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1. Al Martini is a 44-year-old man who has been an alcoholic
for the past 5 years. He was recently admitted to the hospital for
congestive heart failure . After being released from the hospital,
he continued to drink. One night he arrived at a friends house at
7:00 P.M. Between his arrival and 11:00 P.M., he drank four beers
and five martinis (for a total ethanol consumption of 9.5 oz). His
friends encouraged him to stay an additional hour and drink coffee
to sober up. Nevertheless, he ran his car off the road on his way
home. He was taken to the emergency room of the local hospital and
arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol. His blood
alcohol concentration at the time of his arrest was 240 mg/dL,
compared with the legal limit of ethanol for driving of 80
mg/dL.
2. Specificity !!!
3. Active Site
4. Explanation of the figure
5. Binding of substrate in Active site
6. Conformational change resulting from the binding of glucose
to hexokinase. A. Free enzyme. B.With glucose bound, the cleft
closes, forming the ATP binding site. The closure of the cleft when
glucose binds to hexokinase (or human glucokinase) is one of the
largest induced fits known.
7. Enzyme-catalyzed reaction Energy diagram showing the energy
levels of the substrates as they progress toward products in the
absence of enzyme. The substrates must pass through the high-energy
transition state during the reaction. Although a favorable loss of
energy occurs during the reaction, the rate of the reaction is
slowed by the energy barrier to forming the transition state. The
energy barrier is referred to as the activation energy.
8. ENZYMES ARE CLASSIFIED BY REACTION TYPE & MECHANISM
9. Continued
10. MCQs
11. Apoenzyme - protein part of the enzyme Coenzyme (prosthetic
group)-nonprotein part Holoenzyme -protein part + nonprotein
part
12. Coenzymes are complex nonprotein organic molecules that
participate in catalysis by providing functional groups, much like
the amino acid side chains. Coenzymes can be divided into two
general classes: activation-transfer coenzymes oxidation-reduction
coenzymes.
16. Km Km Km of the enzyme for a substrate is defined as the
concentration of substrate at which vi equals 12 Vmax. Km
(hexokinase) - 0,05mM Km (glucokinase) > 5mM
17. Clinical comment
18. Dont forget Km differences of enzymes Alcohol
Dehydrogenases
19. Regulation of enzymes Regulation by Substratesand products
Allosteric regulation Covalent modification Inhibition
23. ENZYMES FACILITATE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES Principal serum
enzymes used in clinical diagnosis. Many of the enzymes are not
specific for the disease listed