Environmental impacts relative to soil quality caused from the disposal of olive oil mills’ wastes Case study : A municipality in Crete, Greece M. Doula , V. Kavvadias, S. Theocharopoulos, P. Kouloumbis, NAGREF- Soil Science Institute of Athens D. Ikonomou, D. Arapoglou NAGREF- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products
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Environmental impacts relative to soil quality caused from the disposal of olive oil mills’ wastes
Case study : A municipality in Crete, Greece
M. Doula, V. Kavvadias, S. Theocharopoulos, P. Kouloumbis, NAGREF- Soil Science Institute of Athens
D. Ikonomou, D. ArapoglouNAGREF- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products
The olive oil tree is amongst the oldest known cultivated trees inthe world while the consumption of olives and olive oil is believedto bring health, however, the side products (wastewaters-OOMWand solid wastes-SW) from their production and treatment couldimpact environment negatively if no precautions are taken.
It is estimated that there are 600 million productive olive trees onthe planet, occupying a surface area of 7 million ha. TheMediterranean region accounts for not less than 97% of the worldproduction Among European countries, but also worldwide, Spainand Italy are the two leaders in olive oil production, whereasGreece holds the third place.
The annual oil mills waste production of Mediterranean olive-growing countries is estimated to ranging from 7 million to over30 million m3, depending on annual olive production. The averagetotal production amounts approximately to 10x106-12x106
m3/year and occurs over a brief period of the year (November-March).
Annual olive oil Production in Mediterraneanfor the main olive oil-productive Countries
Table 1 : Typical composition of wastewaters Table 2 : Characteristics of the olive oil processing solid wastes
Product Press 3-phase
2-phase
Olive oil 214 212 200
Wastewaters 920 1.670 -
Solid residues 323 462 800
Table 3 : Olive oil and wastes production per 1000 kg of olives processed
Table 4 : National Environmental Quality Standards for wastewater disposal in relation to each receptor apply
Source : Vlyssides et al., (1989-2002)
2009 - 2012
Co-funded by European Commission within the framework of LIFE+ Program.
Total Budget : 1.628.911 €
Beneficiaries
•NAGREF-Soil Science Institute of Athens•Technical University of Crete•Institute of Mediterranean Studies
•CERSAA-Centro Regionale diSperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola
•CEBAS- Centro de Edafologia y BiologiaAplicada del Segura
•Development and dissemination of innovative, environmentfriendly, low cost technologies for the protection of soil andwater pollution from olive oil mills’ wastes.
Project Objectives PROSODOL
•Establishment of an info-library/knowledge-base system toassess environmental impacts from olive oil mills’ wastes toMediterranean region.
•Facilitate the implementation of Soil Thematic Strategy in areas closeto olive oil mills.
•Design, implementation and support a monitoring system for theassessment of the soil and water quality affected directly or indirectlyfrom oil mills’ activities in relation to factors pressures and responses.
•Identification of potential safest uses in the agricultural sector ofolive oil mills’ wastes and its possible contribution to agriculturalproduction.
Design, implementation and support a monitoring system for theassessment of the soil and water quality affected directly or indirectly fromoil mills’ activities in relation to factors pressures and responses.
SOIL
Greek Implementation Area : Crete, Municipality of Nikiforos Fokas
Total area of 95m2, 21 Villages, 6600 residents
Geological formations are mainly identified as limestones, dolomites and marbles
Soils are slightly alkaline to alkaline (pH 7.3- 8.3) , clay or silty clay in texture and very rich in carbonates (50-60% CaCO3)
Three active olive oil mills (3-phase system with continuous centrifuge extraction systems) and two inactive for more than 5 years
Disposal areas contain ponds which were built by excavating the superfacial material of soil and by heaping excavating materials around the pond to form retaining walls. Protective impermeable membranes or other protective media were not used
From the five targeted areas, three will be presented.
NF1 : is a common disposal area, located in a field with slope of almost 10%. No surface disposal, the movement of wastes’ constituents is due to gravity
NF4 : is very large field with two ponds, of almost 5% slope. The owner disposes waste on soil through a pipe.
NF6 : is inactive for more than five years while it was used as disposal area for more than 20 years
Soil sampling took place 1 month after the completion of wastes disposal, between 6th and 9th May 2009.
Samples were collected from different distances from the ponds and depths of 0-25cm, 25-50cm, 50-75cm, 75-100cm, 100-125cm ,125-150cm and 150-175cm.
Samples were collected from inside the ponds at different depths (0m)
SAMPLING
The preparation of samples for analysis was performed according to ISO 11464:2006 method. Laboratory determinations were performed according to the methods usually used for soil characterization.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Particle size distribution, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) , organic matter (OM), total N, available phosphorous , Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC),exchangeable K, Ca, Na and Mg, water soluble Na, available Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn, Boron, Cl- , SO4
ConclusionsDisposal of untreated OOMW at evaporation ponds without using protective materials has significant effect on chemical properties of soil close to ponds
•Enhanced Nitrogen content
Soil samples collected one month after the completion of wastes disposal are characterized by :
•Enhanced Organic Matter content, but for the cases of direct disposal on soil
•Increased Electrical Conductivity
•Enhanced Polyphenols content
•Increased of available Fe and Mn contents
•Significant increase in exchangeable K content
Inactive disposal area is characterized by normal Organic Matter and Nitrogen contents while exchangeable K; available Mn and Fe, polyphenols, phosphorous and EC remain high