EOC Review Scientific Method Collaborate Share info Build upon other work.

EOC Review

Scientific Method

CollaborateShare info Build upon other work

AccuracyAccuracy is how close a measured

value is to the actual (true) value. PrecisionPrecision is how close the measured

values are to each other.

Direct Relationship

variable increases and other variable increases

0 1 2 302468

1012

pHColumn1

Inverse Relationship

variable increases and other variable decreases

1 2 3 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Column1Column2

Linear Relationship

each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable

1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Column1Column2

Non Linear

10 20 30 400

20

40

60

80

100

120

Series 1Column1Column2

Percent Error

Difference between a measured value and a known value.

Used to report the difference between a measured or experimental value and a true or exact value.

1000 g = 1 kg

Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000

44 ml X 1 L 1000ml

Organic Compounds

Compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and usually

oxygenFrequently contains N, S, P

Organic Chemistry

C forms 4 bonds H forms 1 bond O forms 2 bonds H is more plentiful than C because of the

bonding EX: CH4

Building Blocks of Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates: GlucoseLipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Proteins: Amino AcidsNucleic Acids: Nucleotides

EnzymesSpecialized proteins

that lower the activation energy

required to make a reaction proceed

A protein catalyst called an enzyme

Can decrease the energy of activation needed to begin a

reaction

Figure 5.5B

Reactants

EA withoutenzyme

EA withenzyme

Net changein energy

Products

Ene

rgy

Progress of the reaction

It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.

1. Begin with a CO2.

2 Photosynthesis

3. Food chains

4. Cell respiration

Phosphorus Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

All organisms are made of roughly the same organic

molecules in similar proportions

A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the

energy they contain.

BiomassA census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an

average individual in itGives an estimate of the weight of the population.

A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans

A field of corn Can support many more human vegetarians than

meat-eatersTrophic level

Secondaryconsumers

Primaryconsumers

Producers

Humanvegetarians

Corn

Humanmeat-eaters

Cattle

Corn

Figure 37.14

Biomagnification The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain.

Substances - pesticides or heavy metals The substances become concentrated in

tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized

or excreted.

Only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is

available to the next level

Eutrophication

Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and

nitrates). This increases amount of algae in water.

As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing

organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. This causes the death of other organisms

(fish).

Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste,

trees Methane – production and transportation of

coal, natural gas, and oil Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial,

and household uses

Fossil Fuels

Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals

Ex: Natural gas, oil coal

Ozone Layer

•Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere

•Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays

•CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere

Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface.

Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be

reversed.

Other Causes Clear cutting of

forests Increased use of

fossil fuels

Methane pollution

Deforestation Removal of a forest/trees where the land is

thereafter converted to a non-forest use Trees may be cut down to be used or sold as fuel Cleared land is used as pasture for livestock,

plantations of commodities and settlements. Results in damage to habitat and loss of

biodiversity. It has adverse impacts on using of atmospheric

CO2, causing a buildup.

Greenhouse EffectCar in summer

Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and

trap it in the atmosphere.Human activities have INCREASED

the amount of greenhouse gases

Animal: Heterotrophs – consume food

Plants: Autotrophs – make their own food

Fungus: Heterotrophs/ Decomposers – absorb food

Robert Hooke

Coined the name cellLooked at cork cells under

microscope

Organelles Nucleus: Control center ER: Transportation center Rough ER: Helps make protein Smooth ER: Breaks down toxins Golgi: Packaging and shipping Mitochondria: Power House, ATP Vacuole: Store water nutrients and waste

Organelles Lysosome: Recycling center Cytoskeleton: Support and movement Ribosomes: Makes protein Cytoplasm: Bathes organelles

Organelles

Plant Chloroplast Cell Wall

Huge vacuole

Animal Centriole

Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

PhotosynthesisGreen plants and algae use the

solar energy and molecules of CO2 into sugar/starch and 02.

CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + O2

Photosynthesis Recap

Primary Productivity

is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric

or aquatic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Occurs primarily in the mitochondriaAerobic breakdown of glucose into

CO2 and H20

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + energy

MeiosisOccurs in plants and animals

that reproduce sexually.Usually occurs in specialized

sex organs - Ovaries, Testes

Haploid Found in gametes

n=? Cells formed in meiosis

Diploid Found in somatic cells

Fertilized egg 2n =?

Cells formed in Mitosis

Prophase IChromosomes form

Homologous pairs come together

Crossing Over occurs

Principle of Independent Assortment

The inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect

the inheritance of alleles for another trait

Principle of Segregation

1.Heredity characteristics are determined by distinct

units

Principle of Segregation

2.For each characteristic, an individual carries 2 factors, one inherited from each

parent

Principle of Segregation

3.The 2 factors of each pair segregate

from each other and end up in gametes

Frederick Griffith - studying 2 strains of bacteria

1 causes pneumonia, 1 harmless When killed pathogenic bacteria and mixed

with living healthy bacteria - some converted Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - showed that

DNA was genetic material Used radio isotopes to label DNA and protein

in Phage T2 and ecoli cells Sulfer - protein Phosphate - DNA

The direct manipulation of genes for practical

purposes

Genetic Engineering

Nuclear Transplantation: replaces the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus of an adult

somatic cell Cells divides creates blastocyst

Reproductive Cloning: If animal is a mammal, the blastocyst is implanted into uterus for further

development Therapeutic Cloning: Produce embryonic stem

cells for therapeutic treatments

Cloning

Combining genes from different sources into a single DNA

moleculeCan use different species

Often uses plasmids

Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA from two different sources are combined into the same DNA

Recombinant DNA

Polymerase Chain ReactionDNA is copied many times in a

test tube.Process can generate 100 billion

copies of DNA in 4 hours

PCR

Gel Electrophoresis

Human Genome Project

The main goals were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes.

SpeciationEvolution of a new

species

Adaptation

Product of Natural SelectionChange usually is caused by

mutationStructures or behaviors that make

efficient use of environment

Selection

Natural Survival of the

fittest Those with the best adaptations,

survive and reproduce

Artificial Done by us

Typically done by breeders or geneticists

Select desirable traits and breed those individuals with

those traits

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation due to being separated by a geographic

barrier

Sympatric Speciation

New species develop without geographic isolation

Formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces reproductive barriers

Mostly in plants

Parapatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs due to variations in the mating habits

or rituals of a population within a continuous geographical area.

Punctuated Equilibrium

Abrupt Changes in species within very long periods of equillibrium

Evolutionary changes happens radidly

Trilobites, some dinosaurs

Divergent Evolution

The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species.

Occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species

Ex: Human foot vs Monkey foot

Protein Synthesis DNA: Made in nucleus, double stranded, A-T, G -C RNA: 3 types, single stranded, A,U,G,C

mRNA: Messenger RNA, made in nucleus according to DNA (DNA: ATGC mRNA: UACG)

tRNA: Brings amino acids to ribosome based on mRNA mRNA: AUG tRNA brings in Methionine

rRNA: Holds ribosome together Transcription: Process of making mRNA Translation: Process of making a polypeptide

MutationsChange in DNA sequence

Can change phenotype

Can be passed down to future generations

X – Rays can cause

Point Mutation

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation: The fat hat ate the wee

rat.

Frame Shift Mutation

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift The fat caa tet hew eer at.

Frame Shift

Deletion

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Deletion The fat ate the wee rat.

Insertion

Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.

Insertion

Inversion

Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat. Inversion: The fat tar eew eht eta tac.

Genetic Problems

Monohybrid Cross: Cross involving 1 trait Dihybrid Cross: Cross involving 2 traits Incomplete Dominance: Blending of

phenotypes Codominance: Shared dominance; blood

type AB Sex Linked: On X chromosome; more

males get

Dihybrid

Codominance, Blood Types

Sex Linked

Bacteriophage

Two Types of MoneransArchaea bacteria:

Ancient BacteriaEubacteria: True

Bacteria

Archaebacteria: Ancient Bacteria

Confined to extreme environmentsCell walls lack peptidylglycanPlasma Membranes have lipid

compositions unlike any organismLive without oxygen

Archaebacteria: Ancient Bacteria

Methane producers (Methanogens)Salt loving Bacteria (Extreme

Halophiles)Heat and Acid Loving Bacteria

(Extreme Thermophiles)

Eubacteria: True BacteriaIncludes all modern

prokaryotesHas a cell wall of complex

carbohydratesHas a cell membrane or 2

Reproduction

Asexual

Clones Exact copies of

parents Binary Fission,

Cell cycle, buds

Sexual

Combination of genetic

information

Based on the data, which of the following fish would most likely experience the largest population declines due to acid rain

pollution?

  A. brown trout  

B. smallmouth bass

C. fathead minnow  

D. yellow perch

The graph below shows the levels of acidity that different kinds of freshwater fish can tolerate. Low pH values mean the water is more acidic.

C. fathead minnow  

The graph below shows the levels of acidity that different kinds of freshwater fish can tolerate. Low pH values mean the water is more acidic.

The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule.

Letters X, Y, and Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. Four enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown.

A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z.

Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?

  A. enzyme 1   B. enzyme 2 C. enzyme 3   D. enzyme 4

The diagram below shows the final steps of a biochemical pathway used by the bacterium Serratia marcescens to produce a red pigment molecule.

Letters X, Y, and Z represent intermediate molecules produced in the pathway. Four enzymes are also involved in the pathway, as shown.

A mutant strain of S. marcescens produces molecules X and Y but does not produce the red pigment molecule or molecule Z.

Based on this result, it can be concluded that there must be a mutation in the gene coding for which enzyme?

C. enzyme 3  

Students in a biology laboratory aremonitoring the rate at which hydrogenperoxide breaks down to produce water

and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a

sample of hydrogen peroxide and then addcatalase, an enzyme that speeds up its

breakdown. Their data are shown in the

table below.

Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown (molecules per min) 0.0 0.000        

0.5 0.030         1.0 0.032        

1.5 4,970,000.000         2.0 5,001,000.000         2.5 4,985,300.000         3.0 5,021,700.000        

Based on the data in this table, duringwhich of the following time periods did

the students add the catalase to thehydrogen peroxide?

  A. between 0.0 and 0.5 min B. between 1.0 and 1.5 min   C. between 2.0 and 2.5 min   D. between 2.5 and 3.0 min

Based on the data in this table, duringwhich of the following time periods did

the students add the catalase to thehydrogen peroxide?

  B. between 1.0 and 1.5 min  

A graph of atmospheric carbon dioxideconcentration over time is shown below.

Scientists are investigating the cause ofthe large increase in atmospheric carbondioxide concentration since about 1800.

Which of the following provides thebest explanation for the increase?

  A. eruptions of large volcanoes B. use of fossil fuels by humans   C. natural fluctuations of climate   D. photosynthesis by phytoplankton

Scientists are investigating the cause ofthe large increase in atmospheric carbondioxide concentration since about 1800.

Which of the following provides thebest explanation for the increase?

  B. use of fossil fuels by humans