Pretest Review Scientific Method Collaborate Share info Build upon other work.

Pretest Review

Scientific Method

CollaborateShare info Build upon other work

Direct Relationship

variable increases and other variable increases

0 1 2 302468

1012

pHColumn1

Inverse Relationship

variable increases and other variable decreases

1 2 3 40

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Column1Column2

Linear Relationship

each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable

1 2 3 4 50

1

2

3

4

5

6

Series 1Column1Column2

Non Linear

10 20 30 400

20

40

60

80

100

120

Series 1Column1Column2

1000 g = 1 kg

Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000

44 ml X 1 L 1000ml

It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.

1. Begin with a CO2.

2 Photosynthesis

3. Food chains

4. Cell respiration

Phosphorus Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

All organisms are made of roughly the same organic

molecules in similar proportions

A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the

energy they contain.

BiomassA census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an

average individual in itGives an estimate of the weight of the population.

A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans

A field of corn Can support many more human vegetarians than

meat-eatersTrophic level

Secondaryconsumers

Primaryconsumers

Producers

Humanvegetarians

Corn

Humanmeat-eaters

Cattle

Corn

Figure 37.14

Biomagnification The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain.

Substances - pesticides or heavy metals The substances become concentrated in

tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized

or excreted.

Eutrophication

Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and

nitrates). This increases amount of algae in water.

As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing

organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. This causes the death of other organisms

(fish).

Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste,

trees Methane – production and transportation of

coal, natural gas, and oil Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial,

and household uses

Fossil Fuels

Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals

Ex: Natural gas, oil coal

Ozone Layer

•Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere

•Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays

•CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere

Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface.

Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be

reversed.

Other Causes Clear cutting of

forests Increased use of

fossil fuels

Methane pollution

Greenhouse EffectCar in summer

Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and

trap it in the atmosphere.Human activities have INCREASED

the amount of greenhouse gases

Robert Hooke

Coined the name cellLooked at cork cells under

microscope

Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Photosynthesis Recap

Primary Productivity

is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric

or aquatic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis

MeiosisOccurs in plants and animals

that reproduce sexually.Usually occurs in specialized

sex organs - Ovaries, Testes

Prophase IChromosomes form

Homologous pairs come together

Crossing Over occurs

Frederick Griffith - studying 2 strains of bacteria

1 causes pneumonia, 1 harmless When killed pathogenic bacteria and mixed

with living healthy bacteria - some converted Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - showed that

DNA was genetic material Used radio isotopes to label DNA and protein

in Phage T2 and ecoli cells Sulfer - protein Phosphate - DNA

The direct manipulation of genes for practical

purposes

Genetic Engineering

Nuclear Transplantation: replaces the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus of an adult

somatic cell Cells divides creates blastocyst

Reproductive Cloning: If animal is a mammal, the blastocyst is implanted into uterus for further

development Therapeutic Cloning: Produce embryonic stem

cells for therapeutic treatments

Cloning

Combining genes from different sources into a single DNA

moleculeCan use different species

Often uses plasmids

Recombinant DNA Technology

DNA from two different sources are combined into the same DNA

Recombinant DNA

Polymerase Chain ReactionDNA is copied many times in a

test tube.Process can generate 100 billion

copies of DNA in 4 hours

PCR

Gel Electrophoresis

Human Genome Project

The main goals were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes.

SpeciationEvolution of a new

species

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation due to being separated by a geographic

barrier

Sympatric Speciation

New species develop without geographic isolation

Formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces reproductive barriers

Mostly in plants

Parapatric Speciation

Speciation that occurs due to variations in the mating habits

or rituals of a population within a continuous geographical area.

Punctuated Equilibrium

Abrupt Changes in species within very long periods of equillibrium

Evolutionary changes happens radidly

Trilobites, some dinosaurs

Divergent Evolution

The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species.

Occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species

Ex: Human foot vs Monkey foot

Animal: Heterotrophs – consume food

Plants: Autotrophs – make their own food

Fungus: Heterotrophs/ Decomposers – absorb food