ENGLISH STRUCTURE & GRAMMAR

ENGLISH STRUCTURE & GRAMMARMs Nawang Wulan

"a sentence must have a subject and a verb"

S + V

LANGUAGE USAGE1. Parts of Speech2. English Tenses3. Modal Auxiliaries & Similar Expressions4. Passive Voice5. Gerunds and Infinitives6. Singular and Plural7. Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)8. Direct – Indirect (Reported Speech)9. Elliptic Construction10. Connectors (Kata Penghubung)11. Conjunctions (Kata Sambung)12. Conditional Sentences13. Causative14. Preferences

PARTS OF SPEECH

Namers Nouns Name thingsPronouns Rename things

Performers Verbs Show action or link words

DescribersAdjectives Describe nouns and

pronouns

Adverbs Describe verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Connectors Prepositions Join nouns, pronouns to sentence

Conjunctions Connect wordsExclaimers Interjections Show strong feeling

The past was yesterday.The present is now.

The future is tomorrow.

ENGLISH TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE PAST FUTURE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS FUTURE

CONTINUOUSPAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PAST FUTURE PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST FUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

MODAL AUXILIARIES & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.

e.g. He can speak Chinese.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple

Present and Simple Past.

e.g. He should not be late.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the

future tenses.

e.g. He will can go with us. Not Correct

She musted study very hard. Not Correct

Common Modal Verbs

Can Could May Might Must

Ought to Shall Should Will Would

Some expressions which are not modal verbs including had better, have to, and have got to. These expressions are closely related to modals in meaning and are often interchanged with them.

PASSIVE VOICEKalimat pasif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan, sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah:1. Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang predikatnya

kata kerja/V)2. Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang

memiliki objek penderita.3. Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. Perubahan

terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja.4. Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan merupakan

syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif ) Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng S P/V1 O (Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri. S P/V3 (Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week. (passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week

Tenses Active PassiveSimple Present Simple Past

S + V1 S + V2

S + am/is/are + V3 S + was/were + V3

Present Continuous Present perfect continuousPast ContinuousPast Perfect ContinuousFuture ContinuousFuture Perfect ContinuousPast Futurre ContinuousPast Future Perfect Continu

S + am/is/are + V-ing S + have/has + been + V-ingS + was/were + V-ingS + had + been + V-ingS + will/shall + be + V-ingS + will + have + V-ingS + would + be + V-ing+S +would +have+been+V-ing

S + am/is/are + being + V3 S + have/has +been + being +V3S + was/were + being + V3S + had + been + being + V3S + will/shall + be + being + V3S + will +have+been+ being +V3S + would + be + being + V3S +would+have+been+ being+V3

Simple Perfect Past Perfect

S + have/has + V3 S + had + V3

S + have/has + been + V3 S + had + been + V3

Simple Future Past FutureModal (present)Modal (past)

S + will/shall + V1 S + would/should + V1 S + may/can/must + V1S + might/could/had to + V1

S + will/shall + be + V3 S + would/should + be + V3S + may/can/must + be + V3S + might/could/had to + be + V3

GERUND & INFINITIVEGerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila:• Verb/ kata kerja sebagai subjek.

Swimming is a good sport.• Verb sebagai complement/ pelengkap.

My hobby is cycling.• Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for, on, before dll.

I am sorry for coming late.Before leaving, he said nothing.

• Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use, to be worth, to be busy, can’t help/ can’t bear, to be used to, get used to.It is no use studying without practicing.

• Setelah possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, our, their, Amir’s, dll)His staring frightens me.

• Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentuWe enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

admit appreciate

claimcan’t help

resume

consider avoiddelaydenyrisk

enjoy finishquit

resistsuggest

mind miss

postponepracticeadvise

recall regretreportrecentresist

SINGULAR & PLURALnouns

countable

singular

plural

regular

irregular

uncountable

Singular

expressions of quantity

used with count nouns

used with noncount nouns

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES)Adjective Clauses

Relative pronouns

who

whom

that

which

whose

when (on which)

where (in which)

Punctuation in adjective clauses

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct (kalimat langsung) Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung)

Simple Present Present ContinuousPresent FuturePresent PerfectPresent Perfect ContinuousSimple PastPast Continuous

Simple Past Past ContinuousPast FuturePast PerfectPast Perfect ContinuousPast PerfectPast Perfect Continuous

Direct IndirectNow TodayTomorrow Next…

Last… …ago Yesterday The day before yesterday

HereThisThese

Then That dayThe next dayThe day afterThe following dayA day laterThe… afterThe following…The…beforeThe previous ……before…earlierThe day beforeThe previous dayTwo day beforeThereThatthose

CONNECTORSConnectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu kalimat. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:

• Menunjukan waktu: before, after, as soon as, while, when.– We went home after the rain stopped.– I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.– I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city.– While he was reading her novel, somebody knocked on the door.– I was really sad when I saw a drama movie.

• Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of, since.– I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident.– I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.– Since I have no money, I can’t treat you.

• Menunjukan tanda urutan: first, next, then, after that, finally.– first, we must prepare the ingredients.– Next, we cut the vegetables into small pieces.– After that, we put them into frying pan.– Finally, we put some sauce and salt.

CONJUNCTIONSKata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata.• Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and, or,

but, for, although/though, that, if, dll.• Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti:

both…and… (…dan juga….)not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…)either…or… (….maupun…)neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCESFuture Conditional (type 1) Present Conditional (type 2) Past Conditional (type 3)

Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak belakang. Apa yang diucapkan, itulah yang diharapkan. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat terpenuhi.

Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa sekarang. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja).

Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang dilakukan dimasa lampau, tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalimat ini diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa lalu. Kalau kalimatnya (+), maka makna/meaning yang disampaikan (-) dan sebaliknya.Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja)

If + simple present + simple future/modal

If + simple past + past future/modal

If + past perfect + past future perfect/modal perfect

PREFERENCESMenyukai A ketimbang B

1) S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing- Dona prefers dancing to singing. (Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi)

2) S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing

- I like T.V better than radio.- Kokom likes reading better than watching T.V.

3) S + would rather + V1 + than + V1

- Dita would rather watch T.V . than plays a video game. (Dita lebih menyukai nonton T.V ketimbang main video game)

4) S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1

- Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS. (Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS)

Elliptical Construction : handout page 46

Causative : handout page 32

Question tag : handout page 48