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NNMREC Environmental Effects of Tidal Energy Outcomes of a Scientific Workshop Brian Polagye University of Washington Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center PICES 2010 October 27, 2010
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Environmental Effects of Tidal Energy - Home - PICES - North Pacific Marine … · Marine mammal ‐ device interactions —Blade strike —Acoustic effects Fish ‐ device interactions

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Page 1: Environmental Effects of Tidal Energy - Home - PICES - North Pacific Marine … · Marine mammal ‐ device interactions —Blade strike —Acoustic effects Fish ‐ device interactions

NNMREC

Environmental Effects of Tidal EnergyOutcomes of a Scientific Workshop

Brian PolagyeUniversity of Washington

Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center

PICES 2010October 27, 2010

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NNMREC

Environmental Effects

Workshop Overview

Challenges

Recommendations

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NNMREC

Tidal Energy Devices

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NNMREC

“Typical”

Sites and Devices

2‐4 m/s

20‐60 m

Foundation

Drive 

TrainRotor5‐20 m10‐30 rpm

Gearbox‐Generator

Direct Drive Generator

Pile Gravity Base

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NNMREC

Environmental Stressors

Device presence:Dynamic effects

Device presence:Static effects

Electromagnetic 

effects

Acoustic effects

Chemical effects

Energy 

removal

Cumulative Effects

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NNMREC

Environmental Receptors

Near‐field 

environment

Far‐field 

environment

Ecosystem Interactions

Benthic habitat

Pelagic habitat

Marine 

mammals

Fish (migratory and resident)

Seabirds

Invertebrates

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NNMREC

Environmental Assessment Framework

Boehlert, G. and Gill, A. Environmental and Ecological Effects of Ocean Renewable Energy Development, Oceanography,

2010

Level 1Level 1

Level 2Level 2

Level 3Level 3

Level 4Level 4

Level 5Level 5

Type of Marine Renewable Energy

Stressors

Receptors

Level 6Level 6

Environmental Effect (frequency and duration)

Environmental Impact (type and severity)

Cumulative Effects (scales and context)

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NNMREC

Environmental Effects

Workshop Overview

Challenges

Recommendations

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NNMREC

Need for Workshop

Major interest in developing hydrokinetic energy in the U.S.

Environmental compatibility of technology stated without proof.

Environmental uncertainties present a major barrier to projects getting in the water at any scale.

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Technology Scope

Tidal HydrokineticsTidal Hydrokinetics Tidal BarrageTidal Barrage River  Hydrokinetics

River  Hydrokinetics

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Geographic Scope

Coastal Maine

Puget Sound

Southeast Alaska

Cook InletAleutian Islands

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NNMREC

Session Chairs Discussion4 hours

Receptors2.5 hours

Stressors1.5 hours

Wrap Up1.5 hours

Plenary Sessions4 hours

Stressors2.5 hours

Workshop Structure

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Participant Feedback: Another day would have been  useful

Participant Feedback: Another day would have been  useful

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Workshop Participants

US West Coast (CA, OR, WA, AK)

US East  Coast 

Europe

Canada

Universities

Agencies/NGOs

Research  Labs

Industry

Specific technical or scientific expertise

Representative distribution of affiliation

Interest greatly exceeded capacity

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Relative Significance and Uncertainty

Color denotes 

significance

Environmental receptor

Stressor 

element

LowMediumHigh

Unknown

Not Applicable

Symbol denotes 

uncertainty

?

LowMediumHighUnknown

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Presence of Devices –

Static EffectsPilot Scale

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NNMREC

Presence of Devices –

Static EffectsCommercial Scale

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Identification of Priority InteractionsSelection Criteria

—High potential significance

—High uncertainty

Summarize Key Information

—Description

—Gaps in Understanding

—Monitoring Approaches

—Mitigation Measures (stressor only)

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Workshop Report

Will be published as NOAA Tech Memo

Draft out for review to participants by end of week

Details of breakout sections

Challenges indentified

Recommendationshttp://depts.washington.edu/nnmrec/workshop

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NNMREC

Environmental Effects

Workshop Overview

Challenges

Recommendations

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NNMREC

Project Environmental Data are Scarce

Single device5 m diameterInstallation 

effects only

CleanCurrent

Single device2 x 16 m diameterAcoustic effectsMarine mammal 

behaviorSeabird behaviorBenthic habitat

MCT

Single device6 m diameterAcoustic effectsFish behaviorBenthic habitat

Open Hydro

Array5 m diameterFish behaviorSeabird behaviorBenthic habitat

Verdant Power

Single device3m diameter*Acoustic effectsMarine mammal 

behaviorFish behavior

ORPC

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Information Needs at Pilot ScaleStressor Priority Area Before Pilot During Pilot

Presence of 

devices: static 

effects

Effects of 

static 

structures on 

benthic 

ecosystems

Characterize benthic 

habitat.

Characterize species 

presence/absence and 

behavior.

Disruptions to benthic 

habitat 

installation/recovery.

Rate at which structures 

are colonized.

Fish and marine mammal 

interactions with modified 

benthic ecosystems.

Presence of 

devices: 

dynamic 

effects

Potential for 

direct 

interactions of 

marine species 

with turbine 

rotor

Characterize movements 

of marine mammals, fish, 

and seabirds at temporal 

and spatial scales required 

to assess potential for 

direct interactions.

Types of interactions and 

at what frequency they 

occur.

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Information Needs at Pilot ScaleStressor Priority Area Before Pilot During Pilot

Chemical effects Approaches to 

preventing 

biofouling are 

poorly defined

Assess potential impacts 

of anti‐fouling biocides.Fate of chronically 

released biocides. 

Acoustic effects Behavioral 

responses to 

increases in 

broad band 

noise

Behavioral response of 

species to acoustic 

signals.

Measurements of sound 

pressure levels from 

device operation.

Electromagnetic 

effects

Electromagnetic 

fields from 

operating and 

idle devices

Laboratory studies of 

electric and magnetic 

fields.

Models of electric and 

magnetic fields from 

proposed devices.

Measurements of 

magnetic fields from 

energized cables and 

operating devices.

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Challenges to “Deploy and Monitor”Monitoring technologies are underdeveloped

—Existing methods focused on population effects

—Existing methods may not function in tidal energy  environments

Difficulty of predicting, detecting, and attributing changes to tidal energy devices

Legal protections or ethical considerations prohibit studies of some interactions

Some important effects can only be measured at commercial scale

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Environmental Effects

Workshop Overview

Challenges

Recommendations

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Preliminary Research Prioritization

Marine mammal‐device interactions—Blade strike—Acoustic effects

Fish‐device interactions

Environmental tipping points for energy removal

7 receptors

x

≈6 elements

x

7 stressors

x

elements

1700  potential 

interactions

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Pilot Projects are Required

Recognized need by participants of all affiliation

Must be well‐monitored

Prioritize objectives

Use common protocols

Courtesy of Marine Current Turbines

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Develop Assessment CapabilitiesClose monitoring instrumentation gaps—Detect, classify, and identify marine organisms at a 

variety of scales—Real‐time monitoring for decision making

General monitoring protocols—Objective of data collection—Type of data to be collected—Mechanisms for data collection

Numerical models—Turbine scale: hydrodynamics, fish interactions—Regional scale: tipping points

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Mitigate Impacts when PossibleStressor Priority Area Recommended MitigationPresence of 

devices: static 

effects

Effects of static 

structure on 

benthic ecosystems

Minimize anchor sizes.

Minimize number of moorings and slack lines.

Streamline support structures. 

Presence of 

devices: 

dynamic effects

Potential for direct 

interactions of 

marine species with 

turbine rotor

Increase visibility of rotors to fish.

Acoustic avoidance measures.

Shock absorbers on leading edges of blades.

Temporary device shutdown.

Electromagnetic 

effects

Behavioral 

disruption from 

electric and 

magnetic fields

Bury power cables.

Twist cores for AC cables.

Run DC cables of opposing polarity in close 

proximity.

Cumulative 

effects

Effects on large, 

mobile species

Limit number of devices at a given location 

until effects of operation are sufficiently 

understood.

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NNMREC

Collaboration is EssentialInformation needs to be shared between projects—IEA‐OES Annex IV—Significant intellectual property concerns

Hydrokinetic industry needs to engage with the oceanographic community—Leverage active areas of research

Expand opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration

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NNMREC

AcknowledgementsWorkshop organizing committee—Andrea Copping, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory—Keith Kirkendall, NOAA Fisheries—George Boehlert, Oregon State University—Michelle Wainstein, University of Washington—Sue Walker, NOAA Fisheries—Brie Van Cleve, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Workshop sponsors—NOAA Fisheries—US Department of Energy

Workshop participants, particularly session chairs and note takers