EUROPE
EUROPE
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 2
Setting the Boundaries
40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)
Relatively small region; Densely settled
Shared history amidst cultural diversity
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia Lingering world influence High degrees of specialization Manufacturing dominance Numerous nation-states Urbanized population High standards of living
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff4
Europe
Figure 8.1
Arctic Norway
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 5
Size and Location
Figure 8.3
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff6
Landform Regions
European Lowlands
Alpine Mountain System
Central Uplands
Western Highlands
Figure 8.5
Figure 8.6
PHYSICALLANDSCAPES
• Alpine System
• Western Uplands
• Central Uplands
• North European Lowland
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price,
and Wyckoff8
Climate
Figure 8.7
Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 9
Figure 8.9
Environmental Issues – Overview
How does the pattern of acid rain damage correspond with Figure 8.37?
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 10
Environmental Issues
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.10
Acid Rain in Bohemia
Toxic Landscape in Romania
Changing Environments
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 11
Figure 8.13
Wind Farm in Denmark
Restoring Heath in England
RELATIVE LOCATION
• At the heart of the land hemisphere
• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
• Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
• Navigable waterways
• Moderate distances
RELATIVE LOCATION
AGRARIAN REVOLUTION
Began in Europe in the 1750s Based on new agricultural innovations Enabled increased food production Enabled sustained population increase
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 Evolved from technical innovations that occurred
in British industry Proved to be a major catalyst towards
increased urbanization Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe
POLITICAL REVOLUTION
END TO THE RULE OF MONARCHIES CENTRIPETAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES
Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.
AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire– Parts of North Africa - granaries– Elba produced iron ore.– Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.
AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
– Complementarity
– Transferability
– Intervening opportunity
SPATIAL INTERACTION
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy
COMPLEMENTARITY
COMPLEMENTARITY
• The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
• Rivers, mountain passes, road networks
• Advances in transportation technology
TRANSFERABILITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply
or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beerbe cheaper to import
into Italy?
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
POPULATION DENSITY
Population Density: 256 persons per square mileUrbanization: 73%
EUROPE
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 25
Population and Settlement
Figure 8.14
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 26
Demographic Trends
- Slow or Negative RNI
- High Densities
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Linguistic Diversity
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Religious Diversity
Tensions in Northern Ireland
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 29
Migration
Figure 8.15
How has migrationinfluenced Europe ?
• Falling share of the world’s population
• Fertility at an all-time low
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working age population
• Boom & bust age-dependent
• Immigration partially offsetting losses
EUROPE’SIMPLOSION POPULATION
URBAN TRADITION
Urbanization Related concepts
– Primate city– Metropolis– CBD
A country’s largest city
Jefferson’s criteria:
- Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
- Especially expressive of the national culture
- Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens
PRIMATE CITIES
EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities:•Central core•Suburban ring
Differences:•High suburban density•Apartments•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Centralized urban planning
EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
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Wyckoff35
Historical Cityscapes
Medieval
Renaissance-Baroque
Industrial
Figure 8.18
Aerial View of Central Paris
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 36
Geopolitical Change
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff37
Europe—East and West
Iron Curtain
Cold War
Buffer Zone
Figure 8.31
Figure 8.4.2
The “Wall Zone” in Berlin
Former East Germany
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff 38
Geopolitical Framework
Figure 8.29Figure 8.5.1
Terrorism in Madrid
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The EU and
Economic Integration
Figure 8.38
KEY CONCEPTS
BALKANIZATIONIRREDENTISMETHNIC CLEANSING
BALKANIZATION
FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS
ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA
APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th
edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and
Wyckoff 42
Europe—The Balkans
In what ways have ethnicity and religion intersected here?
Kosovar Refugees Figure 8.34
UNDERLYING FORCES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES– REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A
COUNTRY RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR IDEOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES
CENTRIPETAL FORCES– FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY
TOGETHER A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED
IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A COMMON FAITH
IRREDENTISM
A POLICY OF POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY
BA
A
RIVER & BORDER
COUNTRIES
MINORITYPOPULATION
BORDERADJUSTMENT
ETHNIC CLEANSING
REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY A STRONGER POWER
AB
A
COUNTRIES
BORDER
MINORITYPOPULATION
EUROPE