 Key Contributions 2809.4 Suggestions for Further Work 280

REFERENCES 299

APPENDIX 300

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 300

BIODATA 303

xv

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Charging prole of NMC battery 4

Fig. 3.1 Classication of converters for EV chargers 22

Fig. 3.2 Half-bridge DC-DC converter based EV charger with (a) center-tap sec-

ondary transformer and (b) full bridge secondary transformer. 24

Fig. 3.3 HBLLC converter based EV charger using (a) series capacitor and (b)

split capacitors. 24

Fig. 3.4 FBLLC converter based EV charger using (a) diode rectiers and (b)

synchronous rectiers. 25

Fig. 3.5 PSZVS converter based EV charger. 25

Fig. 3.6 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on buck-boost AC-DC

converter. 27

Fig. 3.7 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on CSC converter. 27

Fig. 3.8 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on Cuk converter. 27

Fig. 3.9 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on SEPIC converter. 27

Fig. 3.10 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on single switch boost

converter. 28

Fig. 3.11 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on interleaved boost

converter. 29

Fig. 3.12 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on semi-bridgeless boost

converter. 29

Fig. 3.13 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on bridgeless boost con-

verter. 29

Fig. 3.14 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on two inductor totem-

pole bridgeless boost converter. 29

Fig. 3.15 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on single inductor totem-

pole bridgeless boost converter. 30

Fig. 3.16 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on totem-pole bridgeless

interleaved converter. 30


converter and HBDAB converters. 31


converter and FBDAB converters. 31


converter and HBCLLC converters. 31

xvi


converter and FBCLLC converters. 31

Fig. 3.21 Conguration of bidirectional phase EV charger for V 2G and V 2H. 32

Fig. 3.22 Conguration of three phase EV charger based on single switch Vienna

rectier and HBLLC converter. 33

Fig. 3.23 Conguration of three phase EV charger based on two switch Vienna

rectier and HBLLC converter. 33

Fig. 3.24 Conguration of three phase EV charger based on Vienna rectier using

back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC using synchronous rectiers at the

output. 33

Fig. 4.1 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on buck-boost and HBLLC

converters. 36

Fig. 4.2 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on Cuk and HBLLC

converters. 37

Fig. 4.3 Conguration of single phase EV charger based on CSC and HB con-

verters. 37

Fig. 4.4 Modes of operation of DICM buck-boost converter: (a) Mode-1, (b)

Mode-II, (c) Mode-III and (d) switching waveforms of various components of

DICM buck-boost converter. 39

Fig. 4.5 Modes of operation of HBLLC converter: (a) Mode-1, (b) Mode-II, (c)

Mode-III, (d) Mode-IV and (e) switching waveforms of various components

of HBLLC converter. 40

Fig. 4.6 Modes of operation of DICM Cuk converter: (a) Mode-I: Switch on pe-

riod, (b) Mode-II: Switch o period, (c) Mode-III: DICM period, (d) switch-

ing waveforms of Cuk converter at line frequency and (e) waveforms of Cuk

converter at switching frequency. 42

Fig. 4.7 Operating modes of PFC CSC converter: (a) Mode I (switch on period),

(b) Mode II (switch o period), (c) and (d) theoretical waveform showing

voltage and current waveform across dierent circuit components at line fre-

quency and switching frequency respectively. 43

Fig. 4.8 Simulated frequency response of CSC converter: (a) Pole zero plot of

voltage loop, (b) pole zero plot of current loop, (c) simulated Bode response

of DC link voltage to duty ratio and (d) simulated Bode response of input

current to duty ratio. 50

Fig. 4.9 Simulated PI compensator and compensated current loop of CICM CSC

converter. 54

Fig. 4.10 Gain frequency response of unity gain and compensated HBLLC con-

verter. 55

xvii

Fig. 4.11 Phase frequency response of unity gain and compensated HBLLC con-

verter. 55

Fig. 4.12 MATLABmodel of DICM single inductor buck-boost converter fed HBLLC

converter based EV charger. 57

Fig. 4.13 MATLAB model of DICM Cuk converter fed HBLLC converter based

EV charger. 58

Fig. 4.14 MATLAB model of CICM CSC converter fed HB converter based EV

charger. 59

Fig. 4.15 Circuit schematic of front-end buck boost PFC converters showing: (a)

AC voltage sensing, (b) AC current sensing, (c) DC link voltage sensing and

(d) gate driver circuit. 60

Fig. 4.16 Circuit schematic of DC-DC converters showing: (a) Output voltage

sensing, (b) output current sensing, (c) gate driver circuit and (d) communi-

cation between two DSP's. 60

Fig. 4.17 Experimental prototype showing: (a) PFC controller card, (b) EV charger,

(c) PFC gate driver and (d) DC-DC controller card. 61

Fig. 4.18 Simulated steady state waveforms of buck-boost converter fed HBLLC

converter based EV charger: (a) Simulated waveforms of DICM buck-boost

converter based EV charger at line frequency and (b) simulated performance

of HBLLC converter at switching frequency. 62

Fig. 4.19 PQ indices of simulated buck-boost converter based EV charger: (a)

Fundamental line current waveform and (b) harmonic spectrum and THD of

AC input current. 62

Fig. 4.20 Simulated performance of DICM Cuk converter based EV charger at line

frequency. 63

Fig. 4.21 Simulated transient performance of proposed Cuk converter based EV

charger: (a) At varying line voltages and (b) at varying load conditions. 64

Fig. 4.22 Simulated steady state performance of proposed CICM CSC converter

based EV charger. Waveforms of (a) CSC converter and (b) HB converter. 65

Fig. 4.23 Simulated transient performance of proposed CICM CSC converter fed

HB converter based EV charger: (a) At varying line voltages and (b) at

varying load conditions. 65

Fig. 4.24 PQ indices of simulated CSC converter fed HB converter based EV

charger: (a) Fundamental line current waveform and (b) harmonic spectrum

and THD of AC input current. 66

xviii

Fig. 4.25 Operation of DICM Cuk converter based EV charger delivering 550W

output power. Waveforms of (a) PFC operation with vs = 220V , Vdc = 300V

and Vo = 57.6V (CV mode), (b) input and output voltage for Cuk converter

and HBLLC resonant converter, (c) current and voltage waveform showing

iLi and Vc1 in CICM and iLo in DICM and (d) zoomed view to demonstrate

the current, iLo below zero during each switching period. 67

Fig. 4.26 Waveforms showing: (a) Below resonance operation mode of HBLLC

converter in CV mode at Vo = 57.6V and 550W , (b) resonant inductor current

iLr equal to transformer magnetising current iLm indicating below resonance

operation. 68

Fig. 4.27 Transient load performance at 57.6V from: (a) 9.5A to 4.75A (CC-CV)

and (b) 4.75A to 9.5A (CV-CC). 68

Fig. 4.28 Power quality of proposed charger at 57.6V, 550W .: (a) - (b) vs = 220V ,

isTHD= 4.1%, (c) - (d) vs = 171V , isTHD

= 3.3% and (e) - (f) vs = 271V ,

isTHD= 5.5%. 69

Fig. 4.29 Test results of a 600W , 10A traditional non-PFC EV charger. Waveforms

showing (a) Poor PQ with 81.66% current THD and (b) output voltage and

current ripple in AC coupling. 70

Fig. 4.30 PFC operation of CSC converter at vs = 220V , Vdc = 300V , Vo = 60V

and Ib = 10A. Waveforms of: (a) vs, is, Vo and Ib, (b) and (c) vs, is, ic1, iLi

and Vc1, (d) and (e) vs, iin, iIc1, iLi and Vdc and (f) peak voltage and current

stress in switch, S1. 71

Fig. 4.31 Full load steady state high frequency waveforms of HB converter demon-

strating waveforms of: (a) Vdc, itx, Vo and Ib, (b) Vdc, itx, Vds2 and Vg3, (c)

Vtx, itx, PIV of diode, Do1 and Vg3, (d) Vdc, itx, Vg2 and Vg3. 72

Fig. 4.32 Transient waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib showing: (a) and (b) Load

transient at 60V from 7.5A to 10A (CV to CC), and 10A to 7.5A (CC to

CV), (c) and (d) input line transient from 190Vrms to 220Vrms and 220Vrms to

190Vrms at 60V , 10A, (e) and (f) input line transient from 220Vrms to 265Vrms

and 265Vrms to 220Vrms at 60V , 10A, (g) and (h) AC ripple reduction in

output voltage, Vo, battery current, Ib, and DC link voltage, Vdc. 73

Fig. 4.33 PQ indices at (a) 220Vrms, (b) 185Vrms, (c) 185Vrms and (d) non-PFC

EV charger. 74

Fig. 4.34 Comparative analysis of CICM CSC converter based EV charger with

traditional e-rickshaw battery charger. 74

Fig. 5.1 Conguration of EVBC with CICM-Cuk converter fed isolated HBLLC

converter. 76

Fig. 5.2 Conguration of EVBC with CICM-SEPIC converter fed HBLLC con-

verter. 76

xix

Fig. 5.3 Operating modes and switching waveforms of CICM Cuk converter: (a)

Mode-I (S1 on), (a) Mode-II (S1 o) and (c) Switching waveforms of CICM

Cuk converter. 78

Fig. 5.4 Operating modes of CICM SEPIC converter: Mode-I (switch on period),

(b) Mode-II (switch o period), (c) and (d) theoretical waveform showing

voltage and current waveform across dierent circuit components at line fre-

quency and switching frequency respectively. 79

Fig. 5.5 Operating modes of half bridge HBLLC resonant converter: (a) Mode-I

(0− t11), (b) Mode-II (t11− t13), (c) synchronous rectication during Mode-II

and (d) theoretical waveform showing operation of HBLLC resonant converter

with synchronous rectier. 80

Fig. 5.6 EV battery and charger prole for a 2 −W : (a) cell combinations and

(b) battery charger prole. 81

Fig. 5.7 Variation of reference DC link with battery of dierent nominal voltages. 83

Fig. 5.8 Gain-frequency characteristics of HBLLC converter at 10A maximum

battery charging current with output voltage of (a) 51.2V/57.6V and (b)

70.4V/79.2V. 84

Fig. 5.9 Frequency response of CICM SEPIC converter (a) Pole zero plot in volt-

age mode control, (b) pole zero plot in current mode control (c) comparison

between voltage mode and current mode control of SEPIC converter and (d)

compensator and compensated frequency response of current mode control. 88

Fig. 5.10 Frequency response of HBLLC converter with EV battery of 51.2V show-

ing (a) Frequency response of the uncompensated HBLLC converter, (b) fre-

quency response of the PI controller and (c) frequency response of the com-

pensated HBLLC converter. 91

Fig. 5.11 MATLAB model of CICM Cuk converter fed HBLLC converter based

wide output voltage EV charger. 92

Fig. 5.12 MATLAB model of CICM SEPIC converter fed synchronous HBLLC

converter based wide output voltage EV charger. 93

Fig. 5.13 Experimental prototype of Cuk converter and HBLLC converter based

EV charger. 94

Fig. 5.14 Simulated steady state waveforms of CICM-Cuk converter based wide

output voltage EV charger with batteries of dierent open circuit voltages.

Waveforms at 10A with charging voltage of (a) 79.2V and (b) 51.2V . 96

Fig. 5.15 Simulated HBLLC waveforms showing (a) variable reference DC link

voltage at 79.2V and (b) operation of frequency control loop at 51.2V . 97

Fig. 5.16 Simulated transient waveforms of CICM-Cuk converter based wide out-

put voltage EV charger at 79.2V , 10A showing (a) Start-up and line transient

behaviour and (b) load transient behaviour. 97

xx

Fig. 5.17 Power quality and harmonic spectrum of CICM-Cuk converter based

wide output voltage showing current THD of (a) and (b) 3.58% at 79.2V and

(c) and (d) 2.45% at 51.2V 98

Fig. 5.18 Simulated steady state waveforms of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide

output voltage EV charger with batteries of dierent open circuit voltages.

Waveforms at 10A with charging voltage of (a) 79.2V and (b) 51.2V . 98

Fig. 5.19 Simulated transient waveforms of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide

output voltage EV charger at 79.2V , 10A showing (a) start-up and line tran-

sient behaviour and (b) load transient behaviour. 99

Fig. 5.20 Power quality and harmonic spectrum of CICM-SEPIC converter based

wide output voltage showing current THD of (a)and (b) 1.69% at 79.2V and

(c) and (d) 2.42% at 51.2V . 100

Fig. 5.21 Steady state performance of CICM Cuk converter based isolated EVBC

operating at nominal 220Vrms charging EV battery with 10A at 57.6V . 101

Fig. 5.22 Frequency control loop and variable DC link voltage operation: (a) Per-

formance of HBLLC converter without frequency control loop and (b) per-

formance of HBLLC converter with frequency control loop. 102

Fig. 5.23 Start-up transient of CICM Cuk converter based wide output voltage

EVBC. 102

Fig. 5.24 Transient performance of CICM Cuk converter based wide output volt-

age range EVBC. Waveforms of (a) and (b) Vdc, iLr, Vo and Ib during load

transient from 10A to 5A (CC to CV mode) and 5A to 10A (CV to CV mode)

(c) and (d) vs, is, Vo and Ib during load transient from 10A to 7.5A (CC to

CV mode) and 7.5A to 10A (CV to CC mode) at 57.6V and at 220Vrms,

(e) and (f) vs, is, Vo and Ib for line transient from 220Vrms-185Vrms and

185Vrms-220Vrms at 57.6V , (g) and (h) line transient from 220Vrms-265Vrms

and 265Vrms-220Vrms at 57.6V . 104

Fig. 5.25 Power quality of improved power quality EVBC under varying line volt-

ages and CV/CC mode. 105

Fig. 5.26 Eciency variation of Cuk converter and HBLLC converter based EV

charger. 106

Fig. 5.27 Steady state performance of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide output

voltage EV charger: (a) PFC operation with vs = 220V, Vdc = 300V, Vo =

57.6V and Ib = 10A, (b) waveforms of vs, Vdc, Vo and Ib, (c) waveforms show-

ing vs, is, iLi and iLo in CICM and (d) peak voltage and current stress with

waveforms of Vc1, Vs1, iLo and iLi. 107

Fig. 5.28 Test results of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide output voltage EV

charger, showing: (a) converter operating between two resonant frequency

in CV mode at Vo=57.6, 10A, (b) waveforms of Vgsr1, Vgsr2, iLr and PIV of

synchronous rectier Vdsr1. 108

xxi

Fig. 5.29 Load transient response of converter: (a) at 51.2V from 10A to 5A and

5A to 10A, (b) at 57.6V from 10A to 5A (CC to CV) and 5A to 10A (CV

to CC), (c) at 51.2V from 75% to 100% and 75% to 100% and (d) at 57.6V

from 75% to 100% and 75% to 100%. 109

Fig. 5.30 Input line transient response of CICM SEPIC converter based wide out-

put voltage EV charger at 57.6V, 10A from: (a) 220Vrms to 185Vrms and

185Vrms to 220Vrms, (b) 220Vrms to 270Vrms and 270Vrms to 220Vrms. 109

Fig. 5.31 Performance of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide output voltage EV

charger with an e-bike battery showing (a) Power quality of CICM SEPIC

converter based wide output voltage EV charger, (b) charge prole and (c)

discharge prole. 110

Fig. 5.32 Steady state performance of CICM-SEPIC converter based wide output

voltage EV charger charging a 70.4 EV battery with 10A at 220Vrms: (a)

Waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib under CV mode with Vo = 79.2V , (b) waveforms

of vs, is, Vo and Ib under CC mode with Vo = 70.4V , (c) waveforms of vs, Vdc, Vo

and Ib under CV mode with Vo = 79.2V and (d) waveforms of vs, Vdc, Vo and

Ib under CV mode with Vo = 70.4V . 111


charger charging an EV battery with 79.2 during load transient of (a) 10A−5A

and (b) 5A− 10A. 112


charger charging an EV battery with 79.2, 10A during input AC line transient

from (a) 220V rms − 265V rms, (b) 265V rms − 220V rms, (c) 220V rms −190V rms and 190V rms− 220V rms. 112

Fig. 5.35 Power quality and AC voltage and current waveforms of CICM-SEPIC

converter based wide output voltage EV charger charging an EV battery with

79.2, 10A at (a) 220Vrms, (b) 190Vrms and (c) 265Vrms. 113

Fig. 6.1 System conguration of EV chargers for three and four wheelers. 117

Fig. 6.2 Circuit conguration of EV charger based on boost derived converters

and resonant converters. 117

Fig. 6.3 Single switch boost converter based EV charger. 118

Fig. 6.4 Operating modes and switching waveforms of single switch boost con-

verter: (a) Mode-I (S1 on), (b) Mode-II (S1 o) and (c) Switching waveforms

of CICM boost converter. 119

Fig. 6.5 Circuit conguration and control of EV charger based on interleaved

boost converter fed FBLLC converter. 120

Fig. 6.6 Operating modes and switching waveforms of interleaved boost converter:

(a) Mode-I (both switches on), (b) Mode-II (S1b o), (c) Mode-III (S1a o),

(d) Mode-IV (both switches o) and (e) Switching waveforms. 122

xxii

Fig. 6.7 Circuit conguration and control of EV charger based on semi-bridgeless

boost converter fed FBLLC converter. 123

Fig. 6.8 Operating modes of semi-bridgeless boost converter: (a) Mode-I and

(b) Mode-II (during positive half), (c) Mode-III and (d) Mode-IV (during

negative half). 124

Fig. 6.9 Positive half equivalent circuit of semi-bridgeless boost converter during:

(a) switch on period and (b) switch o period. 124

Fig. 6.10 Topology of PFC-BLB and FBLLC converter based EV charger. 125

Fig. 6.11 Positive half operation of PFC-BLB converter during (a) Ton and (b)

Toff . 127

Fig. 6.12 Equivalent circuit of PFC-BLB converter during (a) Ton and (b) Toff . 128

Fig. 6.13 Topology of bridgeless totem-pole boost converter and FBLLC converter

based EV charger. 128

Fig. 6.14 Operating modes of bridgeless totem-pole boost converter: (a) Mode-I

and (b) Mode-II (during positive half), (c) Mode-III and (d) Mode-IV (during

negative half). 129

Fig. 6.15 Topology of bridgeless totem-pole interleaved boost converter and FBLLC

converter based EV charger. 131

Fig. 6.16 Operating modes of bridgeless totem-pole interleaved boost converter

during positive half: (a) Mode-I, (b) Mode-II, (c) Mode-III and (d) Mode-IV. 133

Fig. 6.17 Operating modes of bridgeless totem-pole interleaved boost converter

during negative half: (a) Mode-I, (b) Mode-II, (c) Mode-III and (d) Mode-

IV. 134

Fig. 6.18 Permeability versus DC bias Characteristics of PFC boost Core. 136

Fig. 6.19 Gain characteristics of a 2kW HBLLC converter based EV charger. 139

Fig. 6.20 Gain characteristics of a 2kW FBLLC converter based EV charger. 142

Fig. 6.21 Gain characteristics of a 2.7kW FBLLC converter based EV charger. 145



Fig. 6.24 Synchronous rectier: (a) Center tapped conguration and (b) Conduc-

tion of synchronous rectier when VTx+ is negative. 151

Fig. 6.25 Analog gate drivers of synchronous rectier during: (a) VTx+ is negative

and (b) VTx+ is positive. 152

Fig. 6.26 Digital gate drivers of synchronous rectier during: (a) VTx+ is negative

and (b) VTx+ is positive. 153

Fig. 6.27 MATLAB model of boost and HBLLC converters based EV charger. 154

Fig. 6.28 MATLABmodel of interleaved boost and synchronous FBLLC converters

based EV charger. 155

Fig. 6.29 MATLAB model of semi-bridgeless boost and synchronous FBLLC con-

verters based EV charger. 156

xxiii

Fig. 6.30 MATLAB model of BLB and synchronous FBLLC converters based EV

charger. 157

Fig. 6.31 MATLAB model of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC converters Based

EV charger. 158

Fig. 6.32 MATLABmodel of BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC Converters based

EV charger. 158

Fig. 6.33 Experimental prototype of single controller based boost converter and

LLC converter based EV charger. 159

Fig. 6.34 Experimental prototype of two controllers based BLTPIBC and syn-

chronous FBLLC converter based EV charger. 160

Fig. 6.35 Simulated steady state performance of boost converter and HBLLC res-

onant converter based EV charger: (a) Steady state performance at line fre-

quency and (b) Steady state performance of HBLLC converter at switching

frequency. 161

Fig. 6.36 Simulated transient state performance of boost converter and HBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger during: (a) Line voltage transients and

(b) Load transients. 161

Fig. 6.37 Simulated PQ indices of boost converter and HBLLC resonant converter

based EV charger at (a) 185Vrms, (b) 220Vrms and (b) 270Vrms. 163

Fig. 6.38 Steady state performance of boost converter and HBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at full load and 220Vrms. Experimental waveforms

of: (a) vs, is, Ib and Vo, (b) vs, is, iLi and Vdc, (c) Vdc, iLr, Ib and Vo and (d)

Vdc, iLi, iLr and VTx. 164

Fig. 6.39 Dynamic load performance of boost converter and HBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at 220Vrms. Experimental waveforms of: (a) Vo, Ib,

iLr and Vdc during load change from 50% to 100%, (b) Vdc, is, Vo and Ib dur-

ing load change from 50% to 100%, (c) Vo, Ib, iLr and Vdc during load change

from 100% to 50% and Vo and (d) Vdc, is, Vo and Ib during load change from

100% to 50%. 165

Fig. 6.40 Voltage overshoot and undershoot measurements of boost converter and

HBLLC resonant converter based EV charger during a transient load change

from: (a) 10% to 100% and (b) 100% to 10%. 165

Fig. 6.41 Full load transient line performance of boost converter and HBLLC reso-

nant converter based EV charger during AC voltage change from: (a) 220Vrms

190Vrms and (b) 190Vrms 220Vrms. 166

Fig. 6.42 PQ of boost converter and HBLLC resonant converter based EV charger

at 57.6V and at (a) 220Vrms, (b) 185Vrms and (c) 300Vrms. 166

Fig. 6.43 PQ of boost converter and HBLLC resonant converter based EV charger

at varying voltages and output power: (a) - (d) at 57.6V , (e) - (h) at 54V ,

(i) - (l) at 51.2V , and at (m) - (p) at 48V . 167

xxiv

Fig. 6.44 Performance of boost converter and HBLLC resonant converter based

EV charger at nominal 220Vrms and at varying output voltage and power.

Variation in (a) Eciency, (b) power factor and (c) THD. 168

Fig. 6.45 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW interleaved boost con-

verter and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at line

frequency. 170

Fig. 6.46 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW interleaved boost converter

and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at switching

frequency showing synchronous gate pulses of FBLLC converter. 171

Fig. 6.47 Simulated PQ indices of a 3kW interleaved boost converter and syn-

chronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at (a) 185Vrms, (b)

220Vrms and (b) 275Vrms. 171

Fig. 6.48 Simulated transient state performance of a 3kW interleaved boost con-

verter and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger: (a)

Load transient performance and (b) Transient line performance. 172

Fig. 6.49 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW semi-bridgeless boost con-

verter and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at line

frequency. 173

Fig. 6.50 Simulated PQ indices of a 3kW semi-bridgeless boost converter and syn-



Fig. 6.51 Simulated transient state performance of a 3kW semi-bridgeless boost

converter and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger: (a)

Load transient performance and (b) transient line performance. 174

Fig. 6.52 Steady state performance of a 3kW semi-bridgeless boost converter based

EV charger. Experimental waveforms of vs, is, iLia and Vs1a at: (a) 220Vrms

and at 1.5kW output power, (b) 220Vrms and at 3kW output power, (c)

185Vrms and at 1.5kW output power, (d) 185Vrms and at 3kW output power

and (e) expanded view of iLia and Vs1a demonstrating CICM operation. 175

Fig. 6.53 Full load steady state waveforms of synchronous FBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at 220Vrms. Experimental waveforms of: (a) and (b)

Gate drives and drain to source voltages of primary and synchronous MOS-

FET's showing ZVS, (c) and (d) Vs2, iLr, Vg2 and Vgsr2 showing low turn-o

current. 176

Fig. 6.54 Dynamic load performance of semi-bridgeless boost converter from 1.5kW

to 3kW . Experimental waveforms of vs, is, iLia and Vdc. 177

Fig. 6.55 PQ gures and eciency of a semi-bridgeless boost converter based EV

charger at 1.5kW output power for input voltages of (a) 185V , (b) 220V , (c)

277V and at 3kW output power for input voltages of (d) 185V , (e) 220V and

(f) 277V . 178

xxv

Fig. 6.56 Comparison of eciency of front-end boost converter and semi-bridgeless

boost converter at 1.5kW and 3kW and at input voltages of (a) 185Vrms, (b)

220Vrms and (c) 277Vrms. 178

Fig. 6.57 Comparison of input current THD of front-end boost converter and semi-

bridgeless boost converter at 1.5kW and 3kW and at input voltages of (a)

185Vrms, (b) 220Vrms and (c) 277Vrms. 179

Fig. 6.58 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW bridgeless boost converter

and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at line fre-

quency. 180

Fig. 6.59 Simulated PQ indices of a 3kW bridgeless boost converter and syn-



Fig. 6.60 Simulated transient state performance of a 3kW bridgeless boost con-

verter and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger: (a)

Load transient performance and (b) Transient line performance. 181

Fig. 6.61 Compensated Bode plot PFC-BLB boost converter. 182

Fig. 6.62 Full load steady state line frequency waveforms of BLB and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at 220Vrms. Experimental wave-

forms of: (a) vs, is, Vo and Ib, (b) vs, is, Vgsp and isp, (c) vs, is, Vsbn and isn,

(d) vs, is, Vspn, isp, (e) vs, is and BLB gate drives, (f) vs, is, Vo and Vdc, (g)

vs, Ib and BLB inductor currents and (h) vs, is and BLB inductor currents. 184

Fig. 6.63 Full load steady state switching frequency waveforms of BLB and syn-

chronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at 220Vrms. Experi-

mental waveforms of: (a) Vdc, iLr, Vg1 and Vs1, (b) Vs2, iLr, Vg1 and Vs1, (c)

Primary and synchronous gate drives of FBLLC converter, (d) vtx and ZVS

of synchronous rectier, (e) isr1, Vgsr1, Vgsr2 and iLr, (f) Vdc, iLr, Vcr and Vo,

(g) vs, Ib, Vo and Vdc and (h) AC ripple content in Ib, Vo and Vdc. 185

Fig. 6.64 Transient load waveforms of BLB and synchronous FBLLC resonant

converter based EV charger at 220Vrms from (a) and (b) 50% - 100% and

100% - 50% with respect to input current, is, (c) and (d) 100% - 50% and

50% - 100% with respect to resonant current, iLr. 186

Fig. 6.65 Transient line waveforms of BLB and synchronous FBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at 54V and 50A during voltage change over from (a)

220Vrms to 300Vrms, (b) 300Vrms to 220Vrms, (c) 220Vrms to 150Vrms, and (d)

150Vrms to 220Vrms. 187

Fig. 6.66 CV-CC and CC-CV transition of BLB and synchronous FBLLC convert-

ers based EV charger. 188

Fig. 6.67 PQ indices of BLB and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based

EV charger at 54V and at varying load during input voltages of : (a) - (e)

230Vrms, (f) - (j) 185Vrms and (k) - (o) 298Vrms. 189

xxvi

Fig. 6.68 Performance indices of BLB and synchronous FBLLC converter based

EV charger at varying line voltages. Variation of (a) PF, (b) THD and (c)

eciency. 190

Fig. 6.69 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW BLTPBC and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at line frequency. 191

Fig. 6.70 Simulated steady state performance of a 3kW BLTPBC and synchronous

FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger at line frequency. 191

Fig. 6.71 Simulated PQ indices of a 3kW BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC reso-

nant converter based EV charger at (a) 185Vrms, (b) 220Vrms and (b) 275Vrms. 192

Fig. 6.72 Simulated transient state performance of a 3kW BLTPBC and syn-

chronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger: (a) Load transient

performance and (b) Transient line performance. 193

Fig. 6.73 Steady waveforms of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at 220Vrms. Experimental waveforms of: (a) vs, is,

Vo and Ib at 54V and 55.5A output, (b) vs, is, Vo and Ib at 48V and 62.5A

output, (c) vs, is, iLi and Vo at 54V and 55.5A output and (d) vs, is, Vo (AC

coupling mode) and Ib (AC coupling mode) at 54V and 55.5A output 194

Fig. 6.74 Experimental waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib at 220Vrms and 54V output

during dynamic load transient from (a) 100% - 80% (55.5A− 45A), (b) 80%

- 100% (45A − 55.5A), (c) 54% - 100% (35A − 55.5A) and (d) 54% - 100%

(55.5A− 35A). 195

Fig. 6.75 Experimental waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib at full load and 54V output

during dynamic supply voltage transient from (a) 230Vrms - 185Vrms, (b)

185Vrms - 230Vrms, (c) 230Vrms - 295Vrms and (d) 295Vrms - 230Vrms. 196

Fig. 6.76 Experimental waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib showing AC voltage de-rating

during AC voltage change over from: (a) 185Vrms - 100Vrms and (b) 100Vrms

- 185Vrms. 197

Fig. 6.77 CC/CV mode of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC converters based

EV charger during: (a) Constant load current of 55.5A (CC mode) and (b)

constant output voltage of 54V (CV mode). 198

Fig. 6.78 Start-up transients of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC converters

based EV charger during: (a) Constant load current of 62.5A (CC mode)

and (b) constant output voltage of 54V (CV mode). 199

Fig. 6.79 Short circuit performance of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC con-

verters based EV charger during: (a) Short circuit from full load at 54V and

55.5A and (b) release of short circuit mode. 199

Fig. 6.80 PQ indices of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC resonant converters

based EV charger varying load during output and input voltages of : (a) - (e)

54V and 230Vrms, (f) - (j) 54V and 185Vrms, (k) - (o) 54V and 300Vrms and

(p) 48V and 230Vrms. 201

xxvii

Fig. 6.81 Comparison of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC resonant converters

based EV charger at varying line voltages and load. Variation of (a) Eciency,

(b) THD, (c) PF and (d) DPF. 202

Fig. 6.82 Comparison of BLTPBC and synchronous FBLLC resonant converters

based EV charger at varying output voltages of 54V and 48V . Variation of

(a) Eciency, (b) THD, (c) PF and (d) DPF. 203

Fig. 6.83 Simulated line frequency steady state performance of a 4kW BLTPIBC

and synchronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger. 204

Fig. 6.84 Simulated PQ indices of a 4kW BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger at (a) 190Vrms, (b) 220Vrms and (c)

275Vrms. 204

Fig. 6.85 Simulated transient state performance of a 4kW BLTPIBC and syn-

chronous FBLLC resonant converter based EV charger: (a) Load transient

performance and (b) Transient line performance. 205

Fig. 6.86 Steady state performance of a 2kW BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger showing :(a) PFC action with waveforms

of vs, is, Vo Ib, (b) interleaving phenomenon with waveforms of vs, is, iLi1,

iLi2, (c) zoomed view of iLi1, iLi2 showing 180 deg phase shift, (d) regulated

DC link voltage with waveforms vs, Vdc, iLi1, iLi2 and (e) is, Vdc, iLi1 and iLi2. 209

Fig. 6.87 Switching frequency pulses of a 2kW BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC

resonant converter based EV charger showing (a) Vgpl1, Vgpl2 and Vgnl with

respect to vs, (b) expanded view of (a) when duty cycle is greater than 50%

and when vs is negative, (c) expanded view of (a) when duty cycle is less than

50% and when vs is positive, (d) Vspl1, Vgpl1, Vgpl2, Vgnl when duty cycle is

greater than 50% and when vs is positive and (e) Vspl1, Vgpl1, Vgpl2, Vgnl when

duty cycle is less than 50% and when vs is negative. 210

Fig. 6.88 Experimental waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib at 54V output and at 2kW

output power during dynamic supply voltage transient from (a) 220Vrms -

275Vrms, (b) 275Vrms - 220Vrms, (c) 220Vrms - 185Vrms and (d) 185Vrms -

220Vrms. 211

Fig. 6.89 Experimental waveforms of vs, is, Vo and Ib at nominal 220Vrms and at

54V output during dynamic load transient from (a) 1kW - 2kW and (b) 2kW

- 1kW . 211

Fig. 6.90 PQ indices of a 2kW BLTPIBC and synchronous FBLLC resonant con-

verter based EV charger at (a) 185Vrms and 1kW , (b) 220Vrms and 1kW ,

(c) 295Vrms and 1kW , (d) 185Vrms and 2kW , (e) 220Vrms and 2kW and (f)

295Vrms and 2kW . 212

Fig. 7.1 Circuit conguration of EV Chargers for 4−W and e-buses using single

switch Vienna rectier and HBLLC converter. 214

xxviii

Fig. 7.2 Circuit conguration of EV Chargers for 4 −W and e-buses using two

switch Vienna rectier and HBLLC converter. 215

Fig. 7.3 Circuit conguration of EV Chargers for 4−W and e-buses using back-

back switch based Vienna rectier and 3L-PSHBC. 215

Fig. 7.4 Switching states of single switch Vienna rectier during positive current

through a phase and during switching pattern of switches S1, S2 and S3 as:

(a) 0,0,0, (b) 0,0,1, (c) 0,1,0, (d) 0,1,1, (e) 1,0,0, (f) 1,0,1, (g) 1,1,0 and (h)

1,1,1. 217

Fig. 7.5 Switching states of a two switch Vienna rectier during positive current

through a phase and during switching pattern of switches S1, S4 and S6 as:

(a) 0,0,0, (b) 0,0,1, (c) 0,1,0, (d) 0,1,1, (e) 1,0,0, (f) 1,0,1, (g) 1,1,0 and (h)

1,1,1. 218

Fig. 7.6 Switching states of Vienna rectier using back to back switches during

positive current through a phase and during switching pattern of switches S1,

S4 and S6 as: (a) 0,0,0, (b) 0,0,1, (c) 0,1,0, (d) 0,1,1, (e) 1,0,0, (f) 1,0,1, (g)

1,1,0 and (h) 1,1,1. 220

Fig. 7.7 Operating modes of a 3L-PSFBC showing: (a) Positive voltage across

transformer(b) - (e) zero voltage across transformer and ZVS of switch, S9, (f)

Negative voltage across transformer, (g) - (j) zero voltage across transformer

and ZVS of switch, S8 and (k) repetition of nest switching cycle. 222

Fig. 7.8 Gain characteristics of a 5.8kW HBLLC converter based three phase EV

charger. 226

Fig. 7.9 Control of single switch Vienna rectier. 229

Fig. 7.10 Control of two switch and back to back switches Vienna rectier. 230

Fig. 7.11 MATLAB model of EV charger based on single switch Vienna rectier

HBLLC converters. 232

Fig. 7.12 MATLAB model of EV charger based on two switch Vienna rectier

HBLLC converters. 232

Fig. 7.13 MATLAB model of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using back to

back switches and 3L-PSHBC. 233

Fig. 7.14 Experimental prototype of EV charger based on back to back switches

based Vienna rectier and 3L-PSHBC. 233

Fig. 7.15 Simulated steady state performance of single switch Vienna rectier and

HBLLC resonant converter based three phase EV charger at line voltage of

415V demonstrating: (a) Steady state performance at line frequency and (b)

Steady state performance of HBLLC converter at switching frequency. 235

Fig. 7.16 Simulated transient state performance of single switch Vienna rectier

and HBLLC resonant converter based three phase EV charger during: (a)

Load transients and (b) line voltage transients 235

xxix

Fig. 7.17 Simulated PQ indices of single switch Vienna rectier and HBLLC res-

onant converter based three phase EV charger at line to line voltages of (a)


Fig. 7.18 Simulated steady state performance of two switch Vienna rectier and

HBLLC resonant converter based three phase EV charger at line voltage of

415V demonstrating steady state performance at line frequency. 237

Fig. 7.19 Simulated transient state performance of two switch Vienna rectier and

HBLLC resonant converter based three phase EV charger during: (a) Line

voltage transients and (b) Load transients. 238

Fig. 7.20 Simulated PQ indices of two switch Vienna rectier and HBLLC resonant

converter based three phase EV charger at line to line voltages of (a) 320Vrms,

(b) 415Vrms and (c) 480Vrms. 238

Fig. 7.21 Simulated steady state performance of Vienna rectier using back to

back switches and 3L-PSHBC based three phase EV charger at line voltage

of 415V demonstrating steady state performance at line frequency. 239

Fig. 7.22 Simulated steady state performance of Vienna rectier using back to back

switches and 3L-PSHBC based three phase EV charger showing: (a) phase

shifted operation (b) ZVS of switch, S7 and gate pulses, Vg7, Vg8, Vg9, and

Vg10 along with . 239

Fig. 7.23 Simulated transient state performance of Vienna rectier using back to

back switches and 3L-PSHBC based three phase EV charger during: (a) Line

voltage transients and (b) Load transients. 241

Fig. 7.24 Simulated PQ indices of Vienna rectier using back to back switches

and 3L-PSHBC based three phase EV charger at line to line voltages of (a)


Fig. 7.25 Steady state performance of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using

back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC. Experimental waveforms at 415Vrms

showing: (a) Sinusoidal line currents and line-line voltage, isa, isb, isc, vac at

54V and 100A output voltage and current, (b) isa, isb, isc, Vac at 48V and

120A output voltage and current, (c) vac, isa, Vo and Ib at 54V and 100A

output voltage and current, (d) vac, isa, Vo and Ib at 48V and 120A output

voltage and current and (e) Output voltage and current ripples in AC coupling

mode at 54V and 100A output voltage and current. 243

Fig. 7.26 Dynamic load performance of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using

back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC at line to line voltage of 415V and

during step load change from (a) 10A - 90A (10% - 90%), (b) 90A - 10A

(90% - 10%), (c) 100A - 50A (100% - 50%) and (d) 50A - 100A (50% - 100%). 244

Fig. 7.27 Peak voltage undershoot and overshoot in proposed EV charger based

on Vienna rectier using back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC during step

load change from (a) 50A to 100A and (b) 100A to 50A. 245

xxx

Fig. 7.28 Dynamic line performance of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using

back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC at output voltage and current of 54V

and 100A and during step change in rms line to line voltage from (a) 415V -

320V , (b) 320V - 415V , (c) 415V - 480V , (d) 480V - 415V , (e) 320V - 480V

and (f) 480V - 320V . 246

Fig. 7.29 Short circuit performance of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using

back to back switches and 3L-PSHBC during (a) Application of short circuit

at an output voltage and current of 54V , 100A and (b) release of short circuit

condition. 247

Fig. 7.30 Start-up performance of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using back

to back switches and 3L-PSHBC. 248

Fig. 7.31 Two phase operation of EV charger based Vienna rectier using back

to back switches and 3L-PSHBC during (a) Balanced two phase and (b)

unbalanced two phase. 248

Fig. 7.32 PQ indices of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using back to back

switches and 3L-PSHBC at half load and during load and phase voltages of

(a) 185Vrms, 54V , (b) 240Vrms, 54V , (c) 277Vrms, 54V , (d) 185Vrms, 48V , (e)

240Vrms, 48V and (f) 277Vrms, 48V . 249

Fig. 7.33 Variation of input current THD with varying line voltage and load mea-

sured in (a) R phase, (b) Y phase and (c) B phase. 250

Fig. 7.34 Eciency variation of EV charger based on Vienna rectier using back

to back switches and 3L-PSHBC at varying line voltages and load. 250

Fig. 8.1 Circuit conguration of bidirectional EV Charger for G2V and G2H

applications. 254

Fig. 8.2 Operating modes of CLLC converter in forward mode. Equivalent circuit

during: (a) M1, (b) M2, (c) M3, (d) M4, (e) M5, (f) M6, (g) M7 and (h) M8. 255

Fig. 8.3 Operating modes of CLLC converter in backward mode. Equivalent

circuit during: (a) M1, (b) M2, (c) M3, (d) M4, (e) M5 and (f) M6. 256

Fig. 8.4 Equivalent circuit of CLLC converter in forward mode. 258

Fig. 8.5 Equivalent circuit of CLLC converter in backward mode. 258

Fig. 8.6 Operating modes of bipolar modulation based single phase inverter show-

ing: (a) Mode-1 (M1), (b) Mode-2 (M2) and (c) switching waveforms. 259

Fig. 8.7 Gain frequency characteristics of CLLC converter in forward (G2V) and

backward (V2G/V2H) directions. 262

Fig. 8.8 Control of bidirectional CLLC converter in G2V mode. 265

Fig. 8.9 Control of bidirectional CLLC converter in V2G mode. 265

Fig. 8.10 Control of single phase inverter. 265

Fig. 8.11 MATLAB model of bidirectional CLLC converter. 266

Fig. 8.12 MATLAB model of inverter for V2G and V2H. 266

xxxi

Fig. 8.13 Experimental prototype of bidirectional EV charger. 267

Fig. 8.14 Simulated steady state performance of bidirectional CLLC converter dur-

ing (a) forward mode and (b) demonstrating ZVS during forward mode. 268

Fig. 8.15 Simulated steady state performance of bidirectional CLLC converter dur-

ing (a) backward mode and (b) demonstrating ZVS during backward mode. 269

Fig. 8.16 Simulated transient performance of bidirectional CLLC converter during

mode change. 270

Fig. 8.17 Simulated performance of single phase inverter. Waveforms showing

(a) Steady state waveforms, (b) bipolar modulation with zoomed view, (c)

performance during load transients and (d) PQ indices of AC output voltage

and current. 271

Fig. 8.18 Experimental waveforms of CLLC converter during positive direction of

power ow. Waveforms showing (a) Primary and secondary resonant currents

and primary gate pulses, (b) - (d) demonstrating ZVS of primary switches,

(e) - (f) regulated output voltage and current, (g) output voltage and current

in AC coupling mode and (h) demonstrating 1kW output power. 273

Fig. 8.19 Experimental waveforms of CLLC converter during reverse direction of

power ow. Waveforms showing (a) Primary and secondary resonant currents

and secondary gate pulses, (b) regulated DC link voltage (c) - (e) demonstrat-

ing ZVS in reverse direction of secondary switches and (f) delivering 231V A

at 92.49% eciency. 274

xxxii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Devices and Components of Proposed Front-End Buck-Boost Convert-

ers 52

Table 5.1 Cell Combinations for EV Battery 81

Table 5.2 Switching Devices of SEPIC Converter fed HBLLC Converter Based

EV Charger 92

Table 6.1 Design Specications of Boost and HBLLC Converters Based 2kW EV

Charger 139

Table 6.2 Design Specications of Interleaved Boost and FBLLC Converters Based

2kW EV Charger 142

Table 6.3 Design Specications of Semi-Bridgeless Boost and FBLLC Converters

Based 2.7kW EV Charger 143

Table 6.4 Design Specications of BLB and FBLLC Converters Based 2.7kW EV

Charger 144

Table 6.5 Design Specications of BLTPBC and FBLLC Converters Based 3kW

EV Charger 144

Table 6.6 Design Specications of BLTPIBC and FBLLC Converters Based 4kW

EV Charger 146

Table 7.1 Switching States of a Single Switch Vienna Rectier 216

Table 7.2 Switching States of a 3L-PSHBC 221

Table 7.3 Design Specications of a Single Switch Vienna Rectier and HBLLC

Converter Based 5.8kW EV Charger 227

Table 7.4 Design Specications of Vienna Rectier With Back to Back Switches

and 3L-PSHBC Based 5.8kW EV Charger 228

Table 8.1 Design Specications of CLLC Converter 261

xxxiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WHO World health organization

GHG Greenhouse gas

ICE Internal combustion engines

AC Alternating current

DC Direct current

2W Two wheelers

3W Three wheelers

4W Four wheelers

Ah Ampere hour

kW Kilo-watt

kWh Kilo-watt-hour

PQ Power quality

PF Power factor

CICM Continuous inductor conduction mode

DICM Discontinuous inductor conduction mode

PFC Power factor correction corrected

THD Total harmonic distortion

SR Synchronous rectier

ZVS Zero voltage switching

PSZVS Phase shifted zero voltage switching

LLC Inductor inductor capacitor

SOC State of charge

G2V Grid to vehicle

V2H vehicle to home

V2G vehicle to grid

HB-LLC Half bridge LLC

FB-LLC Full bridge LLC

CNG Compressed natural gas

EV Electric vehicles

HEV Hybrid electric vehicles

LFP Lithium ion phosphate

NMC Lithium Nickel manganese zinc

NiMH Nickel-metal hydride

NCA Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium

xxxiv

LMO Lithium manganese-spinel

LTO Lithium titanate

WIPT Wireless inductive power transfer

CC Constant current

CV Constant voltage

FAME Faster adaption and manufacturing of electric vehicles

ARAI Automotive research association of India

IEC International electrotechnical commission

PHEV Plug in hybrid electric vehicles

EVSE EV supply equipment

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility

PCC Point of common coupling

CF Crest factor

SMPS Switched mode power supply

SCR Silicon controlled thyristor

MOSFET Metal oxide eld eect transistors

IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistors

DSP Digital signal processors

FPGA Field-programmable gate array

PWM Pulse width modulation

PFM Pulse frequency modulation

ZCS Zero current switching

LCC Inductor inductor capacitor

SRC Sinusoidal ripple current

LC Inductor capacitor

DBR Diode bridge rectier

EMI Electro-magnetic interference

GAN Gallium nitride

SiC Silicon carbide

SEPIC Single ended primary inductor converter

HB Half bridge

FB Full bridge

MRC Multi-resonant converters

CLL Capacitor-inductor-inductor

FHA Fundamental harmonic approximation

CLLC capacitor-inductor- inductor-capacitor

HBDAB Half bridge dual active bridge

FBDAB Full bridge dual active bridge

HBCLLC Half bridge capacitor-inductor- inductor-capacitor

FBCLLC Full bridge capacitor-inductor- inductor-capacitor

xxxv

HBPSZVS Half bridge phase shifted zero voltage switching

IC Integrated circuit

VRLA Valve regulated lead acid


FBDAB Full bridge dual active bridge


3L-PSHBC Three level phase shifted half bridge converter

SPS Sim-power systems

CSC Canonical switching cell

SOC State of charge

ESR Equivalent series resistance

STM State transition matrix

ISR Interrupt service routine

VCO Voltage controlled oscillator

TI Texas instruments

EVBC EV battery charger

CLA Control law accelerator

ZCS Zero current switching

AH Ampere-hour

PIV Peak inverse voltage

RHP Right half plane

ADC Analog to digital conversion

PI Proportional integral

PCB Printed circuit board

ILB Interleaved boost

BLB Bridgeless boost

HEMT High electron mobility transistors

BLTPBC Bridgeless totem-pole boost converter

BLTPIBC Bridgeless totem-pole interleaved boost converter

ACM Average current mode

xxxvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

vs Input single phase AC mains supply voltage (V)

vsa, vsb, vsc Input three phase AC mains supply voltage (V)

is Input single phase AC mains supply current (A)

isa, isb, isc Input three phase AC mains supply current (A)

Vin Rectied AC voltage (V)

Vdc DC link voltage (V)

Ib Battery charging current (A)

Vo Output voltage of EV charger (V)

Cdc, Cdc1, Cdc2, Cdc3, Cdc4 DC link capacitors (µF )

Li, Li1, Li2, Lia, Lib, Lic PFC inductors (mH)

Co Output capacitor (µF )

Cf Filter capacitor (µF )

Lf , Lof Filter inductor (mH)

Cip, Cin, Cof Filter capacitors (µF )

C1 PFC capacitor (nF )

Cb DC blocking capacitor (µF )

Cr, Cr1, Cr1 Resonant capacitor (nF )

Lr, Lr1, Lr1 Resonant inductor (µH)

Lm, Lm1, Lm2 Magnetising inductor (µH)

Tx, Tx1, Tx2 High frequency transformer

Vg, Vg2, Vg3, Vg4 Gate drives (V)

RL Equivalent resistance on DC link (Ω)

Ro Load resistance(Ω)

N Turns ratio

iLi, iLi1, iLi2, iLia, iLib, iLic, PFC inductor current

iLr Resonant current

iLm Magnetising current

itx Current through transformer primary winding

VC1 Voltage across the capacitor

VCr, VCr1, VCr2 Voltage across the resonant capacitor

xxxvii

EV CHARGERS FOR TWO, THREE, FOUR WHEELERS AND E-BUSES …

Documents