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UNIT IV
CONVECTION
PART A
1. What is dimensional analysis?
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical method which makes use of
the study ofthe dimensions for solving several engineering
problems. This method can be applied toall types of fluid
resistances, heat flow problems in fluid mechanics
andthermodynamics.
2. State Buckingham p theorem.
Buckingham p theorem states as Follows: If there are n variables
in adimensionally homogeneous equation and if these contain m
fundamental dimensions,then the variables are arranged into (n m)
dimensionless terms. These dimensionlessterms are called p
terms.
3. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis?
1. It expresses the functional relationship between the
variables in dimensionalterms.
2. It enables getting up a theoretical solution in a simplified
dimensionless form. 3. The results of one series of tests can be
applied to a large number of other similar
problems with the help of dimensional analysis.
4. What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis?
1. The complete information is not provided by dimensional
analysis. It only indi-cates that there is some relationship
between the parameters.
2. No information is given about the internal mechanism of
physical phenomenon.3. Dimensional analysis does not give any clue
regarding the selection of variables.
5. Define Reynolds number (Re).
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous
force.
6. Define prandtl number (Pr).
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It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the thermal
diffusivity.
7. Define Nusselt number (Nu).
It is defined as the ratio of the heat flow by convection
process under an unittemperature gradient to the heat flow rate by
conduction under an unit temperaturegradient through a stationary
thickness (L) of metre.
Nusselt number (Nu) =
8. Define Grash of number (Gr).
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and
buoyancy force to thesquare of viscous force.
9. Define Stanton number (St).
It is the ratio of nusselt number to the product of Reynolds
number and prandtlnumber.
10. What is meant by Newtonion and non Newtonion fluids?
The fluids which obey the Newtons Law of viscosity are called
Newtonion fluidsand those which do not obey are called non
newtonion fluids.
11. What is meant by laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow: Laminar flow is sometimes called stream line flow.
In this type of flow,the fluid moves in layers and each fluid
particle follows a smooth continuous path. Thefluid particles in
each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with
eachother.
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Turbulent flow: In addition to the laminar type of flow, a
distinct irregular flow isfrequency observed in nature. This type
of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of anyindividual
particle is zig zag and irregular. Fig. shows the instantaneous
velocity inlaminar and turbulent flow.
12. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less
than 99% of freestream velocity.
13. What is thermal boundary layer?
In thermal boundary layer, temperature of the fluid is less than
99% of freestream velocity.
14. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between
a solid surfaceand a fluid medium when they are at different
temperatures.
15. State Newtons law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by
the equation Q = h A (Tw T)
This equation is referred to as Newtons law of cooling.
Where
h Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.A Surface area in
m2
Tw Surface (or) Wall temperature in K
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T - Temperature of fluid in K.
16. What is meant by free or natural convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density
resulting fromtemperature gradients, the mode of heat transfer is
said to be free or naturalconvection.
17. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an
external force like ablower or fan, that type of heat transfer is
known as forced convection.18. According to Newtons law of cooling
the amount of heat transfer from a solidsurface of area A at
temperature Tw to a fluid at a temperature T is given
by_____________.
Ans : Q = h A (Tw T)
19. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer
for flow throughcylindrical pipes?
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
n = 0.4 for heating of fluidsn = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
20. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced
convection?
1. Reynolds number (Re)2. Nusdselt number (Nu)3. Prandtl number
(Pr)
21. Define boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the
distance from thesurface at which the local velocity or temperature
reaches 99% of the external velocity ortemperature.
PART B
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1. Air at 20C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat
plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. ifthe plate maintained at 60C,
calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate.Assuming
the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2m.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 20C, Pressure p = 1 bar, Velocity
U = 3 m/s,
Plate surface temperature Tw = 60C, Width W = 1 m, Length L =
2m.
Solution : We know, Film temperature
Properties of air at 40C:
Density r = 1.129 Kg/m3
Thermal conductivity K = Kinematic viscosity v = Prandtl number
Pr = 0.699
We know, Reynolds number Re =
Reynolds number value is less than 5 105, so this is laminar
flow.
For flat plate, Laminar flow, Local Nusselt Number Nux = 0.332
(Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 2.327 W/m2KWe know,
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2 hx
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h = 4.65 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)
2. Air at 20C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at
a velocity of 3 m/s. ifthe plate is 1 m wide and 80C, calculate the
following at x = 300 mm.
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 2. Thermal boundary
layer thickness, 3. Local friction coefficient,4. Average friction
coefficient, 5. Local heat transfer coefficient6. Average heat
transfer coefficient,7. Heat transfer.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 20C Velocity U = 3 m/s Wide W = 1
m
Surface temperature Tw = 80CDistance x = 300 mm = 0.3 m
Solution: We knowFilm temperature
We know, Reynolds number Re =
Since Re < 5 105, flow is laminar For Flat plate, laminar
flow,
1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness:
2. Thermal boundary layer thickness:
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3. Local Friction coefficient:
4. Average friction coefficient:
5. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):
Local Nusselt NumberNux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
We know
Local Nusselt Number
6. Average heat transfer coefficient (h):
7. Heat transfer:
We know that,
3. Air at 30C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s.
The plate is 2 m long and1.5 m wide. Calculate the following:
1. Boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate,2.
Total drag force, 3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary
layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85
cm.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C Velocity U = 2 m/s Length L = 2
m Wide W W = 1.5 m
To find:1. Boundary layer thickness
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2. Total drag force.3. Total mass flow rate through the boundary
layer between x = 40 cm and x = 85
cm.
Solution: Properties of air at 30C
We know, Reynolds number
For flat plate, laminar flow, [from HMT data book, Page
No.99]
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
Thermal boundary layer thickness,
We know,Average friction coefficient,
We know
Total mass flow rate between x = 40 cm and x= 85 cm.
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
4. Air at 30C, Flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 4 m/s.
The plate measures 50 30cm and is maintained at a uniform
temperature of 90C. Compare the heat loss fromthe plate when the
air flows (a) Parallel to 50 cm,
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(b) Parallel to 30 cmAlso calculate the percentage of heat
loss.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C Velocity U = 4 m/s Plate
dimensions = 50 cm 30 cm
Surface temperature Tw = 90C
Solution: Film temperature
Properties of air at 60C,
Case (i) : When the flow is parallel to 50 cm.Reynolds
number
Local nusselt number NUx= 0.332(Re)0.5(Pr)0.333
NUx =0.332
Local nusselt number NUx =95.35We know
We know
Average heat transfer coefficient
Case (ii) : When the flow is parallel to 30 cm side. Reynolds
number Re =
For flat plate, laminar flow, Local Nusselt Number
We know that, NUx =
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Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
Case (iii):
5. Air at 40C is flows over a flat plate of 0.9 m at a velocity
of 3 m/s. Calculate thefollowing:
1. Overall drag coefficient2. Average shear stress, 3. Compare
the average shear stress with local shear stress (shear stress at
the
trailing edge)Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C
Length L = 0.9 m Velocity U = 3 m/s.
Solution:
Properties of air at 40C:
We know, Reynolds number
For plate, laminar flow,
Drag coefficient (or) Average skin friction coefficient
We know Average friction coefficient
We know,
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Local skin friction coefficient
we know Local skin friction coefficient
6. Air at 290C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 6 m/s.
The plate is 1m long and0.5 m wide. The pressure of the air is 6
kN/2. If the plate is maintained at atemperature of 70C, estimate
the rate of heat removed from the plate.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 290C Velocity U = 6 m/s. Length L
= 1 m
Wide W = 0.5 m Pressure of air P = 6 kN/m2
Plate surface temperature Tw = 70C
To find: Heat removed from the plate
Solution:
We know Film temperature
Properties of air at 180C (At atmospheric pressure)
Note: Pressure other than atmospheric pressure is given, so
kinematic viscosity willvary with pressure. Pr, K, Cp are same for
all pressures. Kinematic viscosity
We know, Reynolds number
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For plate, laminar flow, Local nusselt number
We knowNUx =
We know
Average heat transfer coefficient h = 2hx
Heat transfer from both side of the plate = 2 254.1
= 508.2 W.
7. Air at 40C flows over a flat plate, 0.8 m long at a velocity
of 50 m/s. The platesurface is maintained at 300C. Determine the
heat transferred from the entire platelength to air taking into
consideration both laminar and turbulent portion of theboundary
layer. Also calculate the percentage error if the boundary layer is
assumedto be turbulent nature from the very leading edge of the
plate.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C Length L = 0.8 m Velocity U =
50 m/s
Plate surface temperature Tw = 300C
To find :
1. Heat transferred for: i. Entire plate is considered as
combination of both laminar and turbulentflow.ii. Entire plate is
considered as turbulent flow.
2. Percentage error.
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Solution: We know
Film temperature T
We know
Case (i): Laminar turbulent combined. [It means, flow is laminar
upto Reynoldsnumber value is 5 105, after that flow is
turbulent]
Average nusselt number = Nu = (Pr)0.333 (Re)0.8 871 Nu =
(0.6815)0.333 [0.037 (1.26 106)0.8 871 Average nusselt number Nu =
1705.3
Case (ii) : Entire plate is turbulent flow:
Local nusselt number} Nux = 0.0296 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.333 NUx =
0.0296 (1.26 106)0.8 (0.6815)0.333
NUx = 1977.57We know
Local heat transfer coefficient hx = 91.46 W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient (for turbulent flow)
h = 1.24 hx = 1.24 91.46
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 113.41 W/m2K
We know Heat transfer Q2 = h A (Tw + T)
= h L W (Tw + T) = 113.41 0.8 1 (300 40)Q2 = 23589.2 W
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8. Air at 20C flows over a flat plate at 60C with a free stream
velocity of 6 m/s.Determine the value of the average convective
heat transfer coefficient upto a lengthof 1 m in the flow
direction.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 20C Plate temperature Tw = 60C
Velocity U = 6 m/s Length L = 1 m
To find : Average heat transfer coefficient
Solution : We know
We know Reynolds number Re =
For flat plate, laminar flow
Local nusselt number} Nux = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (3.53 105)0.5 (0.699)0.333
NUx = 175.27
We know, Local nusselt number}
9. Air at 25C at the atmospheric pressure is flowing over a flat
plate at 3 m/s. If theplate is 1 m wide and the temperature Tw =
75C. Calculate the following at a locationof 1m from leading edge.
1.i. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness, 1.ii. Local friction
coefficient,1.iii. Thermal boundary layer thickness,1.iv. Local
heat transfer coefficient
Given : Fluid temperature T = 25C Velocity U = 3 m/s Wide W = 1
m
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Plate surface temperature Tw = 75CDistance = 1 m
To find:
1.1.1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness.1.1.2. Local
friction coefficient 1.1.3. Thermal boundary layer thickness1.1.4.
Local heat transfer coefficient
Solution: We know
We know,Reynolds number Re=
For flat plate, laminar flow, 1. Hydrodynamic boundary layer
thickness,
2. Local friction coefficient
3. Thermal boundary layer thickness,
4. Local heat transfer coefficient (hx):
We know
Local nusselt number} NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (1.67 105)0.5 (0.698)0.333
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NUx = 120.415
10. Atmospheric air at 300 K with a velocity of 2.5 m/s flows
over a flat plate of lengthL = 2m and width W = 1m maintained at
uniform temperature of 400 K. Calculate thelocal heat transfer
coefficient at 1 m length and the average heat transfer
coefficientfrom L = 0 to L = 2m. Also find the heat transfer,
Given : Fluid temperature T = 300 KVelocity U = 2.5 m/sTotal
Length L = 2 mWidth W = 1 m
Surface temperature Tw = 400 K
To find:
1. Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1 m2. Average heat
transfer coefficient at L = 2 m3. Heat transfer Q
Solution:
Case (i): Local heat transfer coefficient at L = 1m
For flat plate, laminar flow,
Local Nusselt number} NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (118539.5)0.5 (0.692)0.333
NUx = 101.18We know, Local nusselt number} 101.18 = hx = 3.0832
W/m2K
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Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 3.08 W/m2K
Case (ii): Average heat transfer coefficient at L = 2mReynolds
number Re =
For flat plate, laminar flow,
NUx = 0.332 (Re)0.5 (Pr)0.333
= 0.332 (237079.18)0.5 (0.692)0.333
NUx = 143
Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 2.17 W/m2KWe know
that,
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 2 hxh = 2 2.17h = 4.35
W/m2K
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 4.35 W/m2K
Case (iii) : Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)= 4.35 2 1 (400
300)
Q = 870 W.
11. For a particular engine, the underside of the crank case can
be idealized as a flatplat measuring 80 cm 20 cm. The engine runs
at 80 km/hr and the crank case iscooled by air flowing past it at
the same speed. Calculate the loss of heat from thecrank case
surface of temperature 75C to the ambient air temperature 25C.
Assumethe boundary layer becomes turbulent from the loading edge
itself.
Given : Area A = 80 cm 20 cm= 1600 cm2 = 0.16m2
Velocity U = 80 Km/hr
Flow is turbulent from the leading edge, i.e,. flow is fully
turbulent.
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To find:1. Heat loss
We know
For flat plate, turbulent flow, [Fully turbulent from leading
edge given]
Local Nusselt number} NUx = 0.0296 (Re)0.8 (Pt)0.333
= 0.0296 [9 105]0.8 (0.698)0.33
NUx = 1524.6We know that,
Local heat transfer coefficient} hx = 53.85 W/m2KFor turbulent
flow, flat plate
Average heat transfer coefficient} h = 1.24 hxh = 1.24 53.85h =
66.78 W/m2K
We know, Heat loss Q = h A (Tw - T)= 66.78 0.16 (75 25)Q = 534.2
W
Formula used for Flow over cylinders and spheres
1. Film temperature Where T - Fluid temperature C
Tw Plate surface temperature C
2. Reynolds number Where U Velocity, m/s
D - Diameter, m
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n - Kinematic viscosity, m2/s
3. Nusselt number NU = C (Re)m (Pr)0.333
4. Nusselt number NU =
5. Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)Where A =
For sphere:
Nusselt number NU = 0.37 (Re)0.6
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)Where A 4pr2
12. Air at 15C, 30 km/h flows over a cylinder of 400 mm diameter
and 1500 mmheight with surface temperature of 45C. Calculate the
heat loss.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 15C Velocity U = 30 Km/h
Diameter D = 400 mm = 0.4 mLength L = 1500 mm = 1.5 mPlate
surface temperature Tw = 45C
To find: Heat loss.Solution: We know
Film temperature
Properties of air at 30C : [From HMT data book, Page
No.22]Density r = 1.165 Kg/m3
Kinematic viscosity v = 16 10-6 m2/sPrandtl Number Pr =
0.701
Thermal conductivity K = 26.75 10-3 W/mK
We know
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Reynolds Number Re =
We know
Nusselt Number Nu = C (Re)m (Pr)0.333
[From HMT data book, Page No.105]
ReD value is 2.08 105, so C value is 0.0266 and m value is
0.805.
[From HMT data book, Page No.105] NU = 0.0266 (2.08 105)0.805
(0.701)0.333
We know that, Nusselt Number NU =
13. Air at 30C, 0.2 m/s flows across a 120W electric bulb at
130C. Find heat transferand power lost due to convection if bulb
diameter is 70 mm.
Given : Fluid temperature T = 30C Velocity U = 0.2 m/s Heat
energy Q1 = 120 W
Surface temperature Tw = 130CDiameter D = 70 mm = 0.070 m
To find:1. Heat Transfer2. Power lost due to convection
Solution:1. Film temperature
We know
Nusselt Number Nu = 0.37 (Re)0.6
= 0.37 (663.82)0.6
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Nu = 18.25We know Nusselt number
Heat transfer coefficient h = 7.94 W/m2KWe know
Heat transfer Q2 = h A (Tw - T)
2. % of heat lost =
14. Air at 40C flows over a tube with a velocity of 30 m/s. The
tube surfacetemperature is 120C. Calculate the heat transfer for
the following cases.
1. Tube could be square with a side of 6 cm.2. Tube is circular
cylinder of diameter 6 cm
Given : Fluid temperature T = 40C Velocity U = 30 m/s
Tube surface temperature Tw = 120C
To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution: We know
Case (i): Tube is considered as square of side 6 cmi.e., L = 6cm
= 0.06mReynolds number Re =
Case (ii)
Tube diameter D = 6cm = 0.06 m
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so corresponding C and m values are 0.0266 and 0.805
respectively.
Formulae Used for Flow Over Bank of Tubes
1. Maximum velocity Umax = Where Sn Transverse pitch, m.
2. Reynolds Number Re =
3. Nusselt Number, NU = 1.13 (Pr)0.33 [C Ren][From HMT data
book, Page No.114]
15. In a surface condenser, water flows through staggered tubes
while the air ispassed in cross flow over the tubes. The
temperature and velocity of air are 30C and8 m/s respectively. The
longitudinal and transverse pitches are 22 mm and 20
mmrespectively. The tube outside diameter is 18 mm and tube surface
temperature is90C. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient.
Given: Fluid temperature T = 30C Velocity U = 8 m/s
Longitudinal pitch, Sp = 22mm = 0.022 mTransverse pitch, Sn =
20mm = 0.020 mDiameter D = 18mm = 0.018 mTube surface temperature
Tw = 90C
Solution:
We know Maximum velocity Umax =
We know
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corresponding C, n values are 0.518 and 0.556 respectively.[From
HMT data book, Page No.114]
C = 0.518n = 0.556
We know,
Nusselt Number Nu = 1.13 (Pr) 0.333[C (Re)n][From HMT data book,
Page No.114]
We know Nusselt Number
Heat transfer coefficient h = 428.6 W/m2K.
Formulae used for flow through Cylinders (Internal flow)
1. Bulk mean temperature
Tmi = Inlet temperature C,Where
Tmo = Outlet temperature C.2. Reynolds Number If Reynolds number
value is less than 2300, flow is laminar. If Reynolds number
valuesis greater than 2300, flow is turbulent.
3. Laminar Flow: Nusselt Number NU 3.66
[From HMT data book, Page No.116]
4. Turbulent Flow (General Equation)Nusselt Number Nu = 0.023
(Re)0.8 (Pr)n
n = 0.4 Heating processn = 0.3 Cooling process
[From HMT data book, Page No.119]
This equation is valid for
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0.6 < Pr < 160,Re < 10000
For turbulent flow,
This equation is valid for
5. Equivalent diameter for rectangular section,
Where A Area, m2,P Perimeter, mL Length, m,W Width, m.
6. Equivalent diameter for hollow cylinder
7. Heat transfer
Q = h A (Tw Tm) where A = p D L (or) Q = m Cp (Tmo Tmi)
Where Tw Tube wall temperature C, Tm Mean temperature C. Tmi
Inlet temperature C Tmo Outlet temperature C.
8. Mass flow ratem - r A U Kg/s
Where r - Density, Kg/m3
A Area, U Velocity, m/s
16. When 0.6 Kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of
2 cm diameter, it isfound to be heated from 20C to 60C. The heating
is achieved by condensing steamon the surface of the tube and
subsequently the surface temperature of the tube ismaintained at
90C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully
developed
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flow.Given : Mass m = 0.6 Kg/min = = 0.01 Kg/s
To find: length of the tube (L)
Solution:Bulk mean temperature
Let us first determine the type of flow
For laminar flow,
Nusselt number NU = 3.66We know
17. Water at 50C enters 50 mm diameter and 4 m long tube with a
velocity of 0.8 m/s.The tube wall is maintained at a constant
temperature of 90C. Determine the heattransfer coefficient and the
total amount of heat transferred if exist water temperatureis
70C.
Given:
Inner temperature of water Tmi = 50CDiameter D = 50mm = 0.05
mLength L = 4 mVelocity U = 0.8 m/s
Total wall temperature Tw = 90C
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Exit temperature of water Tmo = 70C
To find:
1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)2. Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:Bulk mean temperature
Let us first determine the type of flow:
ratio is greater than 60. Re value is greater than 10,000 and Pr
value is in between 0.6and 160 so,
Nusselt number NU = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
[Inlet temperature 50C, Exit temperature 70C Heating Process, So
n = 0.4]
Heat transfer coefficient h = 4039.3 W/m2KHeat transfer Q = h A
(Tw Tm)
18. What flows through 0.8 cm diameter, 3m long tube at an
average temperature of40C. The flow velocity is 0.65 m/s and tube
wall temperature is 140C. Calculate theaverage heat transfer
coefficient.
Given : Diameter of tube D = 0.8 cm = 0.008 m Length L = 3 m
Average temperature Tm = 40C Velocity U = 0.65 m/s Tube wall
temperature Tw = 140C
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To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
ratio is in between 10 and 400, Re < 10000, so Nusselt Number
Nu = 0.036 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.33
We know Nusselt number NU=
19. Air at 15C, 35 m/s, flows through a hollow cylinder of 4 cm
inner diameter and 6cm outer diameter and leaves at 45C. Tube wall
is maintained at 60C. Calculate theheat transfer coefficient
between the air and the inner tube.
Given: Inner temperature of air Tmi = 15C Velocity U = 35 m/s
Inner diameter Di = 4 cm = 0.04m Outer diameter Do = 6 cm = 0.06m
Exit temperature of air Tmo = 45C Tube wall temperature Tw =
60C
To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution: We know
Hydraulic of Equivalent diameter
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)Nu =
0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
This is heating process so, n = 0.4
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20. Air at 30C, 6 m/s flows over a rectangular section of size
300 800 mm. Calculatethe heat leakage per meter length per unit
temperature difference.
Given : Air temperature Tm = 30C
Velocity U = 6 m/s Area A = 300 800 mm2
A = 0.24 m2
To find: 1. Heat leakage per metre length per unit temperature
difference.
Solution:
Equivalent diameter for 300 800 mm2 cross section is given
by
We know
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent.
For turbulent flow general equation is (Re > 10000)Nu = 0.023
(Re)0.8 (Pr)n
Assuming the pipe wall temperature to be higher than a
temperature. So heatingprocess n = 0.4
We know
Heat transfer coefficient h = 18.09 W/m2KHeat leakage per unit
per length per unit temperature difference Q = h P =Q = 39.79 W
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21. Air at 333K, 1.5 bar pressure, flow through 12 cm diameter
tube. The surfacetemperature of the tube is maintained at 400K and
mass flow rate is 75 kg/hr.calculate the heat transfer rate for 1.5
m length of the tube.
Given : Air temperature Tm = 333 K = 60C Diameter D = 12 cm =
0.12 m
Surface temperature Tw = 400 K = 127CMass flow rate m = 75 kg/hr
= m = 0.020 Kg/sLength L = 1.5 m
To find:1. Heat transfer rate (Q)
Solution:
Since the pressure is not much above atmospheric, physical
properties of air may betaken at atmospheric condition
We know
Since Re > 2300, so flow is turbulent For turbulent flow,
general equation is (Re>10000)
Nu = 32.9
22. 250 Kg/hr of air are cooled from 100C to 30C by flowing
through a 3.5 cm innerdiameter pipe coil bent in to a helix of 0.6
m diameter. Calculate the value of air sideheat transfer
coefficient if the properties of air at 65C are
K = 0.0298 W/mKm = 0.003 Kg/hr m
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Pr = 0.7r = 1.044 Kg/m3
Given : Mass flow rate in = 205 kg/hr
Inlet temperature of air Tmi = 100COutlet temperature of air Tmo
= 30CDiameter D = 3.5 cm = 0.035 mMean temperature
To find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution:Reynolds Number Re = Kinematic viscosity
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent For turbulent flow,
general equation is (Re > 10000)
We know that,
Heat transfer coefficient h = 2266.2 W/m2K
23. In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID and 5 cm OD) the air is
heated by maintaining thetemperature of the outer surface of inner
tube at 50C. The air enters at 16C andleaves at 32C. Its flow rate
is 30 m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coefficient betweenair and
the inner tube.
Given : Inner diameter Di = 3.125 cm = 0.03125 m
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Outer diameter Do = 5 cm = 0.05 mTube wall temperature Tw =
50CInner temperature of air Tmi = 16COuter temperature of air tmo =
32CFlow rate U = 30 m/sTo find: Heat transfer coefficient (h)
Solution:Mean temperature Tm =
We know,
Hydraulic or equivalent diameter
= 0.05 0.03125Dh = 0.01875 m
Re = 35.3 10-6
Since Re > 2300, flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, general equation is (Re > 10000)Nu =
0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)n
This is heating process. So n = 0.4
24. Engine oil flows through a 50 mm diameter tube at an average
temperature of147C. The flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the
average heat transfer coefficient ifthe tube wall is maintained at
a temperature of 200C and it is 2 m long.
Given : Diameter D = 50 mm = 0.050 mAverage temperature Tm =
147C
Velocity U = 80 cm/s = 0.80 m/sTube wall temperature Tw =
200C
Length L = 2m
To find: Average heat transfer coefficient (h)
-
Solution : Properties of engine oil at 147C
We know
Since Re < 2300 flow is turbulent
For turbulent flow, (Re < 10000)
25. A system for heating water from an inlet temperature of 20C
to an outlettemperature of 40C involves passing the water through a
2.5cm diameter steel pipe.The pipe surface temperature is
maintained at 110C by condensing steam on itssurface. For a water
mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/min, find the length of the tube
desired.
Given : Inlet temperature Tmi = 20C Outlet temperature Tmo = 40C
Diameter D = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
Piper surface temperature Tw = 110CMass flow rate m = 0.5 Kg/min
= 8.33 10-3 Kg/s
To find: Length of the tube (L)
Solution: We know
We know
For laminar flow,
Nusselt number Nu = 3.66
Heat transfer coefficient h = 89.3 W/m2K
Formulae used for free convection
-
1. Film temperature where Tw Surface temperature in C T - Fluid
temperature in C
2. Coefficient of thermal expansion
3. Nusselt Number Nu =
Where h Heat transfer coefficient W/m2K L Length, m
K Thermal conductivity, W/mK4. Grashof number for vertical
plate
5. If GrPr value is less than 109, flow is laminar. If GrPr
value is greater than 109, flow isturbulent.
i.e., GrPr > 109, Laminar flow GrPr > 109, Turbulent
flow
6. For laminar flow (Vertical plate):
Nusselt number Nu = 0.59 (GrPr)0.25
This expression is valid for,104 < Gr Pr < 109
7. For turbulent flow (Vertical plate):Nusselt Number Nu = 0.10
[Gr Pr]0.333
8. Heat transfer (vertical plate):Q = h A (Tw - T)
9. Grashof number for horizontal plate:
Where Lc Characteristic length = W Width of the plate.
10. For horizontal plate, upper surface heated, Nusselt number
Nu = 0.54 [Gr Pr]0.25
-
This expression is valid for
11. For horizontal plate, lower surface heated
Nusselt Number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25
This expression is valid for 105 < Gr Pr < 1011
12. Heat transfer (Horizontal plate)
Q = (hu + hj) A (Tw - T)Where hu Upper surface heated, heat
transfer coefficient W/m2 KHi Lower surface heated, heat transfer
coefficient, W/m2K
13. For horizontal cylinder
Nusselt number Nu = C [Gr Pr]m
14. For horizontal cylinder,
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)Where A - pDL
15.For sphere,
Nusselt number Nu = 2 + 0.43 [Gr Pr]0.25
Heat transfer Q = h A (Tw - T)Where A - 4pr2
16. Boundary layer thickness
26. A vertical plate of 0.75 m height is at 170 C and is exposed
to air at a temperatureof 105C and one atmosphere calculate:1. Mean
heat transfer coefficient,2. Rate of heat transfer per unit width
of the plate
Given : Length L = 0.75 m
-
Wall temperature Tw = 170CFluid temperature T = 105C
To find: 1. Heat transfer coefficient (h)2. Heat transfer (Q)
per unit width
Solution: Velocity (U) is not given. So this is natural
convection type problem.
We know that
We know Grahsof number Gr =
Since Gr Pr < 109, flow is laminar
Gr Pr value is in between 104 and 109 i.e., 104 < Gr Pr <
109
So, Nusselt Number
Nu = 0.59 (Gr Pr)0.25
We know Nusselt number Nu =
Heat transfer coefficient h = 4.24 W/m2KWe know
27. A large vertical plate 4 m height is maintained at 606C and
exposed toatmospheric air at 106C. Calculate the heat transfer is
the plate is 10 m wide.
Given : Vertical plate length (or) Height L = 4 mWall
temperature Tw = 606CAir temperature T = 106C
-
Wide W = 10 m
To find: Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:
Gr = 1.61 1011
Gr Pr = 1.61 1011 0.676Gr Pr = 1.08 1011 Since Gr Pr > 109,
flow is turbulent For turbulent flow, Nusselt number Nu = 0.10 [Gr
Pr]0.333
We know that, Nusselt number
Heat transfer coefficient h = 5.78 W/m2K
Heat transfer Q = h A DT
28. A thin 100 cm long and 10 cm wide horizontal plate is
maintained at a uniformtemperature of 150C in a large tank full of
water at 75C. Estimate the rate of heat tobe supplied to the plate
to maintain constant plate temperature as heat is dissipatedfrom
either side of plate.
Given :
Length of horizontal plate L = 100 cm = 1mWide W = 10 cm = 0.10
mPlate temperature Tw = 150CFluid temperature T = 75C
-
To find: Heat loss (Q) from either side of plate
Solution:
Lc = 0.05 m
Gr Pr = 5.29 109
Gr Pr value is in between 8 106 and 1011
i.e., 8 106 < Gr Pr < 1011
For horizontal plate, upper surface heated:
Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
We know that,
Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient hu = 3543.6
W/m2K
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 [Gr Pr]0.25
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h1 = 994.6
W/m2K
Total heat transfer Q = (hu + h1) A DT
= (hu + h1) W L (Tw - T)= (3543.6 + 994.6) 0.10 (150 75)Q =
34036.5 W
29. A hot plate 20 cm in height and 60 cm wide is exposed to the
ambient air at 30C.Assuming the temperature of the plate is
maintained at 110C. Find the beat loss
-
from both surface of the plate. Assume horizontal plate.
Given :
Height (or) Length of the Plate L = 20 cm = 0.20 mWide W = 60 cm
= 0.60 mFluid temperature T = 30CPlate surface temperature Tw =
110C
To find:
Heat loss from both the surface of the plate (Q)
Solution:
We know Coefficient of thermal expansion}
We know
Gr Pr value is in between 8 106 and 1011
i.e., 8 106 < Gr Pr < 1011
For horizontal plate, Upper surface heated,
Nusselt number Nu = 0.15 (Gr Pr)0.333
Upper surface heated, heat transfer coefficient hu = 6.99
W/m2K
For horizontal plate, lower surface heated:
Nusselt number Nu = 0.27 (Gr Pr)0.25
= 0.277 [1.06 108]0.25
-
Nu = 28.15
We know that,
Lower surface heated, heat transfer coefficient h = 2.78
W/m2K
30. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained
at a consenttemperature of 120C. The pipe is surrounded by still
atmospheric air at 30C. Findheat loss by natural convection.
Given : Vertical pipe diameter D = 80 mm = 0.080 mHeight (or)
Length L = 2 mSurface temperature Tw = 120 CAir temperature T =
30C
To find: Heat loss (Q)
Solution: We know
We know
For turbulent flow,
Nu = 0.10 [Gr Pr]0.333
= 0.10 [3.32 1010]0.333
Nu = 318.8
We know that,