Enlightenment & Monarchy Europe {Eastern & Western} 1450 - 1750 New World Order.

Enlightenment & MonarchyEurope {Eastern & Western}

1450 - 1750

New World Order

People & Concepts

Catherine the GreatPeter the Great [I]Ivan IV [Terrible]Alexis RomanovRadishevPeter IIIIvan IIIAlexis de Tocqueville

Partitions of PolandPugachev RebellionTime of TroublesInstruction of 1767Romanov DynastyWesternizationRurik dynastyChancery of Secret

Police

Concepts & PlacesSerfdomObrukCossacksOld BelieversBoyars

Third RomeSt. Petersburg

Essential QuestionsCompare & contrast the characteristics

and policies of enlightened and absolute monarchs.

Trace the emergence of the Russian state from Ivan III and Catherine the Great.

Identify the rulers of Eastern Europe and their policies, enlightened or absolutism.

Enlightened RuleEnlightened RulerAllowed:

Free speechFree pressReligious

tolerationPrivate property

Enlightened Absolutism

Emerged 18th Century

Are they all “enlightened”?

PrussiaFrederick Wilhelm I

Prussia a feudal stateJunkers [Aristocracy]

Frederick II “The Great”1712-1786

Some limited freedoms [speech & press]

Complete religious tolerance“Maintained” Junker class

Largest Per Capita

Army in Europe

Frederick II “The Great”

1712-1786

Junker ClassAs part of the nobility, many Junker families have particles such as "von" before their family names.

Prussia

Prussia

AustriaEMPIRE LARGE AND DIVERSEThe HapsburgsMaria Theresa

Because of the large awkward empire

Did not ascribe to enlightened ideals

Emergence of RussiaIvan III

The GreatRussian independence

from MongolsExpansionistCossacks

Free peasantsPrivate army

Third RomeModeled>

Byzantium

Ivan IVThe TerribleReign of TerrorDied w/o heir

Mikhail RomanovChosen successor

Dynasty lasted until1917

Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanov (In Russian Миха л Фёдорович Ром нови́� а́� ) (July 12, 1596 – July 13, 1645)

Kazakhs Streltsi [Cossacks]

Russia

St. Petersburg

RussiaPETER THE GREATInstituted:

Forced & rapid modernizationSent Russians abroad to studyTravel in West to learn about governments, militaries, industries.

Peter’s ReformsMILITARY REFORMBetter equipped

Modern weaponsBetter trainedAristocratic officers

Learn geometryLargest army in Europe

Peter’s ReformsBUREAUCRATIC REFORM

Nobles served as government officialsTable of Ranks

Based on meritSOCIAL REFORM

Abolished terem [harem]Ordered

Women to wear Western clothingMen to shave beards

St. PetersburgPeter the Great’s

capital on Baltic“Window on West”

Transferred to new capitalGovernment officesNoble families

RussiaCatherine the Great

Displace husband to ruleContinued Peter’s policy to westernizeAppointed officials with Western education

Deeply interested in “philosophe`”But granted no freedoms that weakened her rule

French Revolution put an end to reform

Russian ExpansionPartitioned Poland [with Prussia &Austria]

Clash b/c Poland was Roman CatholicAbsorbed the Ukraine

Peasants under Bodhan Khmelnitsky sought unionAbsorbed Siberia

Smallpox reduced indigenous populationsPushed into Balkan regions [Ottoman]Halted by England & France

Crimean War

Russian Expansion

Compare Expansion:Russia / U.S.A

East West

Russian Expansion

West East

Russian EconomicsEuropean trade

Import armaments, textiles, paper, silverAsian trade

Islamic Empires > Czar restricted merchants

Industrial development200 new enterprises

Population growth18th C. > 15M to 30M

Russia & ReligionCrisis in Church

Patriarch Nikon standardize practicesTsarist control

Church becomes a dept. of state govt.Under Peter the Great

“Intelligencia”Flourished under CatherineFrench Revolution put an end to it all.

Part 2

Global Confrontation

AlliancesPurpose of European system of alliancesGuided by self-interestEstablished a BALANCE OF POWER

No group more powerful than anotherWar of Austrian Succession

Prussia & AustriaDirectly into Seven Year’s War

War for EmpireSeven Year’s War

A.K.A. ?War for empire

Britain & France & their alliesFought in Europe – N. America – on

the High Seas

Enduring QuestionsWhat tendencies can we trace as

continuities for the Russians?Trace backward & foreward.

How do the Europeans utilize conflict to settle claims and differences?