Lecture Slides THIRD EDITION Essentials of Physical Anthropology Clark Spencer Larsen
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Lecture Slides
THIRD EDITION
Essentials of Physical
Anthropology
Clark Spencer Larsen
Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population,
Biology
• Larsen. Essentials of Physical Anthropology
13
Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology
Corbis
Illustration Copyright © 2013 Nucleus Medical
Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com Illustration Copyright © 2013 Nucleus Medical
Media, All rights reserved. www.nucleusinc.com
Cartoon by Ron Theriencartoonstock.com
Our Last 10,000 Years: Agriculture, Population, Biology
• Questions addressed in this chapter: – When, where, and why did agriculture first
develop?
– How did agriculture affect human living circumstances?
– How did agriculture affect human biological change?
– What are the most important forces shaping human biology today?
– Are we still evolving?
The Agricultural Revolution: New Foods and New Adaptations
Corbis; Scott Haddow Jim Holmes/Getty Images
The Agricultural Revolution: New Foods and New Adaptations
• Why agriculture? – Climate stability and
emergence out of the last ice age
– Population growth
Photo by John Doebley
Photo by John Doebley
Regional Variation in Domestication
Figure 13.5B: Bruce D. Smith: Figure “The approximate time periods when plants and
animals were first domesticated” from The Emergence of Agriculture, p. 13, 1998.
Reprinted by permission
Fertile Crescent
Villages and Cities: Ҫatalhöyük
blickwinkel / Alamy
National Geographic Image Collection /
Alamy
Plant & Animal Domestication Around the World and its Diffusion
• China and Southwestern Asia – Rice domesticated ~8,000 years ago
• Mexico – Corn domesticated ~9,000 years ago – Spread to American Southwest and to Atlantic coast by 1,000 years
ago
• Animal domestication – Dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs
Corbis
Agriculture: An Adaptive Trade-Off
• Neolithic Demographic Transition – High birthrate, rapid weaning
– 2–3 million, 10,000 years ago
– 300 million by 2,000 years ago.
– 7 billion today
Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn: Figure drawn by Annick Boothe. From Archaeology: Theories, Methods and
Practice by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn, Thames & Hudson Inc., New York. Reprinted by permission of the
publisher
The Good and Bad of Agriculture
Agriculture and Human Biology. The Masticatory-Functional Hypothesis
How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skull
How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton
• Activity patterns
– Modern hunter–gatherers
• Lee & DeVore (1960s)
• Variation dependent on local ecology and food
Peter Johnson/Corbis
How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton
• Activity patterns
– Ancient populations?
• Biomechanics
• More bone = more strength
• I beam
How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton
Roberto Osti: Figure “Bones of the Postcontact Indians” from “Reading the Bones
of La Florida” by Clark S. Larsen, Scientific American, Vol. 282, No. 6, p. 84. Reprinted
by permission of Roberto Osti Illustrations
How Did Agriculture Affect Human Biology? The Skeleton.
Clark Larsen/Mark Griffin
Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Disease
• Agriculture
– Population increase + sedentary lifestyle = overcrowding & disease
– Periosteal reaction • Staph infection
Clark Spencer Larsen
Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Disease
• Diseases of the Neolithic – Treponematoses
(syphilis, yaws)
– Tuberculosis, measles, mumps, cholera, flu, small pox
– Not just introduced by European colonization
Tracy K. Betsinger
Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Tooth Decay
• Domesticated plants high in carbohydrates
– Bacteria produce lactic acid
Clark Spencer Larsen Donald J. Ortner, Smithsonian Institution
Scimat/Science Source
Clark S. Larsen: Figure 3.2 “Percentage of teeth affected by dental
caries in eastern North America” from Bioarchaeology:
Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton, p. 69, Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Nutrition
• Dietary variety critical for proper growth
– Lacking in agriculturalists
– Results in nutritional deficiencies
– Detected by enamel hypoplasias
Barry Stark
Health and the Agricultural Revolution: Nutrition
• Iron deficiency (anemia)
– Lack of meat
– Corn reduces iron absorption
– Hookworm causes iron loss
– Skeletal indicators • Porotic hyperostosis
• Cribra orbitalia
David Scharf/Science Source
Clark Spencer Larsen
Mark C. Griffin
Health Costs of Agriculture
Our Ongoing Evolution
Lecture Slides
Essentials of Physical Anthropology
Clark Spencer Larsen
THIRD EDITION
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