European Conquest’s Impact on South and Central America (1492-c.1700) Unit 1 - Day 4.

European Conquest’s Impact on South and Central America (1492-c.1700)

Unit 1 - Day 4

The Four Voyages of Columbus

First Voyage (1492-93) Second Voyage (1493-96)

Third Voyage (1498-1500) Fourth Voyage (1502-04)

Spain and Portugal in the New WorldColumbus as governor (1493-1499):

1494 – Plan for Colonization of Hispanola 1. That in the said island there shall be founded three or four towns, situated in the most

convenient places, and that the settlers who are there be assigned to the aforesaid places and towns.

2. That for the better and more speedy colonization of the said island, no one shall have liberty to collect gold in it except those who have taken out colonists' papers,

5. That none of the colonists shall go to seek gold without a license from the governor or alcalde …; and that he must first take oath to return to the place whence he sets out, for the purpose of registering faithfully all the gold he may have found, and to return …to render account and show the quantity of said gold; and that this shall be written down …

6. That all the gold thus brought in shall be smelted immediately, and stamped with some mark that shall distinguish each town; and that the portion which belongs to your Highnesses shall be weighed, and given and consigned to each alcalde…

7. That all gold that may be found without the mark of one of the said towns in the possession of any one who has once registered in accordance with the above order shall be taken as forfeited, and that the accuser shall have one portion of it and your Highnesses the other.

9. As regards the division of the gold, and the share that ought to be reserved for your Highnesses, this, in my opinion, must be left to the aforesaid governor and treasurer, because it will have to be greater or less according to the quantity of gold that may be found. Or, should it seem preferable, your Highnesses might, for the space of one year, take one half, and the collector the other, and a better arrangement for the division be made afterward.

10. That if the said alcaldes or notaries shall commit or be privy to any fraud, punishment shall be provided, and the same for the colonists who shall not have declared all the gold they have.

Spain and Portugal in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

1502 map showing line of demarcation between Spain (West) and Portugal (East)

Spain and Portugal in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spain and Portugal in the New World

Map of Spanish and Portuguese possessions through 1650 (p. 478)

Spain and Portugal in the New World Encomienda System: grants of lands and

people to conquistadors as a reward for service in the new world

Initially meant to protect native populations against enslavementReciprocal relationship – native Amerindians give gold or services to encomenderos in exchange for protection/conversionEffect is a kind of legalized slavery

The Columbian Exchange

Old World to New World New World to Old World

Diseases SmallpoxMeaslesChicken PoxMalariaYellow FeverInfluenzaCommon Cold

Syphilis

Animals HorsesCattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens

Turkeys LlamasAlpacasGuinea Pigs

Plants RiceWheat BarleyOatsCoffeeSugarcane BananasMelonsOlivesDandelionsDaisesCloverRagweedKentucky Bluegrass

CornPotatoes (White and Sweet)BeansTobaccoPeanuts Squash/PumpkinsPeppersTomatoesPineapplesCacaoChiclePapayasManioc (Tapioca)GuavasAvacados

Effects on Native Populations Peru –

1570 – 1.3 million people 1620 – 600,000 people

Central Mexico 1519 – 25.3 million people 1605 – 1 million people

What were some of the causes of this massive population decline?

Effects on Native Populations Toward a “science” of race:

Spaniard + Mestiza = CastizaSpaniard + Indian = Mestizo

Spaniard + Castiza = Spaniard Mestizo + Indian = Coyote

Effects on Native Populations

Negro + Spanish Woman (Espanola) = Mulatto

Mulatto + Spanish Woman = Morisco

Spaniard + Morisca = Albino Spaniard + Albina = “Backwards” Negro

Effects on Native Populations

Negro + Indian = Wolf (lobo) Wolf+ Indian = Sambaiga

Sambaiga + Indian = Albarazado Indian + Albarazada = Chamizo

Effects on Native Populations

Chamizo + Indian = Cambuja Indian + Cambuja = “Backwards” Wolf

Backwards Wolf + Indian = “tente en el aire” Albarrado + Indian = Cachimboreta