European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 QUIT Chapter Overview Time Line Visual Summary SECTION Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1 SECTION The.

European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance 1

SECTION The Northern Renaissance 2

SECTION Luther Starts the Reformation 3

SECTION The Reformation Continues 4

17CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Two great European movements—the Renaissance and the Reformation—usher in dramatic cultural and social changes. The Renaissance marked the flowering of artistic creativity, while the Reformation led to new Christian beliefs.

17CHAPTER European Renaissance

and Reformation, 1300–1600

1300 Renaissance begins in Italy.

1455 Gutenberg Bible printed.

1513 Machiavelli writes The Prince.

1534 Henry VIII becomes head of England’s church, breaking ties with Rome.

17CHAPTER

Time Line

1300 1600

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European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600

1558 Elizabeth I rules England.

1564 William Shakespeare born.

1555 Peace of Augsburg ends religious wars in Germany.

The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic creativity, flourishes in Italy, beginning about 1300. Versatile artists transform painting, sculpture, and literature.

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Key Idea

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The European Renaissance, a rebirth of learning and the arts, began in Italy in the 1300s.

Renaissance ideas about classical studies, art, and literature still influence modern thought.

Overview

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

1

AssessmentAssessment

• Renaissance

• humanism

• secular

• patron

• perspective

• vernacular

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Record the main ideas from the section about the Italian Renaissance.

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

1

Section 1 Assessment

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Urban centers

Humanism

Wealthy merchant class Classical heritage

Famous writers New painting techniques

Patronage of arts

Renaissance

I. Italy’s advantages

III. Renaissance art and literature

II. Classical and worldly values

A.B.C.

A.B.

A.B.

2. Name three people from this section whom you regard as a “Renaissance man” or a “Renaissance woman.” Explain your choices. THINK ABOUT

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Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

1

1 Assessment

• the idea of the “universal man” • Castiglione’s description of such a person • which people from this section seem to match that description

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continued . . .

Michelangelo—architect, sculptor, painter, and poet

Leonardo—painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist

Isabella d’Este—political leader and patron of the arts

Possible Responses:

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Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

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1 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• Renaissance scholars rejected some teachings of medieval Christianity and looked to classical writers for inspiration.

• Renaissance artists revolutionized art by using perspective and a more realistic style and by glorifying the individual.

Possible Responses:

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3. How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and thought? THINK ABOUT

• changes in ideas since medieval times • changes in artistic techniques • changes in artistic subjects

End of Section 1

In the 1400s, Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe, where German and Flemish masters create distinctive works of art. The books of northern Renaissance writers and philosophers become widely available because of the invention of the printing press.

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Key Idea

The Northern Renaissance

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The Northern Renaissance

2

In the 1400s, northern Europeans began to adapt the ideas of the Renaissance.

Renaissance ideas such as the importance of the individual are a strong part of modern thought.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• Utopia

• printing press

• Gutenberg Bible MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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The Northern Renaissance

2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List important events in the Northern Renaissance.

Section 2 Assessment

continued . . .

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1400 1600

1455: Gutenberg prints Bible on printing press.

1494: Dürer studies in Italy.

1509: Erasmus writes The

Praise of Folly.

1516: More writes Utopia.

1592: Shakespeare writes plays in London.

The Northern Renaissance

2

2. Choose one Northern Renaissance figure. Explain how he or she was influenced by Renaissance ideas.THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• the influence of humanism • the use of new techniques • the concept of the Renaissance man or woman

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ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

The Northern Renaissance

2

Section 2 Assessment

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• Dürer was influenced by realism and classical ideas.

• Van Eyck was influenced by realism and helped develop the oil painting.

• Bruegel was interested in realistic details and peasant life.

• Erasmus and More combined humanist and Christian values in their calls for reform.

• Shakespeare was influenced by the classics and wrote in the vernacular.

• Queen Elizabeth was a monarch, a poet, a patron of the arts, and a linguist.

Possible Responses:

End of Section 2

Martin Luther, a German monk, challenges the authority of the Catholic Church and triggers the Reformation—a movement for religious reform. The Reformation spreads to England when King Henry VIII breaks ties with the Catholic Church.

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Key Idea

Luther Starts the Reformation

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Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church led to the founding of Protestant churches.

Nearly one-fourth of the Christians in today’s world are Protestants.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• indulgence

• Reformation

• Lutheran

• Protestant

• Peace of Augsburg

• annul

• Anglican

Luther Starts the Reformation

3

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Luther Starts the Reformation

3

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main cause and several effects of Luther’s action in posting the 95 Theses.

Section 3 Assessment

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Luther declared a heretic.

Lutheran church begins.

German peasants revolt.

Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes of Germany.

Pope excommunicates Luther.

Luther protests.

Tetzel sells indulgences under false pretenses.

Luther posts the 95 Theses.

Luther Starts the Reformation

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

Luther’s reasons—legitimate complaints about indulgences and other Church problems; excommunication

Henry’s reasons—his annulments denied; pope’s political maneuvers

Possible Responses:

2. Who do you think had a better reason to break with the Church, Luther or Henry VIII? THINK ABOUT

• why Luther criticized the Church • what Henry asked the pope to do for him • the Church’s response to Luther

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• the pope’s response to Henry

Luther Starts the Reformation

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

The equality of all Christians spurred peasants to demand an end to serfdom. Peasants disrespected Church authority by raiding the monasteries.

Possible Response:

3. Which of Luther’s ideas do you think might have motivated the peasants to revolt in 1524? Explain. THINK ABOUT

• Luther’s criticisms of the Church

• what change the peasants demanded

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• the actions the peasants took

John Calvin develops a system of Protestant theology that gains popularity among other European reformers. To stem the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic Church initiates its own reforms.

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Key Idea

The Reformation Continues

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John Calvin and other Reformation leaders began new Protestant churches. The Catholic Church also made reforms.

Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of Catholic reforms.

Overview

AssessmentAssessment

• predestination

• Calvinism

• theocracy

• Presbyterian

• Anabaptist

• Catholic Reformation

• Jesuits

• Council of Trent

The Reformation Continues

4

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare the ideas of reformers who came after Luther.

The Reformation Continues

4

continued . . .

Section 4 Assessment

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Reformers Ideas

John Calvin

Anabaptists

Catholic Reformers

• People are sinful by nature.• Ideal government is a theocracy.

• Only adults baptized• Church and state separate.

• Church interpretation of Bible is final.• Need faith and good works to be saved

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Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

2. Which of the steps taken by Popes Paul III and Paul IV to reform the Catholic Church do you think were wise? Which were unwise? Explain. THINK ABOUT

• the goals of the reforming popes • whether the steps clearly addressed those goals

The Reformation Continues

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• possible effects of each step

Wise—Calling the council of cardinals and the Council of Trent helped clarify the Catholic position on controversial issues; approving the Jesuits helped combat Protestantism and spread Catholicism.

Unwise—Using the Inquisition may have made martyrs out of Protestants; creating the Index of Forbidden Booksblocked the spread of new ideas.

Possible Responses:

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End of Section 4

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