Esa Unit4

Discovery of Fire

. 1

Discovery of Fire

• Night -> Day

• Warmth

•

• Safety

• Tool Making

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History of Energy Sources

Energy Use

How is Energy Measured?

• Joule

• Calorie

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Energy Use

Wood as Energy Source

• Conflict with Building Needs

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Wood as Energy Source• Deforestation

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1650 1850

1926

Wood as Energy Source

• Smog

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Biomass• Growing plant matter for energy use

• RENEWABLE

• Usually scraps,

waste

• Reduces fire danger

10

Plant oils

• Sunflower

• Nut oils

• Jatropha

• pongamia

11

Jatropha

. 12

Found in Central America

Kelp farms

13

Hardy

High energyContent

Grows quickly

Ethanol from Plants

• Fermentation

• Brazilsugar cane

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Conflict with Food Production

15

The Pits

• gocpc.com

• Food Waste

16

California

• Burns 5 million tons -> electricity (#1 in US)

(55 million wasted)

17

Fossil Fuels

• Coal

• Petroleum

• Natural Gas

18

Coal

. 19

Coal Mining

. 20

Dirty Coal

. 21

Coal Formation

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• Peat

• Lignite

• Bituminous

• Anthracite

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Increasing Carbon content, increasing Energy

Coal Deposits

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US Coal

25

Mining Types

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Mountaintop Removal

27

Coal Combustion

28

Sulfur, Nitrogen impurities

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SOx and NOx

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Petroleum Formation

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Petroleum Reserves

32

US Petroleum Imports

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The Future??

• Depletion Rates

. 34

Production of Greenhouse Gas

• CoalC + O2 ----> CO2

• PetroleumC8H18 + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O

• Natural GasCH4 + O2 ------> CO2 + H2O

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Links with Climate Change

36

Fossil Fuel Use

• Not renewable/sustainable

• Polluting, greenhouse gas

• Political vulnerability

• Oil spills, mining disasters

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CO2 Removal

• Reforestation

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CO2 Sequestration

39

CO2 Consumption

40

Fossil Fuel Use

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Crude Oil Prices

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California Prices

• Distance from Gulf of Mexico

• Few refineries

• Unique formulation

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Mileage

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The Future

• 200 mpg?

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Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

• Ethanol

• Oil Shale

• Tar Sands

• Hydrogen

. 46

Ethanol from Plants

• Fermentation

• Brazilsugar cane

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Conflict with Food Production

48

Ethanol Production

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Oil Shale

• Kerogen

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Oil Shale

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US reserves

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Hydrogen Fuel Cells

• H2 + O2 -----> H2O

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Fuel Cell Vehicles

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Hydrogen Stations

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Challenger (1986)

• flammability

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Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

• Nuclear Fission, Fusion

• •Solar

• •Wind

• •Hydroelectric

• •Geothermal

• •Tidal

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