Erikson, Horney, Jung Stages of Psychosocial Devt with example

ERIK ERIKSON’S STAGES OF

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

1.Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1.5 yrs. old)

- The emphasis is on the mother's positive and loving care for the child, with a big emphasis on visual contact and touch

- develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust if fed and cared for.

-Abuse or neglect or cruelty will destroy trust and foster mistrust.

- we will learn to trust that life is basically okay and have basic confidence in the future.

- feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general.

- basic virtue: Hope

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood 1-3 yrs. old)

-Autonomy = self-reliance (independence of thought, and

confidence to think and act for oneself.

- child begins to assert their independence (walking away from

their mother, picking which toy to play with and choosing what

they like to wear, to eat)

- The child is developing physically and becoming more mobile.

- Child needs to develop a sense of personal control over

physical skills

- If child is not given the opportunity to assert

themselves = feeling inadequate in their

ability to survive (dependent upon others, lack

self-esteem, and feeling of shame/doubt in their

own abilities.

-Success leads autonomy, failure = in feelings of

shame and doubt.

- basic virtue: Will

3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5 yrs. old)

-Child interacts with other children at school.

- Child begins to plan activities, make up games (take

initiative in creating play situations)

- through criticism or control, children develop a

sense of guilt = may feel a nuisance to others and

lacks of self-initiative.

- preventing a child doing things for themselves

because of time, mess or a bit of risk will inhibit the

development of confidence to initiate, replacing it

instead with an unhelpful fear of being wrong or

unapproved.

4. Industry (purposeful/competence) vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-12 yrs. old)

- Child is learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new

skills and knowledge

- child’s peer group will gain greater significance and becomes

source of the child’s self esteem.

- child feels the need to win approval by society, begin to

develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

- If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative,

they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability

to achieve goals. 

- if it is restricted by parents or teacher, the child feels inferior

(doubting his own abilities) and may not reach his/her potential.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 yrs. old)

- adolescence is a stage at which we are neither a child nor an adult (role-confusion)

-begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc.

- Young people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed

- can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood 18-40 yrs. old)

-share ourselves more intimately with others.

-  explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member.

- Successful completion of this stage can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship.

- Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 36-65 yrs. old)

- establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.

-raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.

- failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive.

Case Study 1: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Melissa. Mellissa's parent are both

physicians. In college she majored in French,

spending a semester in France studying art

and culture. Upon graduation she surprised

her parents by announcing that she had

applied to medical school. A close

relationship with a hospice nurse and a

summer job as a hospital volunteer had

helped her arrive at the decision.

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood, 65-death)

-slow down our productivity, and explore life as a

retired person

- contemplate our accomplishments

- Erik Erikson believed if we see our lives as

unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel

that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become

dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often

leading to depression and hopelessness.

Case Study 2: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Lynn's mother is a professor of women's studies who is

deeply involved in feminist issues. Lynn very much

admires her mother, a strong woman who, as a single

parent, struggled to provide for her daughter while

establishing her own career. Lynn believes that she will

be a strong and independent woman. She avoids

people (esp. men) who either don't see her in that light

or try to bring out her feminine nature. Lynn's college

grades are very high, and her course selections reflect

an interest in psychology, politics, and women's

studies.

KAREN HORNEY’S THEORY

Neurosis-psychic disturbance brought by fears and

defenses

-an individual having trouble with coping and

handling certain psychosocial environmental

stressors resulting in problems within their

selves

-Feelings and attitudes

- driven by emotional forces

Neurotic Needs

1. The Neurotic Needs for Affection and

Approval

2. The Neurotic Needs for a Partner Who Will

Take Over One’s Life

3. make things more simpler by having no routine

or rules, avoid confrontation that may add to their

frustration. 

4. needs to have control and power over others. 

5. has a need to be recognized socially,

extremely concerned with appearance and

popularity

6. has a need for others to admire their inner

qualities.

7. need personal accomplishment, want to be

leader of everyone, number one at everything. 

8. need independence, refuse help from others.

They rather have all the attention focused on

them 

9. needs perfection

3 ways of dealing with the world

1. Moving Toward People.-Children move toward people in order to seek help and acceptance.- These people have an intense need to be liked, involved, important, and appreciated.

2. Moving Against People.-trying to force your power onto others in hopes of feeling good about yourself.- with this personality style come across as bossy, demanding, selfish, and even cruel.-  'get them before they get me.‘ mentality

3. Moving Away From People

-indifference to others.

- don't get involved with others, they can't be hurt by

them.

- protects them from emotional pain of relationships =

it also keeps away all positive aspects of relationships.

- feeling alone and empty.

Case Study: Karen Horney

Myra is always diligent in cleaning her

house and tidying its yard and garden. She takes

pride in the appearance of the house. She loves

other people’s compliments. She is neat and

everything is well arranged in its place and she

gets upset if things are not in their places. Once

grass went flying into her garden from a

neighbor’s while mowing as a result Myra did not

talk to the neighbor for two years.

The family rarely spends money on

anything except the necessities. Myra is

always concerned about money; so she is

keen on saving it by keeping almost

everything beyond the usual life span. Once

she got agitated when someone borrowed

fifty cents for a soda and did not return it.

She prefers to spend all her time and

energy working on her house and yard. 

She sometimes criticizes people to their

faces. Her complaints are based on the idea of

her superiority to them as being cleaner,

better, quieter than them. She often complains

about how other people do not know how to

clean anymore and that her neighbors do not

take care of their property as well as she does.

CARL JUNG’S

2 TYPES OF PERSONALIT

IES

(+)

- concerned with and interested in one's own mental life

- take pleasure in solitary activities

- preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment

- choose a worthy companion

(-)

- common modern perception: who are reserved and less

outspoken in groups

-not identical to being shy

- lack confidence in relation to people and things

- tends to be unsociable, shy & hesitant

INTROVERTED

EXTRAVERTED(+)

- concerned with gratification from what is outside the self

- enjoy human interactions

-  take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings

- likely to enjoy time spent with people

- energized when around other people

(-)

-dependence on making a good impression

- easily making and breaking relationships

-  lacking self-criticism

- prone to boredom by themselves

Case Study: Carl JungJamie is a straight A student from a state

college in USA. When interviewed he said that he

excelled through the help from his friends. He gave

tips to fellow students on how to excel like the way

he did. He tells them that it is more effective to

study in groups so that a lot of people can help you

in studying and that there is collaboration and

teamwork in excelling the fields we were studying.

Obviously, Jamie is an extroverted person.

References:1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion#Extr

aversion2.

http://personalitycafe.com/myers-briggs-forum/15162-extraverted-introverted-functions-concrete-examples.html

3. http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/jung.html4. http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html5.

http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages

6. http://www.support4change.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=108

7. http://itdc.lbcc.edu/cps/engines/identity/identityStatuses.htm8.

http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm9. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/horney.html10.

http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/neuroticneeds.htm

11. http://allpsych.com/personalitysynopsis/horney.html12. http://www.ahewar.org/eng/show.art.asp?aid=1633