Environmental Hazards Assignment Winter Quarter 2015-16

8/17/2019 Environmental Hazards Assignment Winter Quarter 2015-16

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M.Sc. Program in OHS Muhammad Abbas khan

Reg.: 1058-11610

his inc$udes acciden#s' dangerous "rocedures' in(ras#ruc#ure de(iciencies' and s"eci(ic human

ac#i&i#ies #ha# can cause dea#h' in)ur%' disease' or o#her hea$#h im"ac#s' as +e$$ as )eo"ardi!e

"ro"er#%' $i&e$ihood' and ser&ices' "ro&oke socia$ or economic disorder' and cause en&ironmen#a$damage. *am"$es o( #echno$ogica$ ha!ards inc$ude indus#ria$ "o$$u#ion' nuc$ear radia#ion' #o*ic

+as#es' dam (ai$ures' #rans"or# acciden#s' (ac#or% e*"$osions' (ires' and chemica$ s"i$$s.

Mos# #hrea#s in #his ca#egor% arise (rom human errors +hich re($ec# ($a+s in design and7or #he

(unc#ioning o( bui$# s#ruc#ure or indus#ria$ sca$e "rocesses a$#hough #his de(ini#ion "ro&ides no

numerica$ sca$e o( $oss.

echno$ogica$ ha!ards can a$so resu$# direc#$% (rom #he conse/uences o( an e&en# re$a#ed #ona#ura$ ha!ards' as in #he case o( #he e*"$osions o( #+o nuc$ear reac#ors +i#h #he associa#ed

ha!ards o( radioac#i&i#% in ukushima' a"an' (o$$o+ing a #sunami #ha# accom"anied an

ear#h/uake. his ca#egor% o( ha!ards encom"asses a &er% +ide range o( e&en#s and associa#ed

"o#en#ia$ im"ac#s on hea$#h.

Some#ime a""aren#$% $oca$i!ed #hrea#s are o(#en $inked +i#h +ider sca$e "rocesses e.g. rain-s#ormresu$#ing in ri&er ($ood ma% origina#es (rom ocean-a#mos"here mechanism (ar be%ond #he

moun#ain range. Some change is due #o na#ura$ &aria#ions in c$ima#es change' bu# human induced

modi(ica#ions o( #he ar#h-a#mos"here "$a% an increasing ro$e.

9$oba$ in#erac#ions and en&ironmen#a$ changes are no# necessari$% ha!ards in #hemse$&es.

Some#ime #he% o((er o""or#uni#ies as +e$$ as risks' bu# a$$ #oo o(#en #he% am"$i(% #he disas#er

"o#en#ia$ o( e*is#ing na#ura$ and #echno$ogica$ #hrea#s.

Human se##$emen#s $oca#ed c$ose #o indus#ria$ "$an#s are &er% common in de&e$o"ing coun#ries'

+hich makes #he "o"u$a#ions in&o$&ed more acu#e$% &u$nerab$e #o #he ha!ards o( chemica$acciden#s. hemica$ "roduc#s "ose "o#en#ia$ hea$#h risks i( #he% $eak or s"i$$' ei#her due #o

acciden#s in "rocessing "$an#s or because o( human error in managing #he sa(e#% mechanisms

in&o$&ed in com"$e* indus#ria$ "rocesses.

Simi$ar$% an acciden# a# a nuc$ear "$an# can "roduce e*#ensi&e en&ironmen#a$ "o$$u#ion b%

re$easing radioac#i&e ma#eria$s in#o #he a#mos"here #ha# s"read o&er $arge regions' as "ar#ic$es are

s"read b% #he +ind and "ermea#e #o #he soi$. Acciden#s in&o$&ing a source o( ioni!ing radia#ion

used in indus#r% or medicine can a$so con#amina#e' #hough in a more $imi#ed +a%.

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Q. No. 0): Explain in $!ail !( $imn%ion% o* $i%a%!r.

ANS: DISASTER: A disas#er is a serious disru"#ion o( #he (unc#ioning o( a communi#% or a

socie#% in&o$&ing +ides"read human' ma#eria$' economic or en&ironmen#a$ $osses and im"ac#s'+hich e*ceeds #he abi$i#% o( #he a((ec#ed communi#% or socie#% #o co"e using i#s o+n resources.

A$#hough #here is no agreed de(ini#ion in#erna#iona$$% bu# #he mos# im"or#an# (ea#ure is #ha# #he

$osses ha&e #o be su((icien#$% $arge #o disru"# #he (unc#ioning o( #he communi#% be%ond i#s abi$i#%

#o co"e. O&er #he "as# (e+ decades' disas#er da#a on a g$oba$ $e&e$ re&ea$ a dis#inc# "a##ern +i#h

#+o main (ea#ures an increase o&er #ime o( #he number o( "eo"$e a((ec#ed and a geogra"hica$

corre$a#ion. ,n (igure ;.1' des"i#e #he grea# &aria#ion (rom %ear #o %ear' a de(ini#e rising #rend is

/ui#e &isib$e. igure ;.; sho+s #he coun#ries mos# se&ere$% a((ec#ed b% ma)or disas#ers in 1


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Figure 2.2 Number of people dead from major disasters in 1991: op 2! countries

>umerous and di((eren# de(ini#ions and c$assi(ica#ions o( disas#ers are a&ai$ab$e and ha&e been.

hree o( #hem are men#ioned here as e*am"$es: he ?S en#ers (or =isease on#ro$ 4= 1


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a$so human-made disas#ers 4#ab$e ;.;' es"ecia$$% in #he case o( chemica$ acciden#s +hose e((ec#s

on e*"osed "eo"$e ma% become a""aren# a(#er %ears or e&en decades 4@er#a!!i 1


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=es"i#e #he &arie#% o( #he re&ie+ed indus#ria$ disas#ers' some common $essons ha&e been $earned

on ho+ #o "re&en# #heir occurrence' and a$so on ho+ #o mi#iga#e #he im"ac# o( ma)or chemica$

disas#ers on #he "o"u$a#ion. ,n "ar#icu$ar:

D =i((eren# e*"er#s shou$d be on #he scene +orking in c$ose coordina#ion #he% shou$d usua$$%co&er #he (ie$ds re$a#ed #o #he en&ironmen#a$ (a#e o( #he agen#' i#s #o*ic "ro"er#ies #o humans

and bio#a' ana$%#ica$ me#hods' c$inica$ medicine and "a#ho$og%' bios#a#is#ics and

e"idemio$og%.

D @ased on "re-e*is#ing and7or ear$% a&ai$ab$e e&idence' a com"rehensi&e s#ud% "$an shou$d be

de&e$o"ed as ear$% as "ossib$e #o iden#i(% goa$s' "rob$ems and resource re/uiremen#s.

D ar$% "hase ac#i&i#ies a((ec# #he course o( an% subse/uen# ac#ion. Since $ong-#erm e((ec#s

shou$d be e*"ec#ed a(#er &ir#ua$$% e&er% #%"e o( indus#ria$ disas#er' grea# care shou$d be

de&o#ed #o insure a&ai$abi$i#% o( re/uisi#e in(orma#ion (or $a#er s#udies 4e.g.' "ro"er iden#i(iers

o( #he e*"osed (or (o$$o+-u".

D ,n "$anning $ong-#erm in&es#iga#ions' (easibi$i#% shou$d be gi&en high considera#ion #o

(aci$i#a#e scien#i(ic and "ub$ic hea$#h achie&emen#s and c$ari#% o( communica#ion.

D O&era$$' (or reasons o( &a$idi#% and cos# e((ec#i&eness' i# is ad&isab$e #o re$% on hard2

in(orma#ion' +hene&er a&ai$ab$e' ei#her in iden#i(%ing and enumera#ing #he s#ud% "o"u$a#ion

4e.g.' residence or in es#ima#ing e*"osure 4e.g.' en&ironmen#a$ and bio$ogica$ measuremen#s

and choosing #he end"oin#s 4e.g.' mor#a$i#%.

Q. No. 0+: Di**rn!ia! v'lnra,ili!- an$ r%ilinc

ANS: he #erms &u$nerabi$i#%'2 resi$ience'2 and ada"#i&e ca"aci#%2 ha&e di((eren# meanings

(or di((eren# researchers. A$#hough "eo"$e kno+ in#ui#i&e$% #ha# &u$nerabi$i#% means a "o#en#ia$

(or harm and resi$ience has #o do +i#h resis#ing or coming back (rom harm' a$$ #hree #erms are

(air$% abs#rac#. =i((eren# de(ini#ions $ead #o di((eren# em"hases and di((eren# research a""roaches'

so i# is +or#h+hi$e #o re&ie+ some o( #hese di((erences and #o es#ab$ish a se# o( di((erences and

associa#ed research a""roaches.

Eu$nerabi$i#% is #he degree #o +hich a s%s#em is susce"#ib$e #o' and unab$e #o co"e +i#h' ad&erse

e((ec#s o( c$ima#e change' inc$uding c$ima#e &ariabi$i#% and e*#remes. Eu$nerabi$i#% is a (unc#iono( #he charac#er' magni#ude' and ra#e o( c$ima#e change and &aria#ion #o +hich a s%s#em is

e*"osed' i#s sensi#i&i#%' and i#s ada"#i&e ca"aci#%. Resi$ience is #he abi$i#% o( a socia$ or eco$ogica$

s%s#em #o absorb dis#urbances +hi$e re#aining #he same basic s#ruc#ure and +a%s o( (unc#ioning'

#he ca"aci#% (or se$(-organi!a#ion' and #he ca"aci#% #o ada"# #o s#ress and change.

Eu$nerabi$i#% assessmen# and resi$ience ana$%sis ha&e roo#s in a# $eas# #hree dis"ara#e research

communi#ies: c$ima#e change im"ac#s' ha!ards7disas#ers' and sus#ainabi$i#%. As an e*#ension o(

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u##er e# a$. 4;00C de&e$o"ed a coun#%-$e&e$ Socia$ Eu$nerabi$i#% ,nde* 4SoE, (or #he ?ni#ed

S#a#es. o cons#ruc# #he inde*' #he% reduced ; demogra"hic and socia$ &ariab$es 4none re$a#ing

#o ha!ards' a$#hough &u$nerabi$i#% #o ha!ards +as #he (ocus o( #he s#ud% #o 11 inde"enden#

(ac#ors accoun#ing (or B6 o( #he &ariance among coun#ies 4in dea#hs (rom +ea#her-re$a#ed

ha!ards. Se&en o( #he (ac#ors +ere 4in order' 1-5 and 10-11 "ersona$ +ea$#h' age' densi#% o( #he

bui$# en&ironmen#' sing$e-sec#or economic de"endence' housing s#ock and #enanc%' occu"a#ion'

and in(ras#ruc#ure de"endence. ac#ors 6-< re$a#ed #o race and e#hnici#%. A(rican American'

His"anic' >a#i&e American' and Asian. his inde* "ro&ides a good "ic#ure o( #he "o"u$a#ion in

#he ?ni#ed S#a#es #ha# is &u$nerab$e #o ha!ardsG#ha# is' (or +hom ha!ards become disas#ers.

An%one (ami$iar +i#h #his ana$%sis' (or ins#ance' +as no# sur"rised #o $earn #ha# #he "oor' #he

aged' #he hos"i#a$i!ed' #he "oor$% housed' and "eo"$e o( co$or +ere hardes# hi# b% #he im"ac#s o(

Hurricane a#rina.

A# #he o#her end o( #he s"ec#rum' #he n&ironmen#a$ Per(ormance ,nde* de&e$o"ed b% Ia$e and

o$umbia ?ni&ersi#ies 4,S,> and IJP ;008 (ocuses on #he en&ironmen# as used or

misused b% humans. n&ironmen#a$ hea$#h and ecos%s#em &i#a$i#% are gauged using ;5 indica#ors

#racked in si* "o$ic% ca#egories: en&ironmen#a$ hea$#h' air "o$$u#ion 4and i#s e((ec#s on

ecos%s#ems' +a#er 4and i#s e((ec#s on ecos%s#ems' "roduc#i&e na#ura$ resources' biodi&ersi#% and

habi#a#' and c$ima#e change. >one o( #he indica#ors addressed "o"u$a#ion' or demogra"hic

(ac#ors' des"i#e #he aim o( being "o$ic% re$e&an#. he ;008 inde* cen#ers on 41 reducing

en&ironmen#a$ s#resses on human hea$#h' and 4; "romo#ing ecos%s#em &i#a$i#% and sound na#ura$

resource managemen#.

Presco##-A$$en 4;001 "ro&ides a hos# o( indica#ors a# #he coun#r% $e&e$' in#egra#ing #hem in his

"resen#a#ion o( eggs'2 in +hich #he %o$k re"resen#s #he human condi#ion' surrounded b% #he

+hi#e' +hich re"resen#s #he ecos%s#em condi#ion. he eggs (or a region can #hen be "$aced on as/uare +hich is co$or coded #o re"resen# (i&e s#a#es: good' (air' medium' "oor' and bad. @e$o+ is

an e*am"$e (or >or#hern A(rica' +i#h a c$us#er o( coun#ries ranking medium-#o-(air on ecos%s#em

+e$$being bu# "oor on human +e$$-beingK

Q. No. 0/ :ri! a no! on ri% prcp!ion an$ comm'nica!ion

Ho+ "eo"$e beha&e in emergenc% managemen# endea&ors de"ends on #heir unders#anding and

a""raisa$ o( "resen# risk e*"osure and o( risk mi#iga#ion measures. Lha# 3risk3 means #o #hem'

and +ha# s#eers #heir assessmen# o( a risk si#ua#ion is #here(ore an essen#ia$ ma##er. ,n mos#

con#e*#s #he no#ion 3risk3 s#ands (or a danger o( un+an#ed and un(or#una#e e&en#s' no# )us#

uncer#ain#% abou# #he "o#en#ia$ ou#comes o( an inciden#. According$%' 3risk3 can be de(ined as #he

"ossibi$i#% o( "h%sica$ and7or socia$ and7or (inancia$ harm7de#rimen#7$oss due #o a ha!ard +i#hin a

"ar#icu$ar #ime (rame. 3Ha!ard3 re(ers #o a si#ua#ion' e&en# or subs#ance #ha# can become harm(u$

(or "eo"$e' na#ure or human-made (aci$i#ies. A ha!ard is a "h%sica$ en#i#% +hi$e risk is no# i# is an

in(erence abou# #he im"$ica#ions o( a ha!ard (or "eo"$e 4or na#ure' or asse#s e*"osed #o i#. Peo"$e

a# risk migh# be residen#s' em"$o%ees in #he +ork"$ace' onsumers o( "o#en#ia$$% ha!ardous

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"roduc#s' #ra&e$ers7commu#ers and7or #he socie#% a# $arge. hese conce"#ua$i!a#ions are based on

a socia$-science "ers"ec#i&e. @% con#ras#' +i#hin na#ura$ sciences' 3risk3 is (re/uen#$% de(ined as

#he "robabi$i#% o( damage' e.g. in 3/uan#i#a#i&e risk assessmen#3 and es"ecia$$% in Probabi$is#ic

Risk Ana$%sis 4PRA. his crea#es conce"#ua$ "rob$ems because man% ha!ards ha&e $o+

"robabi$i#% %e# i( #he% occur' #he e*#en# o( damage ma% be enormous. ,# means #ha# e/ua#ing

riskiness +i#h #he $ike$ihood o( a ha!ard is nonsensica$ i( #he "o#en#ia$ im"ac#s are se&ere

4e*am"$e: nuc$ear or chemica$ disas#ers. On #he o#her hand' using )us# #he se&eri#% 4i.e.' nega#i&e

u#i$i#% as riskiness cri#erion is no# a""ro"ria#e ei#her' because some ha!ards o( high-(re/uenc%

e((ec#s +ou$d rank $o+ 4e*am"$e: ear#h/uakes. onse/uen#$%' in#egra#i&e riskiness mode$s +ere

de&e$o"ed. An ad&anced access' based on "s%cho$ogica$ decision #heor%' is #he 3S?3

Sub)ec#i&e e*"ec#ed u#i$i#%3 conce"#' in +hich #he "robabi$i#% and #he nega#i&e &a$ue o( im"ac#s

become combined' and +hich u#i$i!es es#ima#ed or assessed $e&e$s o( #he "er#inen# ha!ard (ace#s.

A (ur#her im"edimen# in /uan#i(%ing 3risk3 is #ha# no# a$$ ha!ard im"ac#s can be measured b%

coun#s 4e.g.' number o( (a#a$i#ies or e*"ressed in (inancia$ #erms 4e.g.' damage in do$$ars -

ins#ances are disru"#ed (ami$% #ies' "os#-#rauma#ic s#ress disorder' de"ression o( disas#er &ic#ims.rom a socio-"s%cho$ogica$ "ers"ec#i&e' i# is #here(ore im"or#an# #o be conscious o( di((erences

be#+een "h%sica$ and "s%cho$ogica$ "henomena' and #o dis#inguish be#+een "eo"$eNs )udgmen#s'

a##i#udes and beha&iors in res"ec# #o risk si#ua#ions. he conce"#ua$i!a#ion o( 3risk3 shou$d be a

mu$#i-disci"$inar% under#aking +hich connec#s insigh#s (rom domains $ike engineering'

geogra"h%' economics and "s%cho$og% in order #o crea#e sui#ab$e and &a$id charac#eri!a#ions.

ina$$%' #he no#ion 3risk3 re(ers mos#$% bu# no# a$+a%s #o nega#i&e issues - in some (ie$ds 3risk3

(unc#ions as a neu#ra$ #erm 4e/ua#ing #o uncer#ain#% abou# #he ou#comes o( choices.

RIS2 PERCEPTI3N:

Peo"$eNs )udgmen#s and e&a$ua#ions o( ha!ards #he% 4or #heir (aci$i#ies' or en&ironmen#s are or migh# be e*"osed #o is ca$$ed 3risk "erce"#ion3. Risk "erce"#ions are in#er"re#a#ions o( #he +or$d'

based on e*"eriences and7or be$ie(s. he% are embedded in #he norms' &a$ue s%s#ems and cu$#ura$

idios%ncrasies o( socie#ies. &er% human is occu"ied +i#h risk "erce"#ion mos# o( #he #ime'

+he#her dri&ing a car or #hinking abou# residence sa(e#% or +orr%ing abou# (ires in an

en&ironmen# and so on. ,# is no#ab$e #ha# mos# "eo"$e ha&e &ie+s abou# e&er% risk' regard$ess o(

+he#her #he% are e*"osed #o i# or no#. S#ric#$% s"eaking risks canno# be "ercei&ed2 4$ike a si!e or

s"eed or #he +ea#her. Ie# 3risk "erce"#ion3 has none#he$ess become #he s#andard $abe$ o( #he

res"ec#i&e research #o"ic. Risk "erce"#ions s#eer decisions abou# #he acce"#abi$i#% o( risks and are

a core in($uence on beha&iors be(ore' during and a(#er a disas#er. Ho+e&er' nei#her "erce"#ions o(

nor a##i#udes #o+ards risk shou$d be #aken as e/ui&a$en#s o( ac#ua$ beha&ior. Peo"$eNs risk

a""raisa$s are a com"$e* resu$# o( ha!ard (ea#ures and "ersona$ "hi$oso"hies. Ho+ #he magni#ude

o( risks is ra#ed' and #o +ha# e*#en# "eo"$e are "re"ared #o acce"# a risk' is de"enden# on #he #%"e

o( ha!ard' on "ersona$ e*"eriences' be$ie(s and a##i#udes' and on di&erse socie#a$ in($uences.

udgmen#s are more nega#i&e (or #echno$og%-induced #han (or na#ura$ ha!ards' and in&o$un#ar%

#han se$(-chosen 4con#ro$$ab$e risk e*"osure. ear associa#ions' un(ami$iari#%' ca#as#ro"hic

"o#en#ia$ and $ong #erm hea$#h im"ac#s are s#ronger in($uences #han assumed "robabi$i#% #o die.

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$ear$%' N#echnica$N and s#a#is#ica$ risk charac#eris#ics canno# e*"$ain risk acce"#ance da#a. Lhi$e

indi&idua$ and "ar#icu$ar$% socie#a$ bene(i#s coun#erba$ance risk concerns (or occu"a#iona$ and

"ri&a#e risks' #his is $ess #rue (or $arge-sca$e #echno$og% risks. Regarding "ersona$ charac#eris#ics'

a##i#udes such as en&ironmen#a$ concern' sce"#icism abou# #echno$og% usage and "os#-ma#eria$F

&a$ue orien#a#ion are signi(ican# de#erminan#s 4+hi$e socio-demogra"hic (ac#ors ha&e on$%

res#ric#ed e((ec#s. hose a##i#udes are embedded in a +ider cu$#ura$ and "o$i#ica$ con#e*#

#here(ore' socie#a$ 4sub- grou"s di((er +ide$% in risk acce"#ance. A$so' acce"#ance or de(iance o(

risks is no# de#ermined b% kno+$edge 4or $ack #hereo( - &a$ue dis"ari#ies are #he ke% (ac#or. Risk

"erce"#ions can be /uan#i(ied b% socio-"s%cho$ogica$ sca$ing and sur&e% #echni/ues 4deno#ed as

#he 3"s%chome#ric a""roach3. ,n o#her +ords' +hi$e risk "erce"#ion is sub)ec#i&e in na#ure' #he

da#a describing i# are as ob)ec#i&e as o#her scien#i(ic (indings. Since 1


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#o securing #he (u#ure o( indigenous cu$#ures. ,# is #he e((or#s o( communi#ies under #he guidance

o( #heir $eaders and #he in"u# o( dedica#ed and ins"ired indi&idua$s #ha# ha&e been mos# e((ec#i&e

in using en&ironmen#a$ "ro#ec#ion measures #o reduce #he risk and conse/uences o( disas#ers and

#o be##er coordina#e re$ie( ac#i&i#ies. Man% o( #he disas#ers caused b% #he ha!ards are una&oidab$e.

Ho+e&er' #he se&eri#% o( #he im"ac# o( such e&en#s is in($uenced b% #he choices #ha# +e make

abou# ho+ +e in#erac# +i#h our en&ironmen#. he "rimar% geo$ogica$' c$ima#e-re$a#ed' bio$ogica$

and #echno$ogica$ ha!ards o(#en gi&e rise #o secondar% ha!ards. ,n man% cases' #hese secondar%

ha!ards are a grea#er #hrea# #o a communi#% #han are #he "rimar% ha!ards. or e*am"$e' #ro"ica$

c%c$ones a$ong #he eas# coas# o( A(rica can #rigger s#orm surges' ($ash coas#a$ and ri&er ($oods and

$ands$ides. Simi$ar$%' $ands$ides' (ires' #sunamis and ($oods genera#ed b% an ear#h/uake o(#en

cause +orse damage #han e*"erienced during #he /uake #remors. ,n an urban en&ironmen#'

"o$$u#ion' o&ercro+ding and $imi#ed or e&en no sani#ar% and medica$ ser&ices can $ead #o

e"idemics' chronic i$$ness and an unre$en#ing c%c$e o( crime and "o&er#%.

EARL8 ARNING S8STEMS:

ar$% +arning is a "rocess #ha# "ro&ides #ime$% in(orma#ion so #ha# communi#ies are no# on$%

in(ormed' bu# su((icien#$% im"ressed' #ha# #he% #ake "re"aredness ac#ions be(ore and during #he

an#ici"a#ed ha!ardous e&en#. ,# de"ends on "rac#ica$ re$a#ionshi"s be#+een science and

#echno$og%' and #he unders#anding o( socia$ and economic im"$ica#ions o( disas#ers in #he con#e*#

o( sus#ainab$e de&e$o"men#. he "ur"ose o( ob#aining ear$% +arnings o( im"ending disas#ers is #o

enab$e communi#ies a# risk #o ac# #imeous$% and a""ro"ria#e$% so as #o reduce #he "ossibi$i#% o(

in)ur%' $oss o( $i(e and damage #o "ro"er#% and #he en&ironmen#. ar$% +arning is a cri#ica$

com"onen# o( disas#er risk reduc#ion. here are #hree ke% s#e"s in de&e$o"ing an ear$% +arning

s%s#em a# communi#% $e&e$' +hich are:

9 3RECAST AND PREDICTI3N: &a$ua#ing #he resu$#s o( moni#oring ke% indica#ors #o

de#ermine +he#her #he en&ironmen# is +arning us o( an im"ending disas#er.

9 4SING AND ANN34NCING T"E ARNING: ommuni#% $eaders no#i(% #heir "eo"$e'

#heir neighbouring communi#ies and i( necessar%' regiona$ go&ernmen# o( #he "ossib$e

conse/uences o( #he iden#i(ied risk. ,n #he case o( a s$o+ onse# e&en#' a""ro"ria#e changes in

communi#% "rac#ices need #o be considered and im"$emen#ed 4"re&en#ion o""or#uni#%.

9 REACTI3N: ommuni#% $eaders and #heir "eo"$e' ha&ing been (ore+arned and

unders#anding #he si#ua#ion #he% (ace' can im"$emen# #he necessar% "re&en#ion or "ro#ec#i&e

measures. he 1


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?n#i$ recen#$%' disas#er managemen# has been reac#i&e and (ocused on crisis managemen# and #he

emergenc% assis#ance 4re$ie( needed on$% a(#er a disas#rous e&en# has occurred. =isas#er risk

reduc#ion no+ #akes a "roac#i&e $onger-#erm &ie+. ,#s "ur"ose is #o assis# communi#ies #o "re"are

(or and reduce #he im"ac#s o( disas#ers #ha# canno# be a&oided' such as ($oods' ear#h/uakes and

&o$canoes. or #he disas#ers #ha# canno# be "re&en#ed' #here are (our as"ec#s o( disas#er

managemen#:

Mi#iga#ion

Pre"aredness

Res"onse

Reco&er%

=isas#er mi#iga#ion inc$udes s#ruc#ure and non-s#ruc#ure measures under#aken #o $imi# #he im"ac#

o( "o#en#ia$ disas#ers - (or e*am"$e' "ub$ic a+areness and ($ood (orecas#ing are considered as

non-s#ruc#ura$ measures' +hi$e dikes and barrage cons#ruc#ion is s#ruc#ura$ measure (or

mi#iga#ing ($ood im"ac#. =isas#er "re"aredness he$"s communi#ies reduce #he $ike$ihood or

se&eri#% o( im"ac# o( cer#ain disas#ers' "ar#icu$ar$% s$o+ onse# disas#ers' man% o( +hich arise

(rom en&ironmen#a$ degrada#ion. *am"$es are deser#i(ica#ion' (amine' ($ooding' +i$d (ire'

disease and e"idemics. ,# dea$s "roac#i&e$% +i#h #he risks iden#i(ied and resu$#s in increased

communi#% resi$ience and ca"aci#% #o o&ercome #he im"ac#s o( a disas#er. ,n #he immedia#e

a(#erma#h o( a disas#er' man% o( #he s#ricken communi#ies +i$$ be in a s#a#e o( shock and o(#en no#

ab$e #o #hink be%ond #heir immedia#e needs. A communi#% #ha# has discussed and #hough# #hrough

#he "rob$em in ad&ance +i$$ kno+ +ha# i# needs and ho+ #o res"ond. ,# +i$$ a$so kno+ +hen i#

shou$d ca$$ u"on ou#side assis#ance and ho+ #o e((ec#i&e$% manage i#. he $eaders o( suchcommuni#ies are in a be##er "osi#ion #o co-ordina#e ou#side assis#ance +i#h $oca$ re$ie( o"era#ions

in res#oring communi#% +e$$being. Li#hou# #his "re"aredness and associa#ed resi$ience' disas#er

re$ie( can en#rench de"endence on in#erna#iona$ re$ie( agencies. Li#h "roac#i&e disas#er

"re"aredness "$ans in "$ace and s#rong $eadershi"' communi#ies can manage #he aid #ha# (o$$o+s

a disas#er and ini#ia#e im"or#an# medium and $ong-#erm de&e$o"men#s in #heir areas during #he

reco&er% "hase. ,n e&er% crisis #here is an o""or#uni#%.

S4STAINAa#ura$ ca"i#a$.

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Sus#ainab$e de&e$o"men# means communi#ies mus# #ake socia$' economic and en&ironmen#a$

issues in#o accoun# in a$$ decisions and "$anning. A communi#%Fs +ea$#h is measured b% i#s #o#a$

ca"i#a$ - #he sum o( i#s socia$' economic and na#ura$ ca"i#a$. or de&e$o"men# #o be sus#ainab$e'

#he #o#a$ ca"i#a$ mus# increase +i#h #ime. hrough #raining and educa#ion' economic ca"i#a$ can

be used #o increase socia$ and na#ura$ ca"i#a$.

=isas#er "re"aredness he$"s communi#ies #o reduce #he $ike$ihood or se&eri#% o( im"ac# o( cer#ain

disas#ers. >a#ura$ ca"i#a$ can a$so crea#e economic ca"i#a$ 4e.g.' #ouris#s &isi#ing na#iona$ "arks

and s"ending mone%. >a#ura$ ca"i#a$ can a$so be #rans(ormed in#o economic ca"i#a$ 4e.g. minera$

or oi$ "roduc#ion' or +hen a hard+ood #ree is used #o make a +ood-car&ed scu$"#ure and #he

scu$"#ure is so$d.

Lhen #he na#ura$ en&ironmen# is degraded' #his reduces #he &a$ue o( #he na#ura$ ca"i#a$ a&ai$ab$e.

=isas#ers can a$so resu$# in a $oss o( socia$' economic and na#ura$ ca"i#a$. Re"ea#ed e*"osures #o

disas#ers (rom +hich a communi#% does no# reco&er +i$$ $ead #o a do+n+ard s"ira$ o( "o&er#%.

=isas#er risk reduc#ion aims #o break #his c%c$e. &er% s#e" in #he disas#er risk reduc#ion(rame+ork can be considered as an o""or#uni#% (or sus#ainab$e de&e$o"men#. Risk managemen#

and en&ironmen#a$ managemen# ini#ia#i&es shou$d no# be seen #o com"e#e +i#h o#her

de&e$o"men#a$ ob)ec#i&es. Ra#her' #he% are an in#egra$ "ar# o( sus#ainab$e de&e$o"men#. A$#hough

#he "os#-disas#er recons#ruc#ion "eriod o(#en "ro&ides an o""or#une #ime #o in#roduce disas#er

reduc#ion measures #hrough "ro"er en&ironmen#a$ "ro#ec#ion in#o #he "$anning (or sus#ainab$e

de&e$o"men#' no o""or#uni#% shou$d be $os# #o reduce or mi#iga#e risks $ong be(ore disas#er

s#rikes.

A communi#% #ha# unders#ands i#s s%mbio#ic re$a#ionshi" +i#h #he en&ironmen# unders#ands ho+

#o #rans(orm #he goods and ser&ices #ha# i# o((ers in#o sus#ainab$e economic ac#i&i#%. his makes i#a resi$ien# communi#% #ha# is a$er# #o #he ear$% +arning signs o( s$o+ onse# disas#ers and is

res"onsi&e #o #he need #o change in order #o a&er# an esca$a#ion o( risk. ,# +i$$ ha&e a""ro"ria#e

"$ans in "$ace i( a disas#er s#rikes and in #his e&en# #he communi#% and #he en&ironmen# +i$$ be

ab$e #o reco&er (as#er. Promo#ing #he sus#ainab$e use o( na#ura$ resources' main#aining na#ura$

ecos%s#ems in good condi#ion and res"onding #o ear$% +arning signs o( en&ironmen#a$

degrada#ion is cri#ica$ #o de&e$o"ing communa$ co"ing ca"aci#ies #ha# +i$$ reduce #he se&eri#% or

(re/uenc% o( na#ura$ disas#ers' $imi# &u$nerabi$i#% #o #he im"ac#s and #he occurrence o( secondar%

and #er#iar% e((ec#s.

Q. No. =: (a! %a*!- ma%'r% ar '%$ !o minimi# !( $angr o* ar!(>'a

ANS: An ear#h/uake is de(ined as #he "henomena in +hich $arge sec#ions o( #ec#onic "$a#es o(

#he ear#hFs crus# mo&e such #ha# #he% ei#her o&er$a" each o#her or s$ide agains# one ano#her'

resu$#ing in a mass seismic shock+a&e +hich is "o+er(u$ enough #o crea#e c$i((s and $arge

o"ening in #he ear#hFs sur(ace. Marking #he edges o( #he #ec#onic "$a#es are #he (au$# $ines +hich

are basica$$% #he cracks in #he ear#hFs crus#. Mos# ear#h/uakes occur a$ong #he (au$# $ines crea#ing

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broken "o+er and gas $ines' $ands$ides' sno+ a&a$anches' causing damage #o #he in(ras#ruc#ure'

#sunamis and &o$canic eru"#ions.

he sca$e #ha# is used #o measure #he in#ensi#% or magni#ude o( an ear#h/uake is kno+n as Rich#er

sca$e. he magni#ude o( each ear#h/uake is di((eren# (rom #he o#her' de"ending u"on some

"arame#ers +hich genera$$% are dis#ance' #he ground condi#ion' #he areas cons#ruc#ion s#andards'as +e$$ as o#her re$a#ed (ac#ors. ee"ing #hese "arame#ers in &ie+ #he seismo$ogis#s ma% use

se&era$ di((eren# me#hods #o es#ima#e #he magni#ude o( an ear#h/uake. o$$o+ing is #he sca$e

re"resen#ing #he in#ensi#% o( an ear#h/uake and #he des#ruc#ion i# can cause.

Ear!(>'a D%!r'c!ion Dpn$% 3n I!% Magni!'$

• +.5 3r l%%: Iou ma% no# genera$$% (ee$ #he ear#h/uakes o( #hese in#ensi#% bu# #he% are

recorded on #he Rich#er sca$e.

•

+.5 !o 5./: hese ear#h/uakes do (ee$ in genera$' ho+e&er #he% rare$% cause an%signi(ican# amoun# o( damage.

• 5./ !o =.0: hese ear#h/uakes are dangerous in #he urban en&ironmen# and can cause

some damage #o #he +e$$-designed in(ras#ruc#ure bu# can cause serious damage i( #he

s#ruc#ure is "oor$% cons#ruc#ed.

• =.1 !o =.?: hese #%"es o( ear#h/uake can be &er% des#ruc#i&e in areas u" #o 100 km o( i#s

radius.

• @.0 !o @.?: hese are ear#h/uake are inc$uded in #he ca#egor% o( ma)or ear#h/uakes and

are ca"ab$e o( causing serious des#ruc#ion o&er &er% $arge sca$e.

• .0 3r gra!r: hese ear#h/uakes are #he mos# des#ruc#i&e ear#h/uakes. he% $ie in #he

ma)or /uakes ca#egor% and are +e$$ ab$e #o cause some serious des#ruc#ion and damage

+i#hin areas o( se&era$ hundred km o( i#s radius.

here is no e((ec#i&e +arning s%s#em (or ear#h/uakes' +hich makes "re$iminar% "recau#ions e&en

more cri#ica$. A# #he same #ime' kno+ing ho+ #o beha&e +hen a /uake s#rikes and +ha# #o do

a(#er #he e&en# is )us# as im"or#an# #o s#a%ing sa(e.

An ear#h/uake can be a #erri(%ing e&en#. @% #aking "ro"er sa(e#% "recau#ions' %ou can he$" $imi#

#ha# #error #hrough care(u$ "$anning and organi!a#ion. Ho$d occasiona$ ear#h/uake dri$$s so %our (ami$% kno+s e*ac#$% +ha# #he% shou$d do in #he e&en# a /uake s#rikes. his +i$$ increase #he

odds #ha# e&er%one sur&i&es unharmed.

Dangr% A%%ocia!$ 6i!( Ear!(>'a%:

he ac#ua$ mo&emen# o( #he ground in an ear#h/uake is se$dom #he direc# cause o( in)ur% or

dea#h. Mos# casua$#ies resu$# (rom (a$$ing ob)ec#s and debris or co$$a"sing s#ruc#ures. ,n)uries arecommon$% caused b%:

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Par#ia$ bui$ding co$$a"se' such as (a$$ing masonr%' co$$a"sing +a$$s' (a$$ing cei$ing "$as#er' e#c.

$%ing g$ass (rom broken +indo+s.

O&er#urned bookcases' (i$ing cabine#s' (i*#ures' (urni#ure' o((ice machines and a""$iances.

ires' broken gas $ines' e#c. hese dangers ma% be aggra&a#ed b% $ack o( +a#er due #o broken

mains.

a$$en "o+er $ines.

,na""ro"ria#e ac#ions resu$#ing (rom "anic.

EART"Q4A2E SAET8 G4IDELINES

Remain a$m. Sound usua$$% "recedes ear#h/uake mo#ion b% a s"$i# second. ,( %ou ha&e

de&e$o"ed #he correc# ear#h/uake res"onses in %our mind be(ore a /uake' #his s"$i# second is

enough #ime #o ac#i&a#e %our au#oma#ic reac#ions. ,( %ou s#a% ca$m' %ou +i$$ be be##er ab$e #o

assess %our si#ua#ion. he ro$$ing and roaring ma% #erri(% %ou' bu# un$ess some#hing (a$$s on %ou'#he sensa#ions "robab$% +onN# hur# %ou. r% #a$king %ourse$( #hrough #he &io$en# mo#ion "hase.

his +i$$ re$ease s#ress and o#hers ma% #ake courage and (o$$o+ %our reasoned res#rain#. hink #hrough #he conse/uences o( an% ac#ion %ou "$an #o #ake.

,( %ou are indoors' s#a% #here. ,( %ou are in danger: 9e# under a s#urd% #ab$e' desk or bed. @race

%ourse$( in an inside corner a+a% (rom +indo+s. Mo&e #o an inner +a$$ or corridor. 4A door

(rame or #he s#ruc#ura$ (rame or inner core o( #he bui$ding are i#s s#ronges# "oin#s and $eas#$ike$% #o co$$a"se. he% +i$$ a$so break #he im"ac# o( an% (a$$ing ob)ec#s.

,n an a"ar#men# bui$ding #he sa(es# "$ace is b% #he cen#ra$ rein(orced core o( #he bui$ding' +hich

is usua$$% $oca#ed b% #he e$e&a#or +e$$.

hoose she$#er +hich +i$$ "ro&ide an airs"ace i( i# co$$a"ses. ,( %our (urni#ure she$#er mo&es' s#a%

under i# and (o$$o+ i# around #he a"ar#men#.

La#ch (or (a$$ing ob)ec#s - "$as#er' bricks' $igh# (i*#ures' "o#s and "ans' e#c.

S#a% a+a% (rom #a$$ she$&es' china cabine#s and o#her (urni#ure' +hich migh# s$ide or #o""$e o&er.

S#a% a+a% (rom +indo+s' s$iding g$ass doors' mirrors. o 9rab an%#hing hand% 4b$anke#' "i$$o+'

#ab$ec$o#h' ne+s"a"ers' bo*' e#c. #o shie$d %our head and (ace (rom (ai$ing debris and s"$in#ingg$ass. =onN# be a$armed i( #he (ire a$arm or s"rink$ers go o((.

=o >o# Rush Ou#side. S#a% on #he same ($oor #ha# %ou are on. S#air+a%s ma% be broken and

e*i#s )ammed +i#h "eo"$e. =o no# use e$e&a#ors as #he "o+er (or e$e&a#ors ma% go ou# and $ea&e

%ou #ra""ed. he grea#es# danger (rom (a$$ing debris is )us# ou#side door+a%s and c$ose #o ou#er +a$$s. ,( (or sa(e#% reasons %ou mus# $ea&e #he bui$ding' choose %our e*i#s as care(u$$% as

"ossib$e.

,( %ou are ou#side' s#a% #here. Mo&e a+a% (rom #he bui$ding' garage' +a$$s' "o+er "o$es and$am""os#s. $ec#ric "o+er $ines are a serious ha!ard - s#a% a+a% (rom (a$$en $ines. ,( "ossib$e'

"roceed cau#ious$% #o an o"en area.

,( %ou are in a mo&ing car' s#o". S#o" as /uick$% as sa(e#% "ermi#s in #he bes# a&ai$ab$e s"ace.S#a% in %our car: =onN# s#o" +here bui$dings can #o""$e do+n on #o" o( %ou. A car is an e*ce$$en#

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shock absorber and +i$$ shake a $o# on i#s s"rings during an ear#h/uake' bu# i#Ns a (air$% sa(e

she$#er (rom +hich #o assess %our si#ua#ion.

A&oid a$$en Po+er Jines. he "ossibi$i#% o( encoun#ering (a$$en $i&e +ires is grea# during anda(#er an ear#h/uake. ,( %ou are on (oo#' make a +ide "a#h around #he +ires. ,( %ou are in #he car

and $i&e +ires ha&e (a$$en across #he car' remain +here %ou are. Iour car is usua$$% +e$$ insu$a#ed

and +i$$ "ro#ec# %ou (rom e$ec#ric shock. >e&er assume #ha# do+ned "o+er $ines are dead.

A*!r An Ear!(>'a: i!(in !( ir%! Svral Min'!%:

Remain a$m. =onN# Panic. r% #o ca$m and reassure o#hers. S#o" and #ake #ime #o #hink. Lai#

un#i$ a$$ mo#ion has s#o""ed. =o no# run do+n s#airs or ou#doors. @e "re"ared (or addi#iona$shock+a&es.

=o no# $igh# ma#ches' cigare##es or #urn on e$ec#rica$ s+i#ches. $ash$igh#s are one o( #he bes#

$igh# sources a(#er a damaging ear#h/uake. Proceed +i#h e*#reme cau#ion.

Pro#ec# hands and (ee# (rom broken g$ass or debris. ee" head and (ace "ro#ec#ed 4hardha#'

b$anke#' #ab$ec$o#h' e#c.

Make a /uick check (or in)uries or #ra""ed "eo"$e. Pro&ide emergenc% (irs# aid i( needed. =ono# #r% #o mo&e serious$% in)ured "ersons un$ess #he% are in immedia#e danger (rom (ur#her

in)ur%.

urn o(( a$$ a""$iances and o((ice machines. *#inguish a$$ o"en ($ames. heck "o+er $ines andcords. ,( "rob$ems e*is# in e$ec#rica$ $ines or gas $ines #he mains shou$d be shu# o((.

,# ma% be necessar% #o dra+ a modera#e amoun# o( co$d +a#er in ba#h#ubs and sinks and o#her

con#ainers' in case ser&ice shou$d be disru"#ed.

D'ring !( Nx! Svral "o'r%:

=o no# o"era#e e$ec#rica$ s+i#ches' a""$iances or o"en-($ame e/ui"men# i( gas $eaks are

sus"ec#ed. S"arks or ($ames can igni#e gas (rom broken $ines causing an e*"$osion.

end (ur#her #o in)ured or #ra""ed "ersons. r% #o ge# he$" i( necessar%. ,( a "erson is #ra""ed

and %ou can (ree him +i#hou# in)ur% #o %ourse$(' remo&e debris "iece-b%-"iece s#ar#ing +i#h #he

#o" o( #he "i$e.

@e "re"ared (or a(#ershocks - #he% are +eaker #han #he main shock bu# can cause addi#iona$

damage and "s%cho$ogica$ #rauma. La#ch ou# (or o#her "ossib$e dangers' +hich ma% (o$$o+ an

ear#h/uake' such as (ire' ($ood' $ands$ide or S?>AM, 4#ida$ +a&e.

urn on a ba##er% radio #o recei&e disas#er ins#ruc#ions. ?se #e$e"hones on$% #o re"or# e*#reme

emergenc% si#ua#ions.

,ns"ec# %our +ork area care(u$$% (or s#ruc#ura$ damage. are(u$$% o"en e*i# doors - #he%

some#imes )am. he ini#ia$ /uake ma% damage #he s#ruc#ure and an a(#ershock cou$d knock do+n+eakened +a$$s. ?se e*#reme cau#ion +hen mo&ing around in damaged areas - #he% ma%

co$$a"se +i#hou# +arning. heck #o see #ha# se+age $ines are in#ac# be(ore ($ushing #oi$e#s.

Iou shou$d no# #r% #o ge# home un#i$ go&ernmen# au#hori#ies sa% i# is sa(e' +hich +i$$ be +hen#he +ors# (ires are under con#ro$ and #he s#ree#s ha&e been c$eared. his ma% ha""en /uick$% or i#

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ma% #ake $onger 4"erha"s B; hours or more. Iou shou$d ad&ise %our (ami$% #ha# in #he e&en# o( a

ma)or ear#h/uake %ou ma%be re#ained a# +ork. Lhen "ossib$e no#i(% %our (ami$% abou# %our +e$$

being.

=onN# go ou#side sigh#seeing. ee" s#ree#s c$ear (or "assage o( emergenc% &ehic$es. Iour

"resence migh# ham"er rescue and o#her emergenc% o"era#ion

Q. No. 0@: Explain !( na!'r o* $i%a% pi$mic% !(a! !riggr% 6i!( x!rm 6a!(r%.

or cen#uries humans ha&e kno+n #ha# c$ima#ic condi#ions a((ec# e"idemic in(ec#ionsGsince +e$$

be(ore #he basic no#ion o( in(ec#ious agen#s +as unders#ood $a#e in #he nine#een#h cen#ur%. heRoman aris#ocrac% #ook re(uge in #heir hi$$ resor#s each summer #o a&oid ma$aria. Sou#h Asians

$earn# ear$% #ha# in high summer' s#rong$% curried (oods +ere $ess "rone #o induce diarrhoea$

diseases. ,n #he sou#hern ?ni#ed S#a#es one o( #he mos# se&ere summer#ime ou#breaks o( %e$$o+(e&er 4&ira$ disease #ransmi##ed b% #he Aedes aeg%"#i mos/ui#o occurred in 18B8' during one o(

#he s#ronges# $ >io e"isodes on record. he economic and human cos# +as enormous' +i#h an

es#ima#ed dea#h #o$$ o( around ;0000 "eo"$e. ,n de&e$o"ed coun#ries #oda% i# is +e$$ kno+n #ha#

recurren# inuen!a e"idemics occur in mid-+in#er. ,n(ec#ious disease #ransmission shou$d be&ie+ed +i#hin an eco$ogica$ (rame+ork. ,n(ec#ious agen#s ob#ain #he necessar% nu#rien#s and

energ% b% "arasi#i!a#ion o( higher organisms. Mos# such in(ec#ions are benign' and some are

e&en beneTcia$ #o bo#h hos# and microbe. On$% a minori#% o( in(ec#ions #ha# ad&erse$% a((ec# #hehos#Fs bio$og% are #ermed in(ec#ious disease.

o$$o+ing are some o( #he diseases #riggered b% e*#reme +ea#her.

1. In*l'n#a:

,n($uen!a' common$% kno+n as 3#he ($u3' is an in(ec#ious disease caused b% an in($uen!a &irus.

S%m"#oms can be mi$d #o se&ere. he mos# common s%m"#oms inc$ude: a high (e&er ' runn%

nose' sore #hroa#' musc$e "ains' headache' coughing' and (ee$ing #ired. hese s%m"#oms #%"ica$$% begin #+o da%s a(#er e*"osure #o #he &irus and mos# $as# $ess #han a +eek. he cough' ho+e&er'

ma% $as# (or more #han #+o +eeks. ,n chi$dren' #here ma% be nausea and &omi#ing' bu# #hese are

no# common in adu$#s. >ausea and &omi#ing occur more common$% in #he unre$a#ed in(ec#ion

gas#roen#eri#is' +hich is some#imes inaccura#e$% re(erred #o as 3s#omach ($u3 or 3;-hour ($u3.

om"$ica#ions o( in($uen!a ma% inc$ude &ira$ "neumonia' secondar% bac#eria$ "neumonia' sinus

in(ec#ions' and +orsening o( "re&ious hea$#h "rob$ems such as as#hma or hear# (ai$ure.

re/uen# hand +ashing reduces #he risk o( in(ec#ion because #he &irus is inac#i&a#ed b% soa".

Learing a surgica$ mask is a$so use(u$. Iear$% &accina#ions agains# in($uen!a are recommended

b% #he Lor$d Hea$#h Organi!a#ion (or #hose a# high risk. he &accine is usua$$% e((ec#i&e agains#

#hree or (our #%"es o( in($uen!a. ,# is usua$$% +e$$ #o$era#ed. A &accine made (or one %ear ma% no# be use(u$ in #he (o$$o+ing %ear' since #he &irus e&o$&es ra"id$%. An#i&ira$ drugs such as #he

neuraminidase inhibi#ors ose$#ami&ir among o#hers ha&e been used #o #rea# in($uen!a. heir

bene(i#s in #hose +ho are o#her+ise hea$#h% do no# a""ear #o be grea#er #han #heir risks. >o

bene(i# has been (ound in #hose +i#h o#her hea$#h "rob$ems.

,n($uen!a s"reads around #he +or$d in a %ear$% ou#break ' resu$#ing in abou# #hree #o (i&e mi$$ion

cases o( se&ere i$$ness and abou# ;50'000 #o 500'000 dea#hs. ,n #he >or#hern and Sou#hern "ar#s

Page 19 of 32

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrheahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrheahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_pneumoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_maskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_seasonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrheahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrheahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coughhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_pneumoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_pneumoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_infectionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_maskhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseltamivirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_season


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o( #he +or$d ou#breaks occur main$% in +in#er +hi$e in areas around #he e/ua#or ou#breaks ma%

occur a# an% #ime o( #he %ear. =ea#h occurs mos#$% in #he %oung' #he o$d and #hose +i#h o#her

hea$#h "rob$ems. Jarger ou#breaks kno+n as "andemics are $ess (re/uen#. ,n #he ;0#h cen#ur%

#hree in($uen!a "andemics occurred: S"anish in($uen!a in 1


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be so se&ere #ha# i# $eads +i#hin hours #o se&ere deh%dra#ion and e$ec#ro$%#e imba$ance. his ma%

resu$# in sunken e%es' co$d skin' decreased skin e$as#ici#%' and +rink$ing o( #he hands and (ee#.

he deh%dra#ion ma% resu$# in #he skin #urning b$uish. S%m"#oms s#ar# #+o hours #o (i&e da%sa(#er e*"osure.

ho$era is caused b% a number o( #%"es o( Eibrio cho$erae' +i#h some #%"es "roducing morese&ere disease #han o#hers. ,# is s"read mos#$% b% +a#er and (ood #ha# has been con#amina#ed +i#h

human (eces con#aining #he bac#eria. ,nsu((icien#$% cooked sea(ood is a common source. Humansare #he on$% anima$ a((ec#ed. Risk (ac#ors (or #he disease inc$ude "oor sani#a#ion' no# enough

c$ean drinking +a#er ' and "o&er#%. here are concerns #ha# rising sea $e&e$s +i$$ increase ra#es o(

disease. ho$era can be diagnosed b% a s#oo$ #es#. A ra"id di"s#ick #es# is a&ai$ab$e bu# is no# asaccura#e.

Pre&en#ion in&o$&es im"ro&ed sani#a#ion and access #o c$ean +a#er. ho$era &accines #ha# are

gi&en b% mou#h "ro&ide reasonab$e "ro#ec#ion (or abou# si* mon#hs. he% ha&e #he added bene(i#

o( "ro#ec#ing agains# ano#her #%"e o( diarrhea caused b% . co$i. he "rimar% #rea#men# is ora$

reh%dra#ion #hera"% #he re"$acemen# o( ($uids +i#h s$igh#$% s+ee# and sa$#% so$u#ions. Rice-basedso$u#ions are "re(erred. Vinc su""$emen#a#ion is use(u$ in chi$dren. ,n se&ere cases' in#ra&enous

($uids' such as RingerNs $ac#a#e' ma% be re/uired' and an#ibio#ics ma% be bene(icia$. es#ing #o see+ha# an#ibio#ic #he cho$era is susce"#ib$e #o can he$" guide #he choice.

ho$era a((ec#s an es#ima#ed CU5 mi$$ion "eo"$e +or$d+ide and causes 58'000U1C0'000 dea#hs a

%ear as o( ;010. Lhi$e i# is curren#$% c$assi(ied as a "andemic' i# is rare in #he de&e$o"ed +or$d.

hi$dren are mos#$% a((ec#ed. ho$era occurs as bo#h ou#breaks and chronica$$% in cer#ain areas.Areas +i#h an ongoing risk o( disease inc$ude A(rica and sou#h-eas# Asia. Lhi$e #he risk o( dea#h

among #hose a((ec#ed is usua$$% $ess #han 5' i# ma% be as high as 50 among some grou"s +ho

do no# ha&e access #o #rea#men#. His#orica$ descri"#ions o( cho$era are (ound as ear$% as #he 5#h

cen#ur% @ in Sanskri#. he s#ud% o( cho$era b% ohn Sno+ be#+een 18< and 185 $ed #osigni(ican# ad&ances in #he (ie$d o( e"idemio$og%.

Q. No. : "o6 6 mi!iga! an$ a$ap! o'r%lv% !o *loo$

,n genera$' #here are #+o di((eren# s#ra#egies +hen i# comes #o dea$ing +i#h c$ima#e change. Le

can #r% #o s#o" (u#ure +arming 4mi!iga!ion o( c$ima#e change or +e can (ind +a%s #o $i&e in our +arming +or$d 4a$ap!a!ion #o c$ima#e change.

• A$ap!a!ion in&o$&es de&e$o"ing +a%s #o "ro#ec# "eo"$e and "$aces b% reducing #heir

&u$nerabi$i#% #o c$ima#e im"ac#s. or e*am"$e' #o "ro#ec# agains# sea $e&e$ rise and increased

($ooding' communi#ies migh# bui$d sea+a$$s or re$oca#e bui$dings #o higher ground.

• Mi!iga!ion in&o$&es a##em"#s #o s$o+ #he "rocess o( g$oba$ c$ima#e change' usua$$% b%

$o+ering #he $e&e$ o( greenhouse gases in #he a#mos"here. P$an#ing #rees #ha# absorb O;

(rom #he air and s#ore i# is an e*am"$e o( one such s#ra#eg%.

>a#ura$ ha!ards and ($ood e&en#s are "ar# o( na#ure. he% ha&e a$+a%s e*is#ed and +i$$ con#inue

#o e*is#. Li#h #he e*ce"#ion o( some ($oods genera#ed b% dam (ai$ure or $ands$ides' ($oods are

Page 21 of 32

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_sea_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool_testhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool_testhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_supplementationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringer's_lactatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-east_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-east_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafoodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_sea_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stool_testhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera_vaccinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._colihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_supplementationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringer's_lactatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-east_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology


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c$ima#o$ogica$ "henomena in($uenced b% #he geo$og%' geo-mor"ho$og% and re$ie(' soi$' and

&ege#a#ion condi#ions. Me#eoro$ogica$ and h%dro$ogica$ "rocesses can be (as# or s$o+ and can

"roduce ($ash ($oods or more "redic#ab$e s$o+-de&e$o"ing ($oods' a$so ca$$ed ri&erine ($oods.

A$#hough ($oods are na#ura$ "henomena' human ac#i&i#ies and human in#er&en#ions in#o #he

"rocesses o( na#ure' such as a$#era#ions in #he drainage "a##erns (rom urbani!a#ion' agricu$#ura$ "rac#ices and de(ores#a#ion' ha&e considerab$% changed #he si#ua#ion in +ho$e ri&er basins. ,n #he

same #ime' e*"osi#ion #o risk and &u$nerabi$i#% in ($ood-"rone area ha&e been gro+ing cons#an#$%.

Le +i$$ ha&e #o kee" #he un"redic#abi$i#% o( na#ure in mind. $ood "ro#ec#ion is ne&er abso$u#e

and #hings can go +rong. he /ues#ion regu$ar$% arises as #o +ha# sa(e#% is a&ai$ab$e a# +ha#

"rice' and ho+ much o( #he remaining risk has #o be acce"#ed b% socie#%. Risk managemen# +i$$

be #he a""ro"ria#e me#hod #o dea$ +i#h #his cha$$enge. mergenc% and disas#er "$anning in case

o( e*#raordinar% si#ua#ions are im"or#an#' a$so in res"ec# o( en&ironmen#a$ e((ec#s +hich can

occur in case o( ($ooding o( indus#ria$ si#es.

As (ar as "ossib$e' human in#er(erence in#o #he "rocesses o( na#ure shou$d be re&ersed'

com"ensa#ed and' in #he (u#ure "re&en#ed. ,# is necessar% #o "romo#e and harmoni!e changes in+a#er "o$icies and $and-use "rac#ices' as +e$$ as en&ironmen#a$ "ro#ec#ion and na#ure

conser&a#ion' in order #o im"ro&e $oad managemen# in #he (rame o( ,n#egra#ed Ri&er @asinManagemen#.

Lhen considering s#ruc#ura$ so$u#ions' i#Fs im"or#an# #o unders#and #he e((ec#i&eness o(

indi&idua$ measures in #erms o( ($ood mi#iga#ion im"ac#. or e*am"$e' some +orks ma% reduce

($ooding #o a $arge area b% cen#ime#res +hich "ro&iding a minima$ bene(i# #o a $arge number o(

homeo+ners #ha# are $eas# a((ec#ed b% ($ooding and a$mos# no bene(i# #o #hose homeo+ners #ha#

are +ors# a((ec#ed. rom =ar+in #o A$ice S"rings' man% areas in #he >or#hern erri#or% are "rone

#o ($ooding' (rom s#orm surge in coas#a$ areas #o ($ash ($ooding in creeks. $ooding can ha""en in

bui$du" urban areas due #o an increase in #he ra#e o( s#orm +a#er runo(( or #o+ns and suburbs

bui$# +i#hin ($ood"$ains. Poor s#orm +a#er managemen# can a$so cause $oca$i!ed ($ooding.

=e"ending on $oca$i#% and #he na#ure o( #he ($ooding' a number o( s#ruc#ura$ 4in(ras#ruc#ure and

non-s#ruc#ura$ 4($ood resi$ience mi#iga#ion measures ma% be a&ai$ab$e. Ho+e&er' ($ood

mi#iga#ion measures ma% on$% $essen #he im"ac# o( ($ooding. >o amoun# o( in#er&en#ion can s#o"

hea&% rain or high #ides.

he communi#%' $oca$ businesses' emergenc% ser&ices' $oca$ counci$ and 9o&ernmen# need #o

+ork #oge#her #o reduce #he im"ac# o( ($ood +a#ers. he >or#hern erri#or% 9o&ernmen# is

commi##ed #o assis#ing residen#s in ($ood-"rone areas #hrough a range o( ($ood mi#iga#ion o"#ions.

S!r'c!'ral loo$ Mi!iga!ion

S#ruc#ura$ ($ood mi#iga#ion is +here "h%sica$ s#ruc#ures are cons#ruc#ed or modi(ied #o reduce #he

im"ac# o( ($ooding on indi&idua$ "ro"er#ies or +ho$e ca#chmen#s and inc$ude:

In*ra%!r'c!'r; incl'$ing $am%; lv%; ,ri$g% an$ c'lvr!%

Lhen considering s#ruc#ura$ so$u#ions' i#Fs im"or#an# #o unders#and #he e((ec#i&eness o(

indi&idua$ measures in #erms o( ($ood mi#iga#ion im"ac#. or e*am"$e' some +orks ma% reduce

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($ooding #o a $arge area b% cen#ime#res +hich "ro&ides minima$ bene(i# #o a $arge number o(

homeo+ners #ha# are $eas# a((ec#ed b% ($ooding and a$mos# no bene(i# #o #hose homeo+ners #ha#

are +ors# a((ec#ed.

Main!nanc o* xi%!ing in*ra%!r'c!'r

Ongoing main#enance #o e*is#ing creeks and s#orm+a#er drainage s%s#ems is &i#a$ #o main#ain #heh%drau$ic "er(ormance o( #he drain. =e&e$o"ing and re&ie+ing a regu$ar main#enance schedu$e

(or ($ood "rone areas can "ro&ide signi(ican# bene(i# during seasona$ rains. Lhi$e c$earing creek

s%s#ems does no# he$" a$+a%s reduce #he im"ac# o( $arge ($ood e&en#s' i# does he$" reduce #he

im"ac# o( sma$$er' more (re/uen# ($oods.

In$ivi$'al *loo$ proo*ing ma%'r%

Lhere #he inunda#ion o( ($ood +a#er is re$a#i&e$% $o+ 4nomina$$% $ess #han B00mm' i# ma% be

"ossib$e #o kee" ($ood +a#ers ou# o( homes b% ins#a$$ing so$id (ences' raising +indo+s' sea$ing

doors +i#h s#o" boardsF and $imi#ing se+age con#amina#ion #hrough re($u* &a$&es.

Improv$ Tra**ic Acc%%

,m"ro&ing #he ($ood resi$ience o( roads "ro&ides a bene(i# #o ($ood-a((ec#ed residen#s b% a$$o+ing

residen#s #o esca"e ($oods and emergenc% ser&ices #o ge# in #o assis#. e% rou#es #o essen#ia$

ser&ices such as hos"i#a$s and emergenc% she$#ers shou$d ha&e a# $eas# a Q100 ($ood immuni#%.

Non S!r'c!'ral loo$ Mi!iga!ion

Propr!- S'rv-%B

=e#ai$ed sur&e% o( ($ood a((ec#ed residences can increase #he accurac% o( ($ood mode$$ing so #ha#

homeo+ners' insurers and bu%ers can unders#and #he ac#ua$ im"ac# o( ($ooding on each "ro"er#%.

Lan$ '% planning con!rol%S#ra#egic $and use "$anning +i$$ iden#i(% #he e*#en# o( ($ood im"ac#ed $and #o $imi# #he

cons#ruc#ion o( urban and rura$ residen#ia$' commercia$ and indus#ria$ $and. he > P$anning

Scheme re/uires a$$ ne+ de&e$o"men#s #o under#ake Jand Sui#abi$i#% in&es#iga#ions #o de#ermine

#he e*#en# o( cons#rained $and.

e+ $and de&e$o"men#s are

re/uired #o manage #he ra#e a# +hich s#orm+a#er $ea&es #he de&e$o"men# #o main#ain #he "re-

de&e$o"men# ra#e o( ($o+.

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Earl- arning S-%!m%

As man% ($oods occur a# nigh#' ear$% +arning s%s#ems are e*#reme$% im"or#an# in ($ash ($ooding

e&en#s #o "ro&ide residen#s +i#h #he abi$i#% #o res"ond #o im"ending ($ood +a#ers. his ma%

inc$ude mo&ing &ehic$es' co$$ec#ing "e#s and &a$uab$es and im"$emen#ing "ersona$ emergenc%

"$ans.

Dvlop a "o'%(ol$ Emrgnc- Plan

,n con)unc#ion +i#h a Househo$d mergenc% i#' a Househo$d mergenc% P$an is essen#ia$ (or

a$$ erri#orians. Regard$ess o( an% mi#iga#ion measures' e&er% househo$d mus# be "re"ared (or

e*#reme +ea#her' inc$uding ($ooding. .

4n$r%!an$ing an$ A6arn%%

no+ing %our $oca$ ($ood his#or% and de&e$o"ing an unders#anding o( ho+ ($oods beha&e in %our

area "ro&ides %ou +i#h #he abi$i#% #o res"ond in #ime #o #he im"ending ($ood. La#ching #ide and

rain(a$$ (orecas#s can a$er# residen#s +hen #he condi#ions #ha# ma% resu$# in ($ooding cou$d occur.

Q. No. ?: (a! ar !c(nological (a#ar$%. Explain in $!ail

A ha!ard origina#ing (rom #echno$ogica$ or indus#ria$ condi#ions' inc$uding acciden#s' dangerous

"rocedures' in(ras#ruc#ure (ai$ures or s"eci(ic human ac#i&i#ies' #ha# ma% cause $oss o( $i(e' in)ur%'

i$$ness or o#her hea$#h im"ac#s' "ro"er#% damage' $oss o( $i&e$ihoods and ser&ices' socia$ and

economic disru"#ion' or en&ironmen#a$ damage.

his inc$udes acciden#s' dangerous "rocedures' in(ras#ruc#ure de(iciencies' and s"eci(ic human

ac#i&i#ies #ha# can cause dea#h' in)ur%' disease' or o#her hea$#h im"ac#s' as +e$$ as )eo"ardi!e

"ro"er#%' $i&e$ihood' and ser&ices' "ro&oke socia$ or economic disorder' and cause en&ironmen#a$

damage.

*am"$es o( #echno$ogica$ ha!ards inc$ude indus#ria$ "o$$u#ion' nuc$ear radia#ion' #o*ic +as#es'

dam (ai$ures' #rans"or# acciden#s' (ac#or% e*"$osions' (ires' and chemica$ s"i$$s.

echno$ogica$ ha!ards can a$so resu$# direc#$% (rom #he conse/uences o( an e&en# re$a#ed #o

na#ura$ ha!ards' as in #he case o( #he e*"$osions o( #+o nuc$ear reac#ors +i#h #he associa#ed

ha!ards o( radioac#i&i#% in ukushima' a"an' (o$$o+ing a #sunami #ha# accom"anied an

ear#h/uake.

his ca#egor% o( ha!ards encom"asses a &er% +ide range o( e&en#s and associa#ed "o#en#ia$

im"ac#s on hea$#h. Le sha$$ concen#ra#e here on chemica$ acciden#s and ioni!ing radia#ionassocia#ed +i#h di((eren# #%"es o( e&en#s.

C(mical acci$n!:

he "roduc#ion o( chemica$ "roduc#s goes hand in hand +i#h indus#ria$ gro+#h and de&e$o"men#.

,n addi#ion' #he #rans"or#a#ion o( chemica$ subs#ances has increased' bo#h +i#hin coun#ries and

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in#erna#iona$$%. >a#ura$ ha!ards such as ear#h/uakes can $ead #o emergencies i( #he% cause $eaks

or s"i$$s a# "$an#s #ha# "roduce chemica$ "roduc#s.

Human se##$emen#s $oca#ed c$ose #o indus#ria$ "$an#s are &er% common in de&e$o"ing coun#ries'

+hich makes #he "o"u$a#ions in&o$&ed more acu#e$% &u$nerab$e #o #he ha!ards o( chemica$

acciden#s. hemica$ "roduc#s "ose "o#en#ia$ hea$#h risks i( #he% $eak or s"i$$' ei#her due #oacciden#s in "rocessing "$an#s or because o( human error in managing #he sa(e#% mechanisms

in&o$&ed in com"$e* indus#ria$ "rocesses.

An e*am"$e o( no#e is +ha# occurred in @ho"a$' ,ndia' +here a $eak o( gas and o#her chemica$s

(rom a "es#icide "$an# ki$$ed #housands o( "eo"$e' in addi#ion #o e*"osing and a((ec#ing hundreds

o( #housands. =e"ending on #heir "ar#icu$ar charac#eris#ics and "ro"er#ies' chemica$ subs#ances

can cause e*"$osions and (ires' dis"erse #o*ic smoke in #he a#mos"here' or "o$$u#e #he

en&ironmen#' +a#er' and soi$.

or #he "ur"oses o( emergenc% in(orma#ion and ac#ion' in #he (ie$d o( #rans"or#a#ion in "ar#icu$ar'

#he ?ni#ed >a#ions c$assi(ies subs#ances in#o #he (o$$o+ing grou"s according #o #heir "ro"er#ies:

Explo%iv%:

• gases

• ($ammab$e $i/uids

• so$ids #ha# re"resen# a (ire ha!ard

• O*idan#s and organic "ero*ides:

• #o*ic and in(ec#ious subs#ances

• radioac#i&e subs#ances

• corrosi&es

rom a "ub$ic hea$#h "ers"ec#i&e' #he e((ec#s o( chemica$ subs#ances can be acu#e or chronic. his

de"ends on #he #%"e o( subs#ance' i#s "h%sico-chemica$ "ro"er#ies' #o*ico$ogica$ "ro"er#ies' #he

/uan#i#% re$eased' e*"osure #ime' and #he channe$ o( e*"osure. o*ic chemica$s can )eo"ardi!e

hea$#h #hrough inha$a#ion' con#ac#' inges#ion' or ocu$ar e*"osure' and can be harm(u$ #o #he

res"ira#or% s%s#em 4$ungs in "ar#icu$ar' crea#e neuro$ogica$ or immuno$ogica$ damage' and cause

cancer or #era#ogenic e((ec#s. he en&ironmen#' and soi$ and +a#er #ab$es in "ar#icu$ar' can be

con#amina#ed b% #he degrada#ion o( chemica$ subs#ances and com"romise #he hea$#h o( #he

"o"u$a#ion #hrough #he inges#ion o( con#amina#ed (ood or +a#er.

,n #erms o( "re"aredness and res"onse "$ans' dea$ing +i#h #o*ic chemica$ acciden#s re/uires

broad mu$#idisci"$inar% and in#erins#i#u#iona$ in&o$&emen# #ha# addresses:

• sa(e#% measures in "roduc#ion "$an#s

• sa(e#% in #rans"or#a#ion and s#orage

• a""ro"ria#e e/ui"men# (or decon#amina#ion ac#i&i#%

• "rac#ica$ in(orma#ion (or "o"u$a#ions $i&ing in #he &icini#% o( chemica$ "$an#s

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• s"ecia$i!ed res"onse mechanisms' bo#h (or #o*ico$ogica$ c$inica$ managemen# and (or

a""ro"ria#e managemen# o( #he subs#ances causing an emergenc% and 4g #raining o(

s"ecia$i!ed "ersonne$.

Ioni#ing ra$ia!ion:

Human beings are e*"osed on a dai$% basis #o na#ura$ radia#ion in #he (orm o( cosmic radia#ion

so$ar radia#ion #erres#ria$ radia#ion (rom radioac#i&e ma#eria$ #ha# ma% be in #he soi$' rocks' or

minera$s o( #he ear#hFs crus# and radia#ion (rom (ood and be&erages #ha# con#ain na#ura$

radioac#i&e ma#eria$s. More #han B0 o( #he genera$ "o"u$a#ionFs e*"osure #o ioni!ing radia#ion

is es#ima#ed #o be (rom na#ura$ sources. onsu$# in(orma#ion (rom Prince#on ?ni&ersi#% on #he

bio$ogica$ e((ec#s o( ioni!ing radia#ion.

Radioac#i&e subs#ances are sub)ec# #o s"on#aneous disin#egra#ion' +hich "roduces #he

"henomenon kno+n as ioni!ing radia#ion.2 *"osure o( human beings and o#her s"ecies #o #his

radia#ion can ha&e &arious e((ec#s on ce$$s and $i&e #issue' de"ending on #he charac#eris#ics o( #he

radia#ion' #he na#ure o( #he e*"osure' and i#s dura#ion. he +or$dFs ma)or acciden#s in&o$&ingradioac#i&i#% inc$ude #he e*"$osion o( #he nuc$ear "$an# a# hernob%$' in #he ?kraine' on ;6 A"ri$

1


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ac#ors #ha# aggra&a#e #he im"ac# o( #he radia#ion inc$ude:

• "ro*imi#% #o #he source

• absence o( a barrier

• e*"osure #ime

•/uan#i#% or dose o( radia#ion

Par# o( #he bod% e*"osed and charac#eris#ics o( #he "erson 4age in "ar#icu$ar' since #he %ounger

#he "erson #he gra&er #he conse/uences o( radia#ion' (or radia#ion "rinci"a$$% a((ec#s gro+#h ce$$s

and causes gene#ic a$#era#ions' +i#h #he de&e$o"men# cancer being a #hrea#.

,n "re"aredness and res"onse "$anning (or radioac#i&i#% emergencies' &arious "ossibi$i#ies mus#

be #aken in#o accoun#. hese inc$ude acciden#s #ha# cou$d occur in nuc$ear or indus#ria$ "$an#s'

#hose #ha# cou$d occur in medica$ diagnosis and #rea#men# (aci$i#ies' and #hose #ha# cou$d occur in

#rans"or#a#ion. Measures mus# be #aken (or "re&en#ion' medica$ care' and decon#amina#ion. or

more in(orma#ion on #he range o( emergencies #ha# can occur' "o#en#ia$ hea$#h conse/uences'

correc#i&e ac#ions' and guide$ines (or "$anning' consu$# #he ,AA "ub$ica#ion Arrangemen#s (or Pre"aredness (or a >uc$ear or Radio$ogica$ mergenc%.

Q. No. 10: Giv a $!ail$ no! on nvironmn!al (a#ar$% in a c(anging 6orl$.

9i&en #he enormous com"$e*i#% o( na#ure-socie#%-#echno$og% in#erac#ions and #he ra#her b$eak

#rends in bo#h disas#er occurrence and socie#a$ &u$nerabi$i#% #o ha!ards shou$dnF# +e sim"$%

3#hro+ in #he #o+e$3 and $e# na#ure and socie#a$ de&e$o"men#s #ake #heir courseK o us as

indi&idua$s' #hings o(#en seem #o be ge##ing +orse and +orse' and +e donF# seem #o be ab$e #o "u#

#he brakes on #hese g$oba$ "h%sica$ and socia$ "rocesses an%+a%.

,# +ou$d be a sad ou#come' indeed' i( +e ended #his modu$e on such a "essimis#ic' e&en (a#a$is#icno#e. Such an a##i#ude +ou$d dismiss en#ire$% #he (ac# #ha# #hroughou# human his#or%' socie#ies #he

+or$d o&er ha&e sho+n grea# ingenui#% in ada"#ing #o #heir en&ironmen#s. ,# +ou$d a$so o&er$ook

#he rea$i#% #ha# humans are ac#i&e crea#ors o(' and co$$abora#ors in' #heir $i&ing circums#ances. Le

ha&e con#ribu#ed #o #he ha!ardousness o( our en&ironmen#s as +e$$ as #o #he man% e((or#s a#

main#aining and increasing our sa(e#%: +e ha&e +ork"$ace sa(e#% s#andards +e ha&e s#ruc#ura$

and non-s#ruc#ura$ #oo$s #o "ro#ec# ourse$&es (rom ($oods +e con#inue #o im"ro&e our abi$i#% #o

(orecas# and +arn o( a""roaching ha!ards $ike #ro"ica$ s#orms' ear#h/uakes' and &o$canic

eru"#ions +e ha&e emergenc% res"onse ins#i#u#ions +e ha&e "ub$ic and "ri&a#e insurance and

#he idea o( "re&en#ing en&ironmen#a$ harm 4#he "recau#ionar% "rinci"$e is becoming

increasing$% +ides"read as #he %e#-unkno+n im"ac#s o( g$oba$ c$ima#e change $oom on (u#ureFshori!on.

$ear$%' +e ha&e a $ong +a% #o go i( +e +an# #o re&erse curren# disas#er and &u$nerabi$i#% #rends.

,n "ar#icu$ar' +e +i$$ ha&e #o s"read our successes in mi#iga#ion much more e&en$% +i#hin and

among na#ions. Some "eo"$e ho"e #ha# #he ,=>=R' a$ong +i#h #he #hrea# o( g$oba$ change' ma%

ac#ua$$% #rans$a#e in#o a s#rong momen#um #o im"ro&e disas#er mi#iga#ion. ?sing #ha# s#imu$a#ion

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ourse$&es' +e (ocus in #his $as# uni# on #he basic /ues#ion o( +ha# can be done #o res"ond #o and

mi#iga#e ha!ards' g$oba$ en&ironmen#a$ and socie#a$ changes no#+i#hs#anding. Le begin in #he

(irs# sec#ion +i#h a $ook a# #he di((eren# "hases o( res"onding and ad)us#ing #o ha!ard e&en#s. he

ne*# #hree sec#ions #hen discuss in grea#er de#ai$ #he #hree (undamen#a$ +a%s o( reducing #he

im"ac#s (rom disas#ers -- modi(%ing #he ha!ard' reducing human &u$nerabi$i#% #o #hem' and

sharing #he $osses. us# as "eo"$e "ercei&e and e*"erience ha!ards di((eren#$%' +e mus# a$sodiscrimina#e among "eo"$e in #heir abi$i#% #o ad)us# #o ha!ards. ,n #he (ina$ sec#ion' +e +i$$ see

again #ha# in #his com"$e* in#er"$a% o( humans and #heir na#ura$ en&ironmen# #here are no sim"$e

ans+ers #o #he /ues#ion o( ho+ bes# #o res"ond #o ha!ards and $essen #heir im"ac#s.

Soci!al R%pon% an$ A$'%!mn!%:

he s#ud% o( socie#a$ res"onses #o ha!ards ranges (rom hat "eo"$e do in #he immedia#e

a(#erma#h o( an e&en# and in #he $ong #erm' #o ho' hen' and hy #he% res"ond. Res"onse can

a$so be more narro+$% de(ined #o mean )us# #he immedia#e ac#ion a(#er a disas#er 4as is done

be$o+. he (o$$o+ing discussions are "rimari$% abou# #he 3+ha# and +hen'3 (ocussing onemergenc% res"onse and $ong-#erm mi#iga#ion. ,n#eres#ing +ork a# #he ha!ards7g$oba$ change

in#er(ace on socie#a$ $earning' de$a%ed and (oregone res"onses' and res"onses #o cree"ing7chronic

ha!ards is no# discussed here bu# u$#ima#e$% con#ribu#es #o a (u$$er unders#anding o( e((ec#i&esocie#a$ ad)us#men#s #o ha!ards.

Lhen a disas#er s#rikes' #he immedia#e socie#a$ ad)us#men#s are #o rescue #he sur&i&ors and re-

es#ab$ish #he $i(e$ines 4+a#er' e$ec#rici#%' se+age' communica#ion #o #he ra&aged communi#%.

hese re$ie( o"era#ions inc$ude medica$ su""$ies' (ood' she$#er' +a#er' and "o+er. O(#en' suchemergenc% res"onse and re$ie( o"era#ions are +i#hin #he ca"abi$i#ies o( #he a((ec#ed coun#r%. ,n

some ins#ances' ho+e&er' #he disas#er is #oo $arge (or #he indi&idua$ coun#r% and in#erna#iona$

re$ie( e((or#s are mobi$i!ed b% re$ie( organi!a#ions such as #he Red ross7Red rescen# and

#hrough coo"era#i&e arrangemen#s +i#hin #he ?ni#ed >a#ions.

Once #he $i(e$ines are re-es#ab$ished and #he crisis "eriod is o&er' #he reco&er% "hase begins.

Reco&er% ad)us#men#s 4$ike she$#ering' c$ean-u"' re"airs' #rea#ing in)uries' assuring order and

sa(e#% (rom crimina$ beha&ior during emergenc% si#ua#ions are #em"orar% in na#ure and "ro&ide(or a re#urn #o norma$c% a(#er an e&en#. he use o( #em"orar% she$#ers during #he reco&er% "eriod

gi&es +a% #o bui$ding "ermanen# s#ruc#ures during #he recons#ruc#ion "hase. hroughou# #he

reco&er% and recons#ruc#ion "hases' ha!ard mi#iga#ion con#inues.

Mi#iga#ion is a genera$ #erm used #o describe a +ide range o( me#hods (or disas#er $oss reduc#ion#ha# goes on be(ore' during' and a(#er a disas#er. Some mi#iga#ion o"#ions are s#ruc#ura$' meaning

#he% a((ec# #he ma#eria$ cons#ruc#ion or organi!a#ion o( some#hing 4e.g.' #he use o( s#ee$-rein(orced cons#ruc#ion ma#eria$s in seismic areas or #he use o( e$e&a#ed "i$ings in ($ood-"roneareas. O#her mi#iga#ion s#ra#egies are non-s#ruc#ura$ and in&o$&e $and use "$anning and

managemen#' insurance' and "re-e&en# "re"aredness 4#he es#ab$ishmen# or reins#a$$a#ion o(

+arning s%s#ems.

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here are #hree main a&enues (or reducing $osses (rom en&ironmen#a$ ha!ards. hese are broad$%

de(ined as modi(%ing #he ha!ard e&en#' reducing human &u$nerabi$i#%' and sharing #he $osses.

=e"ending on #he ha!ard' an% or a$$ o( #hese $oss reduc#ion s#ra#egies ma% be em"$o%ed. ,n #he

(o$$o+ing #hree sec#ions +e +i$$ $ook a# each o( #hese.

Mo$i*-ing !( "a#ar$:

Modi(%ing #he ha!ard i#se$( is #he mos# "rob$ema#ic s#ra#eg% (or ha!ards $oss reduc#ion because

+e u$#ima#e$% canno# con#ro$ #he "h%sica$ (orces o( na#ure' a$#hough man% socie#ies ha&e #ried

4and con#inue #o #r%. @ui$ding dikes and sea+a$$s #o ho$d back #he sea as #he =u#ch ha&e done+orks (or a $imi#ed #ime bu# in man% cases has caused de#rimen#a$ e((ec#s do+n-dri(# (rom #he

dike or sea+a$$' ac#ua$$% aggra&a#ing #he "rocesses #ha# such measures +ere mean# #o s#o" 4i.e.'

beach erosion' ($ooding' and s#orm surges. ,( sea $e&e$s rise as a conse/uence o( g$oba$ +arming'#hese dikes ma% a$so no# be high enough #o ho$d back #he sea in (u#ure %ears. @each nourishmen#

4i.e.' sand re"$enishmen# is o(#en used #o main#ain beaches a$ong #he ?S eas# coas#' bu# beach

erosion is common"$ace and no ma##er ho+ much sand is "$aced on #he beach' i# +i$$ e&en#ua$$%

be $os#. ?nder curren# "ro)ec#ions o( c$ima#e change' rising sea $e&e$s +i$$ acce$era#e coas#a$erosion.

O#her ha!ard modi(ica#ion schemes ha&e been a##em"#ed +i#h more or 4a$$ #oo o(#en $ess

success. hese inc$ude c$oud seeding e*"erimen#s in #he 1o#

e*c$usi&e$%' bu# o(#en +i#h re(erence #o #echno$ogica$ ha!ards managemen# s%s#ems' #his #%"e o( modi(ica#ion is kno+n as "re&en#ion. here are a number o( +a%s #o accom"$ish #his' such as

modi(%ing #he #echno$og%' "re&en#ing ini#ia#ing e&en#s' or "re&en#ing ou#comes. Modi(%ing #he

#echno$og% cou$d inc$ude a ban on #he use a "ar#icu$ar "roduc# 4e.g.' ch$oro($uorocarbons' or s' +hich are sus"ec#ed carcinogens and des#ro% s#ra#os"heric o!one. Pre&en#ing ini#ia#ing

e&en#s norma$$% in&o$&es #he use o( redundan# sa(e#% s%s#ems such as #he secondar% coo$ing

s%s#ems (ound in mos# nuc$ear "o+er "$an#s. &en #he bes# designed s%s#ems (ai$' ho+e&er' as

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ha""ened +i#h #he nuc$ear "o+er "$an# a# hree Mi$e ,s$and' Penns%$&ania' in 1


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La#er Ac#' and #he $ean La#er Ac#' among o#hers are a$$ considered mi#iga#ion s#ra#egies (or

reducing "o$$u#ion im"ac#s. A$so a $arge number o( ru$es o&erseen b% #he Occu"a#iona$ Sa(e#%

and Hea$#h Adminis#ra#ion 4OSHA and #he ood and =rug Adminis#ra#ion 4=A are designed#o ensure #he sa(e#% o( #he +ork"$ace and #he sa(e#% o( (ood' (ood addi#i&es' and drugs

res"ec#i&e$%. ina$$%' #here are /ui#e a (e+ in#erna#iona$ #rea#ies (or ha!ards reduc#ion and con#ro$'

ranging (rom #he 1a#iona$ 9uard (a$$ in#o #his ca#egor% o( measures. ina$$%' s#ream$ining and sim"$i(%ing

#he bureaucra#ic "rocedures #o a""$% (or disas#er assis#ance and $o+-in#eres# $oans #o rebui$d a(#er

a disas#er ha&e "ro&en #o be e((ec#i&e in he$"ing disas#er &ic#ims ge# on #he #rack #o reco&er%.

S(aring !( Lo%%%:

,nsurance is #he mos# +ides"read me#hod o( sharing #he $osses' es"ecia$$% in #he ?ni#ed S#a#esand o#her de&e$o"ed na#ions. he basic idea is #ha# man% "eo"$e "a% a "remium in#o a (und #ha#

+i$$ be "aid ou# #o #hose 4"resumab$% a sma$$er number o( insurance ho$ders +ho ha&e su((ered

$osses (rom a disas#er. hus' man% "a% a com"ara#i&e$% sma$$ sum o( mone% 4in e((ec# a 3$oss3 o( income so #ha# in #he re$a#i&e$% un$ike$% case o( a ma)or $oss (rom a ha!ard e&en#' #he% donF#

ha&e #o (oo# a (inancia$$% de&as#a#ing bi$$ a$one. Ie#' homeo+ners +ho cou$d ob#ain ha!ard

insurance 4(or e*am"$e' agains# ear#h/uakes (re/uen#$% re(use #o "urchase i# because #he% (igure

#he %ear$% cos# (or #he insurance is signi(ican#$% higher #han #he risk o( $oss. ?n(or#una#e$%'increasing numbers o( "eo"$e are "ro&en +rong in de&as#a#ing +a%s. ,n cer#ain ins#ances'

homeo+ners and businesses are re/uired b% $a+ #o ob#ain insurance or e$se #he% are no# ab$e #ode&e$o" a "iece o( $and or #o ob#ain a mor#gage or bank $oan on #heir "ro"er#%. or e*am"$e' #he

>a#iona$ $ood ,nsurance Program re/uires de&e$o"ers #o com"$% +i#h cer#ain basic bui$ding

s#andards #ha# are designed #o reduce #he risk o( damage (rom ($oods and s#orms.

A(#er a series o( enormous$% e*"ensi&e disas#ers o&er #he "as# #en %ears in +hich #he na#iona$ andin#erna#iona$ insurance indus#r% su((ered se&era$ bi$$ion-do$$ar $osses' #he indus#r% is no+

gra""$ing +i#h ho+ #o con#inue co&erage in "ar#icu$ar$% &u$nerab$e areas and ho+ #o reco&er "as#

and $imi# (u#ure $osses (rom disas#ers. ,nsurers see #he +ri#ing on #he +a$$ #he "o#en#ia$ e((ec#s o(

g$oba$ +arming 4more (re/uen#' more in#ense' or more +ides"read s#orms sea $e&e$ rise hea#+a&es and drough#s and +ides"read disease ha&e ma)or insurance com"anies con&inced #ha#

g$oba$ change is here. Sea $e&e$ rise' (or e*am"$e' +ou$d a$#er curren# ($ood"$ain de$inea#ions as

#he in$and e*#en# and (re/uenc% o( ($ooding are e*"ec#ed #o change' +hich +ou$d in #urn a((ec#insurance co&erage and ra#es.

Jas#$%' #he use o( #he )udicia$ s%s#em #o seek mone#ar% com"ensa#ion (or damages incurred (rom

risks7ha!ards im"osed on a "erson or communi#% b% o#hers is %e# ano#her s#ra#eg% (or $oss

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sharing in +hich 3&ic#ims3 are remunera#ed (or #he sins o( indus#r% or go&ernmen#. his' o(

course' assumes #ha# a$$ "eo"$e ha&e e/ua$ access #o #he )udicia$ s%s#em and #ha# #he% are #rea#ed

+i#h e/ua$ )us#ice b% arbi#ra#ing ins#i#u#ions' an assum"#ion #ha# is (re/uen#$% cha$$enged b% "o$i#ica$ rea$i#% in bo#h non-democra#ic and democra#ic socie#ies.

Di**rn!ial A$'%!mn!%

Lhi$e #he range o( "o#en#ia$ ad)us#men#s #o ha!ards has increased o&er #ime' indi&idua$ access #o

ad)us#men#s is more res#ric#ed no+ #han in #he "as# as a (unc#ion o( socia$ c$ass' income' gender'and $i(e circums#ances. ,ncreasing$%' na#ions and socie#ies are more "o$ari!ed be#+een rich and

"oor' "o+er(u$ and "o+er$ess' and di&ided b% e#hnic di&isions or subcu$#ures. he s"$i# be#+een

#he 3ha&es3 and #he 3ha&e no#s3 is +idening +i#hin and among na#ions. ?$#ima#e$%' #he abi$i#% #ores"ond #o en&ironmen#a$ ha!ards is cons#rained b% #hese di&isions.

Po&er#% and en&ironmen#a$ degrada#ion are o(#en $inked in crea#ing an im"o&erishmen#-degrada#ion s"ira$. he dri&ing (orces behind en&ironmen#a$ degrada#ion are

de&e$o"men#7commercia$i!a#ion a$ong +i#h "o"u$a#ion gro+#h and "o&er#%. >a#ura$ ha!ardsacce$era#e #his "rocess b% des#ro%ing de&e$o"men# e((or#s' disru"#ing socia$ communi#ies'

consuming enormous amoun#s o( mone% o#her+ise a&ai$ab$e (or sus#ainab$e resource use and

de&e$o"men#' and res#ric#ing #he use o( remaining na#ura$ resources. Socioeconomic s#a#us "$a%sa ma)or ro$e in indi&idua$ and grou" o""or#uni#ies (or ad)us#men#s #o #hese de#eriora#ing

condi#ions and in #he reco&er% (rom ha!ards. Po&er#% res#ric#s oneNs abi$i#% #o main#ain #he

sim"$es# o( ad)us#men#s 4e.g. "ro#ec#i&e +orks because o( a $ack o( ski$$ and some#imes $abor #ounder#ake #he im"ro&emen#' a $ack o( needed in"u#s (or rebui$ding' or a $ack o( access #o

educa#ion and #hus kno+$edge o( "ub$ic "rograms (or reco&er%. Li#hou# ca"i#a$ or "o+er' "oor

"eo"$e +ho o(#en $i&e on margina$ $ands #o begin +i#h' e&en#ua$$% ge# dis"$aced (rom #hem' and begin a migra#or% od%sse% as en&ironmen#a$ re(ugees. ,n man% coun#ries' #hese re(ugees aremos#$% +omen and chi$dren' #+o subgrou"s +ho are o(#en #he $eas# ab$e #o ad)us# #o

en&ironmen#a$ ha!ards.

?rbani!a#ion is one o( #he ke% "rocesses #ha# in($uence &u$nerabi$i#% #o en&ironmen#a$ ha!ards.

>o# on$% are #he +or$dNs megaci#ies becoming more "o"u$a#ed' are #he% a$so si#ua#ed in some o( #he mos# ha!ard-"rone areas o( #he +or$d -- a$ong coas#$ines and in seismica$$% ac#i&e areas. Air

"o$$u#ion' #o*ic chemica$ con#amina#ion' and "oor +a#er /ua$i#% add #o #hese areasF a$read%

di((icu$# "rob$ems. he e$der$% and chi$dren are mos# susce"#ib$e #o air "o$$u#ion e"isodes' be#he% in ci#ies in #he de&e$o"ing or de&e$o"ed +or$d.

Environmental Hazards Assignment Winter Quarter 2015-16

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