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ESY E xtended S chool Y ear
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ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Jan 04, 2016

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Cori Houston
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Page 1: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

ESY

Extended School Year

Page 2: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

ESY….What it is• A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the

acquisition of skills

• A time to maintain behavioral progress or employment skills in familiar surroundings

• An opportunity to provide instruction because the learning which occurred during the regular school year will be significantly jeopardized if continued instruction is not provided

Page 3: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

ESY….What it is NOT• Services for transitioning students to a new

environment or instructional level (SMAL)

• Support for students in a Summer School Academy program

• A replacement for summer school classes

• An opportunity to provide instruction when no progress/gain has been demonstrated

Page 4: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

To prevent severe regression (i.e., substantial loss) of acquired skills during an interruption in instruction which may then require a significant time for recoupment of those skills (i.e., instructional time which exceeds 6-9 weeks to reestablish skills).

SEVERE REGRESSION/FAILURE TO RECOUP

ESY Services can be considered in these 4 situations:

Criteria

Page 5: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

CRITICAL STAGEIf a student is at a critical stage of skill acquisition and an interruption in instruction may then require a significant time for recoupment of those skills. The critical stage is one in which the student has just mastered, i.e. there has not been slow and steady progress during the school year, but instead, the student has just acquired the skill. Determination that a student is at a critical stage, by the nature of the definition, does not occur until very late in the school year. Skills are defined as those basic abilities which enable a student to function independently of others. These may include, but are not limited to: self-help skills, communication skills, vocational skills, and functional academic skills.

ESY Services can be considered in these 4 situations:

Criteria

Page 6: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Criteria

VOCATIONAL TRANSITION

For those students who are currently being supported in their employment by the MMSD and who are at risk of losing that employment during the school break services to maintain that employment will be provided during breaks.

For students aged 18 years of age or older or in their last year of school services are provided to maintain paid or prepaid work. These students must also be referred to and eligible for supported employment funding by a Dane County adult service agency.

SUSTAINING PAID EMPLOYMENT

ESY Services can be considered in these 4 situations:

Page 7: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Timeline• Process will start in December with distribution of timelines and projection forms

• Staff will have months of December and January to collect data for those students who are being considered due to regression/failure to recoup skills and determine if ESY should be considered by the team at IEP meetings

• For those students in which you are considering ESY services to due to a critical stage, forms will not be submitted until late March .

• Projections will be collected by mid February

• Following review by Special Ed coordinators, you will be advised of the LEA Rep assignment for your student via a notice arriving in school mail

Page 8: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Projection Process

Staff could have 3 different scenarios:

3. Student did not receive services last year in the area of need and is being considered due to an emergent point of skill acquisition.

2. Student did not receive services last year in the area of need and is being considered due to regression/recoupment of skills

1. Student received services last year in the area of need and consideration is being given to offer services in that area again.

Page 9: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Employment at the High School Level

Before we look at the revised process, let us first consider topics surrounding employment at the high school level.

Page 10: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Employment at the High School Level

• Students who are credit deficient and wish to earn credit through Work Experience will enroll in the regular education summer offering.

• Students who are being supported during the school year in their employment will be eligible to receive support in the summer as ESY services. They must meet the eligibility criteria for ESY (i.e.regression/recoupment or critical stage)

• Students will continue to be eligible for support in their employment if they meet the criteria for ESY due to vocational transition.

Page 11: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Employment at the High School Level

Let us review these factors in a question and answer flowchart format.

Page 12: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing employment related t o vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

YES

YESNO

Page 13: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing employment related t o vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t

summer employment?

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

Is the student currently employed (as of the end of the third quarter)?

Page 14: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing employment related t o vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

Are you consider ing

services t o suppor t summer employment ?

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t an

area of need unrelated

t o employment?

St udent cannot be considered for ESY services. I f credit deficient , st udent can enroll in t he summer

W ork Experience program off ered through regular educat ion. A special education teacher may be

available as a resource t o off er limit ed assist ance and suppor t .

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

YES

Is the student currently employed (as of the end of the third quarter)?

Page 15: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing

employment related t o

vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

Are you consider ing

services t o suppor t summer employment ?

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t an

area of need unrelated t o employment?

St udent cannot be considered for ESY services. I f credit deficient , st udent can enroll in t he summer

W ork Experience program off ered through regular educat ion. A special education teacher may be

available as a resource t o off er limit ed assist ance and suppor t .

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

NO

YES

I s t his employment being support ed by MMSD

staff ?

YES

Is the student currently

employed (as of the end

of the third quarter)?

Page 16: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing employment related t o vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

Are you consider ing

services t o suppor t summer employment ?

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t an

area of need unrelated

t o employment?

St udent cannot be considered for ESY services. I f credit deficient , st udent can enroll in t he summer

W ork Experience program off ered through regular educat ion. A special education teacher may be

available as a resource t o off er limit ed assist ance and suppor t .

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Y ES

YES

I s t his employment being support ed by MMSD

staff ?

Is the student currently employed (as of the end of the third quarter)?

Page 17: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you consider ing employment related t o vocat ional t ransit ion?

I s t he student 18 years or older or in t heir last year

of school?

Y ou may proceed wit h ESY as communit y based vocat ional t ransit ion

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t

summer employment ?

Are you consider ing services t o suppor t an

area of need unrelated t o employment?

St udent cannot be considered for ESY services. I f credit deficient , st udent can enroll in t he summer

W ork Experience program off ered through regular educat ion. A special education teacher may be

available as a resource t o off er limit ed assist ance and suppor t .

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Proceed wit h ESY planning

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Y ES

Y ES

I s t his employment being supported by MMSD

staff ?

Is the student currently employed (as of the end of the third quarter)?

Page 18: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Projection Process

Let us now review the process in a flow chart format, using the 3 scenarios.

Page 19: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Are you considering services for employment related to vocational

transition?

Y ES

NO

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Page 20: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

NO

NO

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Y ES

Are you consider ing services f or employment related t o vocat ional

t ransit ion?

Are you consider ing services t o support summer employment ? (Please ref er t o questions f rom "Fact ors t o

Consider" flowchar t.)

Y ES

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Page 21: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

NO

NO

Y ES NO

STOP! Y ou have insuffi cient data and

cannot proceed

Are you consider ing services t o support an area of need unrelated to

employment?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Y ES

Are you consider ing services f or employment related t o vocat ional

t ransit ion?

Are you consider ing services t o support summer employment ? (Please ref er t o questions f rom "Fact ors t o

Consider" flowchart.)

Y ES

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Page 22: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

NO NO

Y ES

Det ermine area of need being considered f or ESY as list ed on student' s I EP on t he goal page

NO

STOP! Y ou have insuffi cient data and

cannot proceed

Are you consider ing services t o support an area of need unrelated to

employment?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Y ES

Are you consider ing services f or employment related t o vocat ional

t ransit ion?

Are you consider ing services t o support summer employment? (Please ref er t o questions f rom "Factors t o

Consider" flowchart.)

Y ES

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Page 23: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

YES

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

Page 24: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the student receive services last school year in this area of

need?

YES

NO

YES

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Complete projection sheet

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Page 25: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the student receive services last school year in this area of

need?

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Complete yellow projection sheet

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unct ioning level as

of November?

Page 26: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

Compare the data. Is there a

discrepancy?

Y ES

Y ES

YES

NO

NO

Complete yellow projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he st udent ' s f unct ioning level as

of November?

Page 27: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Y ES

NO

YES

STOP! You have

insufficient data and cannot proceed

YES

NO

Compare the data. Is there a

discrepancy?

YES

ESY services adequately addressed the student's needs

last period.

NO

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

A f uture meet ing t opic of discussion may be t o decide if

t he student benefit ed f rom ESY

services

Complete projection sheet

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unct ioning level as

of November?

Page 28: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

Y ES

Y ES

Compare t he dat a. I s t here a

discrepancy?

Y ES

ESY services adequately addressed t he student ' s needs

last per iod.

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

Complete yellow projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

A f ut ure meet ing t opic of discussion

may be t o decide if t he student

benefit ed f rom ESY services

Complete projection sheet in preparat ion f or LEA Rep assignment

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Do you have data t o

repor t t he st udent ' s

f unct ioning level as of November?

Page 29: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the student receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you considering the student for services based on

regression of skills?

OR

Complete Regression/ Recoupmentprojection sheet Complete Critical Stage projection sheet

I s the st udent now or do you ant icipat e that t he st udent will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

Page 30: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the student receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you considering the student for services based on

regression of skills?

Complete projection sheet

Y ES

Page 31: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

Y ES

Complete projection sheet

Y ES

NO

STOP! You have

insufficient data and cannot

proceed

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Page 32: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

YES

YES

NO

Complete projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

NO

Y ES

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Page 33: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Complete projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Compare t he data. I s t here a discrepancy?

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Page 34: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Complete pink projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Compare the data. I s t here a discrepancy?

Y ES

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Page 35: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Complete pink projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Compare the data. I s t here a discrepancy?

YES

NO

YES

NO

I s t he st udent now or do you ant icipat e t hat the st udent

will be at an emergent point of skill acquisition?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Page 36: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Complete pink projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Compare the data. I s t here a discrepancy?

YES NO

Y ES

NO

Refer t o inst ruct ions for

t his purpose

I s t he st udent now or do you ant icipat e t hat the student

will be at an emergent point of skill acquisition?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data t o repor t t he student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Page 37: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Complete projection sheet

Y ES

NO

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

I s the st udent now or do you ant icipat e that t he st udent will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

Page 38: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Can you clearly identify t he student ' s critical skill?

Y ES

NO

Complete projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Y ES

NO

I s the student now or do you ant icipate that t he student will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

Page 39: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Can you clearly identify t he student ' s critical skill?

Y ES

NO

Complete critical stage projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

Can you ident if y t he student ' s cur rent mastery

level and rat e of progress on t he cr it ical skill ident ified?

Y ES

NO

YES

NO

I s the student now or do you ant icipate that t he student will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

Page 40: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

NO

Can you clearly identify t he student ' s critical skill?

Can you ident if y t he student ' s cur rent mastery

level and rat e of progress on t he cr it ical skill ident ified?

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

Complete critical stage projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

I s the st udent now or do you ant icipat e that t he st udent will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Page 41: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Did the st udent receive services last school year in this

area of need?

Y ES

Y ES

Compare t he dat a. I s t here a

discrepancy?

Y ES

ESY services adequately addressed t he student ' s needs

last per iod.

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Are you consider ing t he student for services based on

regression of skills?

Compare the data. I s t here a discrepancy?

Refer t o inst ruct ions for

t his purpose

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES NO

YES

NO

Can you clearly identify t he student ' s critical skill?

Can you ident if y t he student ' s cur rent mastery

level and rat e of progress on t he cr it ical skill ident ified?

Y ES

Y ES

Y ES

NO

NO

NO

OR

Complete pink projection sheet Complete green projection sheetComplete yellow projection sheet

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

STOP! Y ou have

insuffi cient data and cannot

proceed

I s the st udent now or do you ant icipat e that t he st udent will be at an emergent point

of skill acquisit ion?

I s t he st udent now or do you ant icipat e t hat the student

will be at an emergent point of skill acquisition?

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Complete proj ect ion sheet

in preparat ion f or LEA Rep

assignment

Complete projection sheet in preparat ion f or LEA Rep assignment

A f uture meet ing t opic of discussion may be t o decide if

t he student benefited f rom ESY

services

Do you have data t o repor t t he

student ' s f unctioning level as of

November?

Do you have dat a t o report t he student ' s f unctioning level

as of last May?

Do you have data to repor t the st udent 's f unct ioning level as

of last May?

Do you have data t o

repor t t he st udent ' s

f unct ioning level as of November?

Page 42: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Projection Process

Information collected on the forms will be transferable to the ESY portion of the IEP document.

There is also a form available on our DWW web site that can be used to assist in reporting information on the ESY form in the GUI system.

Page 43: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

ESY Process

Projection forms are not completed in a timely manner

PROBLEM #1

• LEA Reps are not available when needed• Staff cannot schedule IEP meetings

• IEPs do not get done on time

• Entire process slows to a crawl

Page 44: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

ESY Process

PROBLEM #2

IEPs containing ESY do not get finalized by the April deadline

• Can’t hire—lose good staff to other positions• Frustration by staff – can’t make

summer plans

• Arrangements for student transportation and other special need do not get made

• Frustration by parents – can’t make summer plans

Page 45: ESY E xtended S chool Y ear. ESY….What it is A time for a student to maintain learning or complete the acquisition of skills A time to maintain behavioral.

Staffing

• Teacher(s) will act as supervisor and coordinator of services, only occasionally providing direct teaching

• Majority of direct services should be carried out by SEA(s)

• Students may be grouped to provide similar services (e.g. academic instruction) by one adult