EPSY 8334 Class 1 and 2 (Spring 2013) Heppner et al 3 -4 Pyrczak & Bruce 1-4
Dec 26, 2015
Science in Counseling Psychology
Are our interventions effective? Empirically Validated Treatments
Experimental studies- randomized clinical trials
Relations about psychological phenomena
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Class Goals Identify a research question Develop a research proposal that includes
An introduction/literature review that provides conceptual framework for research question based on theoretical/empirical literature
Methods to conduct study Participants Instruments to collect the data Procedures Analyses
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Class Goals Demonstrate skills necessary to
understand results sections of journals correlation, T-Test, ANOVAS MANOVAS
Regression, moderation/mediation analyses
Demonstrate knowledge regarding characteristics of articles that report results of randomized clinical trials
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Conceptualizing a Research Question
Three steps What do we know about the issue.What we do not know about the issue.How will the study bridge the gap.How what we know leads to the
questions in the study
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Identify Research Topics 4/8
1. Read, Read, Think Think…..
2. Identify/discuss ideas
3. Build on previous research
4. Identify research questions (Kiplinger
& Lee, 2001)
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Identify Research Topics 4/8
Identify:
5. Measurable constructs
6. Instruments to assess constructs
7. Participants
8. Statistical analyses
Studies: Replication vs.Guide Use different operational definition of variable Add moderator or control variables Develop different way to test hypotheses Combine questions/strategies from several
studies Examine similar questions with a different
population Identify gaps weaknesses in previous work
that you will address in your study
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Research Proposal Describe your research interests in general,
broad terms. Identify testable research question(s) Identify the variables/constructs embedded in
the question Provide conceptual definitions for variables. Provide operational definitions for variables
Instruments
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Assumptions Research Paradigms
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being & reality
Branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge
Relationship of Knower to Known
Procedures to gain knowledge about the world (reality – others)
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Assumptions Paradigms
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology
Positivism
Post-Positivism
Constructivism
Critical Theory
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True or False??
1. The scientific method allows us to observe facts without bias.
2. Observations of psychological states measured with scores on an instrument always will include “true” and “error” measurement.
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True or False??
3. In research, the observed cannot be separated from the observer.
4. There is privileged and non-privileged knowledge.
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PositivismOntology Truth is universal, absolute; it can be
grasped/discovered
Human nature follows cause-effect laws
Epistemology Discover universal laws that govern nature and human behavior
Theories are reductionist
Methodology Scientific Method
Scientific method allows individuals to observe facts without bias
The observer is a “nuisance”16
Post- PositivismOntology Universal truths exist
Human nature follows laws
Nature of universe cannot be known
Probabilistic statements about truth: p value
Epistemology
Observations always = “truth” + “error”
Successive studies to approximate truth
Methodology
Scientific Method
Observations = true + error measurement
Researchers cannot be 100% objective
Scientific community arbitrates knowledge
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ConstructivismOntology Truth - purely objective reality does not exist
“Reality” & knowledge are socially constructed
Meanings given to an experience are more important than the experience itself
Epistemology
Knower and known cannot be separated
Knowledge is based on interpretations of observed interactions within a context
Methodo
logy
Hermeneutics – Interpretations- Qualitative
Dialectics – relation of investigator and participant- to understand constructions
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Constructivism--Critical TheoryOntology A purely objective reality does not exist
Knowledge is socially constructed – shaped by those in power
Epistemology
Knower and known cannot be separated
Observer’s location in social context biases observations
Methodology
Hermeneutics - Interpretations
Dialectics – relation of investigator and participant- to change constructions
Social Change --- Social Justice in CP
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True or False??
1. The scientific method allows us to observe facts without bias.
2. Observations of psychological states measured with scores on a test always will include “true” and “error” measurement.
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True or False??
3. The observed cannot be separated from the observer.
4. There is privileged and non-privileged knowledge.
Goals of Science
Advance knowledge Make discoveries Increase our understanding of
human behavior, and Acquire facts about counseling
(behavior)
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Science Practice
Knowledge for its own sake
Academic freedom
Seeks to understand populations: probability
Individual differences: nuisance/confound
Knowledge for what it can accomplish
Public service
Seeks to understand individuals – 0 or 100%
Individual differences: focus of attention
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Testable Research Question (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000)
(a) Asks a Question
(b) About ……
(c) That …………
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Testable Research Question
(a) Asks a Question
(b) About the relation of two or more constructs (correlation/experimental)
(c) That can be measured in some way
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Types of Research Questions Descriptive
Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information- Survey
Difference Compare between two or more groups
experimental association
Correlation (association) Extent to which 2 or more continuous
psychological constructs vary together
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Research Questions (which analyses?)
Descriptive, Difference, Correlation
1. What are the levels of anxiety and career indecision reported by college men and women?
1. Do college women report higher levels of anxiety than college men?
2. Do college women report higher levels of career indecision than college men?
Research Questions (which analyses?)
Descriptive, Difference, Correlation
4. Among college students, are anxiety scores related to career indecision scores?
5. Do college students diagnosed with an anxiety disorder report higher levels of career indecision than college students without an anxiety disorder ?
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Research Questions Descriptive, Difference, Correlation
6. Among college students, what is the combined and unique contribution of anxiety, self-esteem and optimism to career indecision ?
7. Among college students, are there gender differences in the relation of anxiety to career indecision?
Moderation Question
6. Among college students, are there gender differences in the relation of anxiety to career indecision?
Among men, is anxiety related to career indecision?
Among women, is anxiety related to career indecision?
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Research Questions Descriptive, Difference, Correlation
8. Is career indecision –CDS-- a multifactorial or a one-dimensional construct?
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Report to
Types of Variables
Categorical Discrete groups: gender, depressed
diagnosois Continuous Interval Scale (equal intervals)
Temperature, money, days Continuous Ordinal
Rank ordered – Likert Scales
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Types of Research Questions Descriptive
Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information - Survey
Difference Compare: Between-groups Independent variable: categorical and
status or experimental Correlation
Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together
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Analyses: Descriptive Collect/Categorize Information - Survey
Means, SD Mean score in standardized test by groups Mean score in opinion survey by groups
Proportions of populations/groups Percentage of high school graduates who attend
college, by ethnic group, Percentage of college students who graduate in 6
years or less, by gender
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Analyses: Difference Compare means in continuous variables
between two or more groups: t-test, ANOVA, MANCOVA
Experimental- DV is categorical and manipulated
Non-experimental- DV is categorical and status variable (not manipulated)
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Analyses: Difference African American depressed adults who
receive culturally infused CBT will obtain lower post-test scores in the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) than their counterparts who receive traditional CBT.
Experimental or Non-Experimental ?
IV DV
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Analyses: Difference African American depressed adults who
receive culturally infused CBT will obtain lower post-test depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory-BDI) than their counterparts who receive traditional CBT.
Experimental or Non-Experimental ? Random assignment to treatment groups
IV Treatment Group: CICBT --- TCBT DV Scores in BDI
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Analyses: Difference - T-Test
Treatment(Random assignment)
BDI Post test Mean SD
Culturally Infused CBT
10.3* 5.3
Traditional CBT 15.1 6.2
*p<.05; Possible range of scores BDI = 1-20
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Analyses: Difference Women will obtain higher BDI scores at
post-test than men (regardless of treatment group)
Experimental or Non-Experimental ? IV DV
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Analyses: Difference Women will obtain higher BDI scores at
post-test than men (regardless of treatment group)
Experimental or Non-Experimental ? Gender – status variable, no random assignment
IV Gender - DV BDI scores
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Analyses: Difference - T-Test
Client’s Gender
BDI Post-Test Mean SD
Men 11.5ns 5.2
Women 12.3 6.5
Possible range of scores BDI = 1-20
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2X2 ANOVA: Treatment and Client Gender Differences in Depression
IVsDV
Post Test BDI Scores F statistic
Treatment T I vs.T2 (CI-CBT vs Trad CBT)
Main Effect*
Client Gender Male vs Female Main Effect
Treatment x Gender
T1 x Male T2 x Male T1 x Female T2 x Female
Interaction Effect
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Moderation Analyses
Gender
Mean BDI Post-Test CICBT TCBT
Male 11.8* 16.5
Female 12.5ns 13.1
*p<.05; Possible range of BDI = 0-20
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Analyses: Difference Hispanic mothers who are diagnosed with
clinical depression (BDI>16) will obtain lower scores in parenting skills (Parenting Skills Rating Scale: PSRS) than Hispanic mothers who are not clinically depressed.
Experimental or Non-Experimental? IV DV
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Analyses: Difference Hispanic mothers who are diagnosed with
clinical depression (BDI>16) will obtain lower scores in parenting skills (Parenting Skills Rating Scale: PSRS) than Hispanic mothers who are not clinically depressed.
Experimental or Non-Experimental?
Status variables- no randomnization IV Depression group: Yes vs. No DV Score in Parenting SRS
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Analyses: Difference - T-Test
Clinically Depressed
Parenting Skills Rating Scale Mean SD
Yes 2.3* 1.4
No 3.8 1 .1
*p<.05; Possible range of PSRS = 1-5
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Analyses Differences: 2 IVs Are there differences in scores in the Parenting
Skills Scale among Hispanic mothers (a) who are depressed or non depressed (b) and whose children are boys or girls?
Does child’s gender moderate (makes a difference in) the association of mothers’ depression status to scores on parenting skills ratings?
IVs DV
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Analyses Differences: 2 IVs Are there differences in scores in the
Parenting Skills Scale among Hispanic mothers (a) who are depressed or non depressed (b) and whose children are boys or girls?
Does child’s gender moderate the association of mothers’ depression status to scores on parenting skills ratings?
IVs child’s gender (Mod) depression status DV parenting skills
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2X2 ANOVA: Depression Status and Child’s Gender Differences in Parenting Skills (n=100)
IVsDV
Parenting Skills F statistic
Depression Status (n=50)
Yes- No (n=50 and 50)
Main Effect*
Child’s Gender (n=50)
Boy vs Girl (n=50 and 50)
Main Effect
Depression x Gender
DY x Boy (25) DN x Boy (25)
DY x Girl (25) DN x Girl (25)
Interaction Effect
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Difference: Mothers’ depression and child’s gender differences in parenting skills means
Independent Variable
Parenting Rating Scale
Depression Yes No
2.3* 3.8
Gender Boys Girls
3.1 2.9
Dep X Gender NS
Depression X Gender Interaction
Gender Mom Depression
Yes No
Boys 2.5 3.6*
Girls 2.4 3.4*
* p<.0550
Difference: Mothers’ depression and child’s gender differences in parenting skills (DV)
Independent Variable
Parenting Rating Scale
Gender Mom Depression
Yes No
Boys 2.5 3.6*
Girls 2.4 3.4*
Does child gender moderate the association of Mom’s depression status to parenting skills? or
Does child gender moderate the difference in parenting skills between depressed and non depressed moms.
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Difference: Mothers’ depression and child’s gender differences in parenting skills (DV)
Independent Variable
Parenting Rating Scale
Gender Mom Depression Status
Yes No
Boys 2.5ns 3.6ns
Girls 2.4 3.4
Does mom’ depression status moderate the association of child's gender to parenting skills? or
Does mom’s depression status moderate the difference in parenting skills between moms of boys and moms of girls?
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Analysis: Correlation Questionscorrelation coefficient Pearson’s r
Among Hispanic mothers, are depression symptoms associated to parenting skills ?
IV DV Depression Symptoms- Scores in Beck
Depression Inventory Range of scores: 0 – 20 Parenting skills – Scores Parenting Skills
Rating Scale – Range of scores: 1-5
Parameters: Pearson r = .40* *p<.05 r2 = .16
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Analysis: Correlation -- Regression
Among Hispanic mothers, are depression symptoms and acculturation level associated to levels of parenting skills?
IV DV Depression Symptoms- Beck Depression
Inventory; range of scores – 1 – 20 Acculturation – Acc. Rating Scale: range 1-5 Parenting skills – Parenting Skills Rating Scale:
range of scores 1-5 Parameters: R2 =.20 and Beta Coefficients
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External and Internal Validity
E I
Experimental
Field
E i
Correlational/
Descriptive
Field
e I
Experimental
Laboratory
e i Correlational/
Descriptive
Laboratory
Clinical Trials