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IntroductionContraste Present Simple / Present Continuous•OPresentSimpleexpresahábitos,maisoPresentContinuoussinalaoqueestáaocorrermentressefala. I usually eat salad, but today I’m eating lasagna.(Poloxeralcomoensalada,maishoxeestouacomerlasaña.)
•OPresentSimpletaménseempregaparafalardeprogramasehorariosmentresqueoPresentContinuousparafalardeplanspersoaisqueocorreránnofuturovindeiroporquesefixarondeantemán.The next train leaves at 4 o’clock.(Ovindeirotrensaeás4.)It doesn’t leave at 4.15.(Nonsaeás4:15.) I am cooking for my friends today.(Hoxecociño/cociñareiparaosmeusamigos.)[xasedecidiu]
• CoPresentSimpleadoitanempregarseasseguintesexpresións temporais:everyday/week/year(todososdías/semanas/anos),once/twice a year(unha/dúasvecesaoano),on+undíadasemanaenplural,etc.CoPresentContinuous,porén,adoitanempregarseestas:now(agora),at the moment(nestemomento),today(hoxe),these days(hoxeendía),etc.
Os verbos “estáticos”Osverbosestáticosempréganseparaexpresargostos,sentimentosedesexos,actividadesdamente,posesiónepercepción.Refírenseaestadosencantodeaccións,poloquenonseadoitanempregarcoPresentContinuous. I want to eat pizza.(Querocomerpizza.)CandoseempregancoPresentContinuousadoitanterunsignificadodiferente.
I think this is a nice nightclub.(Pensoqueesteéunclubnocturnoagradábel.)
I’m thinking about travelling to Paris. (EstoupensandoenviaxaraParís.)
Contraste Past Simple / Past Continuous• OPastSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuerematounotemposinaladonafrase,mentresqueoPastContinuousfaladeacciónsprolongadasqueestabanaocorrernopasado. He did his homework last Monday. (Fixoosdeberesolunspasado.) He was doing his homework all afternoon yesterday.(Estivoafacerosdeberesdurantetodaatardedeonte.)
• CoPastSimpleadoitaempregarsewhenecoPastContinuousasconxunciónswhileouas. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (EstabamosaescoitarasnoticiascandochegouPeter.) While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived. (Mentresestabamosaescoitarasnoticias,chegouPeter.)
•Conwillebe going toadóitanseempregarasseguintesexpresións temporais:later(máistarde),soon(axiña),in an hour (nunhahora),tomorrow(mañá),next year (oanovindeiro),in the future(nofuturo),in+unano,etc.Todasestasexpresiónspodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,peroadoitanpoñerseaofinal.
1.Seten1sílaba,ou2eremataeny,considérasecurtoeengádeselleaterminación-er.Detrásponseapartículathan. The red dress is cheaper than the blue one. (Ovestidovermelloémáisbaratoqueoazul.)
nice - nicer 2.Seoadxectivoten2sílabasoumáis,élongoeacomparativafórmaseconmore+adxectivo+than. My trainers are more comfortable than yours. (Osmeustenissonmáiscómodosqueosteus.)
• Ocomparativodeinferioridadefórmaseconless+adxectivo+than(menos...que/ca/doque).The book is less popular than the film.(Olibroémenospopularqueapelícula.)
• Ocomparativodeigualdadefórmasecon(not) as+adxectivo+as((non)tan...como/a).My office is not as large as hers. (Omeudespachononétangrandecomaoseu.)
O superlativo dos adxectivos• Emprégaseparacompararmáisdedúascousas,animaisoupersoasedicirqueunhasalientasobreasdemais.Levathediantedoadxectivoetaméncómpreterencontaasúalonxitude:
-Seécurto,engádeselleaterminación-estsegundoasmesmasregrasqueparaformarocomparativo. Paul is the strongest boy in my class. (Pauléorapazmáisfortedaclase.)
-Seélongo,ponsediantethe most. This is the most elegant shirt in the shop. (Estaéacamisamáiselegantedatenda.)
• Osuperlativopodeirseguidodaspreposicións in,ofeon.She is the best actress of all / on TV. (Éamelloractrizdetodas/datelevisión.)
• Paraindicarquealguénoualgoéinferiorqueorestonalgúnaspectoemprégaseaestruturathe least+adxectivo.This is the least interesting book in the library. (Esteéolibromenosinteresantedabiblioteca.)
Os adxectivos irregularesAononseguirenregraningunha,cómpreaprenderassúasformascomparativaesuperlativadememoria.
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI have talked I’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedHe has talked He’s talkedShe has talked She’s talkedIt has talked It’s talkedWe have talked We’ve talkedYou have talked You’ve talkedThey have talked They’ve talkedNegativa Forma contraídaI have not talked I haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedHe has not talked He hasn’t talkedShe has not talked She hasn’t talkedIt has not talked It hasn’t talkedWe have not talked We haven’t talkedYou have not talked You haven’t talkedThey have not talked They haven’t talked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Have I talked ... ? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Has he talked ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.Has she talked ... ? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.Has it talked ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.Have we talked ... ? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.Have they talked ... ? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+has/have+unverboenparticipio.They have climbed Mount Everest twice. (SubironaomonteEverestdúasveces.)
• Negativa:suxeito+has/have +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.Paul hasn’t been to China.(PaulnonestivoenChina.)
• Interrogativa:Has/Have+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Has she worked as a war correspondent? (Elatraballoucomocorrespondentedeguerra?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+has / havesencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanot ennegativa.Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.(Vichesapelícula?Vina.Si./Non.)
The train has just left the station. (Otrenacabadesaírdaestación.)
Contraste Present Perfect Simple / Past SimpleOPresentPerfectSimplesinalaqueoocorridonopasadogardarelacióncopresenteenondicandosucedeu.Porén,oPastSimple faladeacciónspasadasquexanonafectanaomomentoactualesinalacandoocorreron.
She has worked as a newspaper reporter since 2010. (Traballacomoxornalistadunxornaldesde2010.)She wrote the article for the magazine yesterday.(Escribiuoartigoparaarevistaonte.)
used toUsed toexpresafeitosouestadosqueeranhabituaisnoutrotempoelogodeixarondeselo.Sótenformadepasadoevaiseguidodoutroverbonaformabase.Tradúcesecomoopretéritoimperfectodoverbo“adoitar”oudoverboqueosegue.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+used to +unverbonaformabase.We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamosir/Iamosápiscinatodososdías.)
• Negativa:suxeito+did not /didn’t+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.He didn’t use to buy vegetables at the supermarket.(Nonadoitabamercar/mercabaverdurasnosupermercado.)
• Interrogativa:Did+suxeito+use to(sen“d”)+unverbonaformabase.Did you use to play tennis on Sundays? (Adoitabasxogar/Xogabasaotenisosdomingos?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+did ou didn’t.Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.(Adoitabaviaxar/Viaxabaaoestranxeiro?Viaxaba.Si./Non.)
Unit 2As oracións de relativoSonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.Nesteúltimocasoécomúnomitilosnaconversa.
• Who:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.He is the actor who plays the role of Henry VIII. (ÉoactorqueinterpretaopapeldeHenriqueVIII.)
• Which:emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.I didn’t like the film which she recommended. (Nonmegustouapelículaquerecomendou.)
• That:emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.Downton Abbey is a series that you should watch. (Downton Abbey éunhaseriequedeberíasver.)
• Where:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nuncaseomiteninsepodesubstituírporthat.Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family spend the summer. (OCastelodeWindsoréolugarondeafamiliarealpasaoverán.)
• When:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhacláusulatemporal.Pódeseomitirousubstituírporthat.It was the year when she married the king. (Foioanoenquecasoucorei.)
• Whose:emprégasecandooantecedenteéunhapersoa.Expresaposesión.She was the queen whose husband was assassinated. (Elafoiaraíñacuxomaridofoiasasinado.)
Compostos de some, any e noEmprégansepoloxeralnasoraciónsderelativo.
• Apartirdesomefórmansesomeone(alguén),somewhere(a/nalgúnsitio,enalgures)esomething(algo,algunhacousa,unhacousa).Astresempréganseenoraciónsafirmativas.Someone has knocked at the door. (Alguénpetounaporta.)We can go somewhere on holiday. (Podemosiraalguresdevacacións.)She has got something important to tell her friends. (Tenalgoimportantequediciraosseusamigos.)
I didn’t go anywhere last weekend. (Nonfunaninguresapasadafindesemana.)The actors won’t say anything about the next season. (Osactoresnoncontaránnadasobreavindeiratempada.)
• Apartirdenofórmanseno one(ninguén),nowhere(ningures,ningúnsitio)enothing(nada,ningunhacousa).Oscompostosdenoequivalenanot any esóseempreganenafirmativa,poisxateñenunsignificadonegativodeseu.
No one knows how the story will end. (Ninguénsabecomoremataráahistoria.)They found nowhere to stay in the town. (Nonatoparonningúnsitioparaficarnavila.)There is nothing to worry about. (Nonhainadadequesepreocupar.)
Unit 3O Past Perfect Simple
Afirmativa Forma contraídaI had walked I’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedHe had walked He’d walkedShe had walked She’d walkedIt had walked It’d walkedWe had walked We’d walkedYou had walked You’d walkedThey had walked They’d walkedNegativa Forma contraídaI had not walked I hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedHe had not walked He hadn’t walkedShe had not walked She hadn’t walkedIt had not walked It hadn’t walkedWe had not walked We hadn’t walkedYou had not walked You hadn’t walkedThey had not walked They hadn’t walked
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Had I walked ... ? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had he walked ... ? Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Had she walked ... ? Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.Had it walked ... ? Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.Had we walked ... ? Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Had they walked ... ? Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+had+unverboenparticipio.The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. (Osexpertosresolveranomisteriodobarco.)
• Negativa:suxeito+had +apartículanotouacontracciónn’t+unverboenparticipio.We hadn’t heard any strange noises in the house.(Nonoiramosruídosestrañosnacasa.)
• Interrogativa:Had+suxeito+unverboenparticipio.Had they found the missing men? (Atoparanoshomesdesaparecidos?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+hadouhadn’t.Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t.(ForaaoLagoNess?Fora.Si./Non.)
before “antes”I had cleaned the car before I went to the party.
after “despois”He ate some ice cream after he had finished lunch.
as soon as
“tanpronto/axiñacomo”
As soon as I had got up, I went to buy the newspaper.
by the time “(para)cando”
By the time he was five, he had read many books.
until “atéque”Until I went to Italy, I hadn’t eaten real Italian food.
when “cando”Ian had finished his homework when I arrived.
already afirmativa:“xa”
I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us.
yet
negativa:“aínda”
It was 3 am and the pub hadn’t closed yet.
interrogativa:“xa”
When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet?
Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple• OPastPerfectSimpleadoitairenoraciónsacompañadodoutroverboquevaienPastSimple.OPastPerfectSimplesinalaqueaacciónocorreuantesqueaoutraqueestáenPastSimple.By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had already started.(Candochegouaocinema,apelículaxacomezara.)
• Paraexplicaromotivopoloqueocorreualgonopasado,ponseoverboprincipaldafraseenPastSimpleeaoraciónsubordinadaintroducidaporbecauseen PastPerfectSimple.We were nervous because we had seen unusual shadows. (Estabamosnerviosospoisviramosunhassombrasestrañas.)
Unit 4O primeiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónsqueocorreránsesecumpreacondiciónsinalada.
• Afirmativa:acondición(oraciónsubordinada)exprésaseconif+PresentSimple,eoresultado(oraciónprincipal)adoitairenfuturoconwill.He will move to London if he doesn’t find a job here. (MudaraseaLondressenonatopatraballoaquí.)
Seacondiciónvaiprimeiro,ponseunhavírgulaentreaoraciónprincipaleasubordinada.If he doesn’t find a job here, he will move to London. (Senonatopatraballoaquí,mudaraseaLondres.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaroverboenpresente,overboenfuturoouambososdous.If you don’t come, I will be sad. (Senonvés,estareitriste.)If you come, I won’t be sad. (Sevés,nonestareitriste.)If you don’t come, I won’t be sad. (Senonvés,nonestareitriste.)
• Interrogativa:Will+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? (Iráaoconcertosesaeaxiñadotraballo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+willouwon’t. Will your parents let you go out if you do your homework? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.(Teuspaisdeixaránquesaiassefasosdeberes?Deixaranme.Si./Non.)
Unless we use public transport, the level of pollution will rise. (Anonserqueusemosotransportepúblico/Senonusamosotransportepúblico,oniveldecontaminacióniráamáis.)
O segundo condicionalEmprégaseparafalardeacciónshipotéticasreferidasaopresente,édicir,queépoucoprobábelqueocorran.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastSimple,eoresultadoconwould(ouacontracción’d)+overbonaformabase.If there were more police officers, people would feel safe. (Sehoubesemáispolicías,axentesentiríasesegura.)
Nocantodewould,podemosempregaroverbomodalcouldnoresultado,maisestesinalaqueaprobabilidadedequesecumpraahipóteseéaíndamenor.Equivaleaoverbo“poder”encondicionalouásexpresións“talvez”ou“quizais”+condicional.If I had the chance, I could travel around the world. (Seeutiveseaoportunidade,poderíaviaxarportodoomundo.)
Seoverbodacondiciónéto be,adóitaseempregarwereentodasaspersoasdosingularedoplural.If he were in charge, he’d keep the city clean. (Seelestiveseaomando,manteríaacidadelimpa.)
Paradarconsellosemprégaseafórmula If I were.If I were you, I’d live in a suburb. (Eu,deti,viviríanunbarrioresidencial.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I didn’t have a car, I would go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,iríaenautobús.)If I had a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeutiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)If I didn’t have a car, I wouldn’t go by bus. (Seeunontiveseuncoche,noniríaenautobús.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough money? (Mercaríasunhacasanacidadesetivesescartosdeabondo?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Traballaríascomovoluntariosetivesestempolibre?Traballaría.Si./Non.)
O terceiro condicionalEmprégaseparafalardecondiciónsenteiramenteimposíbeis,poisserefirenaopasadoexanonpodenrealizarse.
• Afirmativa:acondiciónexprésaseconif+PastPerfectSimple,eoresultadoconwould have +participio.If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone on holiday. (SePhilremataseoproxecto,marcharíadevacacións.)
• Negativa: pódesenegaracondición,oresultadoouambososdous.If I hadn’t won the lottery, I would have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,aceptaríaeseemprego.)If I had won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Semetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)If I hadn’t won the lottery, I wouldn’t have accepted that job. (Senonmetocasealotaría,nonaceptaríaeseemprego.)
• Interrogativa:Would+suxeito+have + participio+predicadodaoraciónprincipal+oraciónsubordinada.Would Sarah have helped people at the community centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarahaxudaríaáxentedocentrocívicosevivisemáispreto?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+wouldouwouldn’t.Would you have arrived at school on time if someone had driven you? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.(Chegaríasaocolexioatemposealguéntelevaseencoche?Chegaría.Si./Non.)
Presente am / is / are+ oparticipiodoverboprincipal
Pasado was / wereFuturo will be
• Afirmativa:suxeito+ to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.That shirt is sold online. (Estacamisavéndeseeninternet.)Several people were interviewed for the job . (Variaspersoasforonentrevistadasparaotraballo.)The book will be delivered tomorrow. (Olibroentregarasemañá.)
Sesequereamentarqueouquenrealizaourealizouaacción,ponseofinaldafraseprecedidodeby.This bridge was built by the Romans. (Estapontefoiconstruídapolosromanos.)
Eninglésemprégasemoitoapasiva,peroadóitasetraduciroverbonaformaimpersoalounavozactiva.Today, smartphones are used for shopping. (Hoxeendía,ossmartphonesempréganseparamercar.)
• Negativa:suxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+notoun’t+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.The advert wasn’t placed in the newspaper. (Oanunciononsepuxonoxornal.)
• Interrogativa:to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente+suxeito+oparticipiodoverboprincipal.Nasrespostas curtasponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+to becomoauxiliarnotempocorrespondente,sencontraerenafirmativaoucontraídocoapartículanotennegativa.Will these clothes be shown in the shop display? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t. (Estaroupavaipoñersenoescaparate?Vai.Si./Non.)
Enpreguntasconpartículainterrogativataménseinverteaordedeto beeosuxeito,agásseapartículafaidesuxeitopoisnesecasononcambiaaorde.Where are these products advertised? (Ondeseanuncianestesprodutos?)What is said in this article? (Quesedinesteartigo?)
Candooverboprincipaldaoraciónrexeunhapreposición,estaponsesempreaofinaldapregunta.What is Picasso known for? (PorqueécoñecidoPicasso?)
Os usos da voz pasivaSalientaraacciónenonosuxeitoquearealiza
This picture was taken in Italy.(EstafototirouseenItalia.)
New museums are opened every year.(Ábrensenovosmuseoscadaano.)
Como pasar unha frase activa a pasivaPonseto benomesmotempoquetiñaoverboprincipalenactiva,eesteverboenparticipio.Activa:Someone sold the bicycle yesterday.Pasiva: The bicycle was sold yesterday.Ponsecomosuxeitooprimeirocomplementoquehaxadetrásdoverbonavozactiva,xasexaodirectoouoindirecto.Activa:They used music in the advert.Pasiva: Music was used in the advert.Seocomplementoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolasúacorrespondenteformadesuxeito.Activa:Paul gave me a mobile phone.Pasiva:I was given a mobile phone.Pásaseosuxeitodaoraciónactivaaofinaldapasivaprecedidodeby.Activa:Alice will exchange the sweater.Pasiva:The sweater will be exchanged by Alice.Seosuxeitoéunpronomepersoal,cámbiasepolopronomeobxectocorrespondente.Activa:He ordered a book from the online shop.Pasiva:A book was ordered from the online shop by him.
• Asexpresións temporaisqueseempregannavozpasivasonasmesmasquenaactiva.Polotanto,seoverboestáenpresente:every day/week/year,once/twice a year,on+undíadasemanaenplural,ouadverbioscomousually,sometimes,etc.Seoverboestáenpasado:last night/week,at+unhahora,on+undía/data,in+unano,in the past,yesterday,etc.Seoverboestáenfuturo:tomorrow,next week /month/year,later,etc.
Unit 6O estilo indirecto• Emprégaseparacontarmosoquealguéndixosenrepetirxustamenteassúaspalabras.Paraiso,emprégaseoverbosay,eaconxunciónthat(estaadóitaseomitirnoinglésfalado),quítanseascomiñasecámbianseopronomesuxeitoeapersoadoverbo.“Many people use disposable products,” Alice says. Alice says that many people use disposable products.(Alicediquemoitaxenteempregaprodutosrefugábeis.)
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresent Simple Past Simple
“I always recycle newspapers,” Beth said.Beth said that she always recycled newspapers. (Bethdixoquesemprereciclabaosxornais.)
Present Continuous Past Continuous“She is giving a talk at school,” Paul said.Paul said that she was giving a talk at school. (Pauldixoqueelaestabaadarunhacharlanocolexio.)
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple“We set up a foundation,” Tom said.Tom said that they had set up a foundation. (Tomdixoqueelescrearanunhafundación.)
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple“I have received 2,000 e-mails a day,” the boy said.The boy said that he had received 2,000 e-mails a day. (Orapazdixoquetiñarecibido2.000correosaodía.)
Future (will) Future (would)“I will visit all the museums in Oslo,” Jane said.Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo. (JanedixoquevisitaríatodososmuseosdeOslo.)
can could“You can buy green products,” the teacher said.The teacher said that we could buy green products. (Aprofesoradixoquepodiamosmercarprodutosecolóxicos.)
must had to“We must take care of the environment,” Dad said.Dad said that we had to take care of the environment. (Papádixoquetiñamosquecoidaromedionatural.)
Estilo directo Estilo indirectonow thentoday, tonight that day, that nighttomorrow the next / following dayyesterday the previous day, the day beforenext week / year the following week / year
last week / year the week / year before, the previous week / year
a month ago a month before / the previous month
here therethis, these that, thosemy his / her, etc.
“I’ve thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin,” he said. He said (to us) / told us that he had thrown the newspaper in the recycling bin.(Eldíxonosquetiraraoxornalaocolectordereciclaxe.)
“We must change to renewable energy sources,” Carol explained. Carol explained that we had to change to renewable energy sources.(Carolexplicouquetiñamosquemudarafontesdeenerxíarenovábeis.)
Unit 7may / might
AfirmativaI may go I might goYou may go You might goHe may go He might goShe may go She might goIt may go It might goWe may go We might goYou may go You might goThey may go They might go
Negativa
I may not go I might not goYou may not go You might not goHe may not go He might not goShe may not go She might not goIt may not go It might not goWe may not go We might not goYou may not go You might not goThey may not go They might not go
• Afirmativa:suxeito+may/might+verbonaformabase. I may / might be late. (Poidaquechegue/Poderíaserquechegasetarde.) You may use my phone, but don’t break it. (Podesusaromeuteléfono,maisnonorompas.)
• Negativa:suxeito+may/ might not+verbonaformabase. She may / might not come today. (Pode/Poderíaserquenonveñahoxe.)
• Interrogativa:May+suxeito+verbonaformabase.Eninterrogativa,sóseempregamayetenosignificadodepermisooupetición,nonodeposibilidade.May I use your bike? (Podousaratúabici?)
• Respostas curtas: ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+mayoumay not.May I go with you? Yes, you may. / No, you may not. (Podoircontigo?Podes.Si./Non.)
can / can’tAfirmativa NegativaI can swim I cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimHe can swim He cannot / can’t swimShe can swim She cannot / can’t swimIt can swim It cannot / can’t swimWe can swim We cannot / can’t swimYou can swim You cannot / can’t swimThey can swim They cannot / can’t swim
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Can I swim? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.Can you swim? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.Can he swim? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.Can she swim? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.Can it swim? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+can+verbonaformabase.They can play the guitar.(Sabentocaraguitarra.)I can go to bed early tonight.(Pododeitarmecedoestanoite.)You can see the film now.(Podesverapelículaagora.)
• Interrogativa:Can +suxeito+verbonaformabase. Can I drive your car? (Podoconduciroteucoche?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+canoucan’t.Can you swim? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.(Sabesnadar?Sei.Si./Non.)
could / couldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI could sing I couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singHe could sing He couldn’t singShe could sing She couldn’t singIt could sing It couldn’t singWe could sing We couldn’t singYou could sing You couldn’t singThey could sing They couldn’t sing
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Could I sing? Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could he sing? Yes, he could. No, he couldn’t.Could she sing? Yes, she could. No, she couldn’t.Could it sing? Yes, it could. No, it couldn’t.Could we sing? Yes, we could. No, we couldn’t.Could you sing? Yes, you could. No, you couldn’t.Could they sing? Yes, they could. No, they couldn’t.
Robert could talk when he was one year old. (Robertsabíafalarcandotiñaunano.)She could run fast last year. (Elapodíacorrerrápidooanopasado.)
• Negativa:suxeito+could notouaformacontraídacouldn’t+verbonaformabase.She could not swim when she was younger. (Elanonsabíanadarcandoeramáisnova.)I couldn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. (Nonpuideniraocolexioonteporqueestabadoente.)
• Interrogativa: Could +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Could you take me home?(Poderiadeslevarmeácasa?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+couldoucouldn’t.Could you play basketball? Yes, I could. / No, I couldn’t.(Puidechesxogaraobaloncesto?Puiden.Si./Non.)
be able toAfirmativa Negativa
I am able to run I’m not able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runHe is able to run He isn’t able to runShe is able to run She isn’t able to runIt is able to run It isn’t able to runWe are able to run We aren’t able to runYou are able to run You aren’t able to runThey are able to run They aren’t able to run
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Am I able to run? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.Is he able to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.Is she able to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.Is it able to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Are we able to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Are you able to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they able to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
I am able to ride a horse.[habilidade] (Seimontaracabalo.)
She is able to work with a broken arm. [posibilidade] (Elapodetraballarcunbrazoroto.)
• Negativa:suxeito+ to beenpresente+notoun’t +able to+verbonaformabase.He isn’t able to help you with your homework. [posibilidade] (Nonpodeaxudarchecosdeberes.)
• Interrogativa: to be enpresente+suxeito+able to+verbonaformabase.
Are you able to run in the race? [posibilidade](Podescorrernacarreira?)
Are they able to find an organ donor on Facebook? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (PodenatoparundoadordeórganosenFacebook?Poden.Si./Non.)
should / shouldn’tAfirmativa NegativaI should use I shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useHe should use He shouldn’t useShe should use She shouldn’t useIt should use It shouldn’t useWe should use We shouldn’t useYou should use You shouldn’t useThey should use They shouldn’t use
InterrogativaRespostas curtasAfirmativa Negativa
Should I use? Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should he use? Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.Should she use? Yes, she should. No, she shouldn’t.Should it use? Yes, it should. No, it shouldn’t.Should we use? Yes, we should. No, we shouldn’t.Should you use? Yes, you should. No, you shouldn’t.Should they use? Yes, they should. No, they shouldn’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+should+verbonaformabase.You should stay in bed today. (Deberíaspermanecernacamahoxe.)
• Negativa:suxeito+should not ou shouldn’t (amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.
She shouldn’t go to school today.(Elanondeberíairaocolexiohoxe.)
• Interrogativa:Should +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Should I exercise more? (Deberíafacermáisexercicio?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+shouldoushouldn’t.Should we visit him in hospital? Yes, we should. / No, we shouldn’t.(Deberiamosirveloaohospital?Deberiamos.Si./Non.)
must / mustn’tAfirmativa NegativaI must tell I mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellHe must tell He mustn’t tellShe must tell She mustn’t tellIt must tell It mustn’t tellWe must tell We mustn’t tellYou must tell You mustn’t tellThey must tell They mustn’t tell
• Afirmativa:suxeito+must+verbonaformabase.Expresaaobrigaeanecesidadeouqueconvénfaceralgo,esignifica“deber”.You must walk slowly.(Debedescamiñaramodo.)
• Negativa: suxeito+must not oumustn’t(amáishabitualéasegunda)+verbonaformabase.Expresaprohibición,quealgononestápermitido,etaménquealgononsedebefacerpoisnonconvénounonécorrectofacelo.You mustn’t talk on the phone while you’re driving. (Nondebedesfalarporteléfonomentresconducides.)[estáprohibido]She mustn’t lie to her parents. (Nondebementirosseuspais.)[nonécorrecto]
• Interrogativa:Must +suxeito+verbonaformabase.Nestecaso,mustexpresaobrigaounecesidade,aíndaqueesteverbomodalnonseadoitaempregarnaformainterrogativa.Must we tell her about the accident? (Debemosdicirlleodoaccidente?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+must.Must I see a doctor? Yes, you must. (Deboverunmédico?Debes.Si.)
have to / don’t have toAfirmativa NegativaI have to go I don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goHe has to go He doesn’t have to goShe has to go She doesn’t have to goIt has to go It doesn’t have to goWe have to go We don’t have to goYou have to go You don’t have to goThey have to go They don’t have to go
Do I have to go? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we don’t.Do you have to go? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+have / has to +verbonaformabase.Significa“terque”eexpresa,comomust,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Adiferenzaéquehave tosiseconxugae,poriso,emprégasenostemposquemustnonten.We have to take the train at ten o’clock. (Temosquecollerotrenásdez.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t have to+verbonaformabase.Significa“nonterque/porque”.He doesn’t have to call an ambulance. (Nontenque/porquechamarunhaambulancia.)
• Lembraquehave tosignificaomesmoquemust, pero don’t have to e mustn’t nonsonequivalentes.You don’t have to go. (Nontesque/porqueir.)[nonépreciso]You mustn’t go. (Nondebesir.)[estáprohibido]
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+have to+verbonaformabase.Do you have to study this afternoon?(Tesqueestudarestatarde?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does she have to take any medicine? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.(Tenquetomaralgúnmedicamento?Ten.Si./Non.)
• Maliaqueoempregodehave toemust ésemellante, must adoitanempregaloaspersoasqueteñenautoridade(profesores,pais,médicos,etc.)mentresquehave tooempregatodoomundo.You must arrive on time at the doctor’s. (Debeschegarpuntualáconsultadomédico.)I had to answer lots of e-mails. (Tivenquecontestarunhacheadecorreoselectrónicos.)
need to / don’t need to • Significa“terque”eexpresacomohave to,aobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgo.Pódeseconxugare,polotanto,podeempregarseentodosostemposverbais.
• Afirmativa:suxeito+need to +verbonaformabase.I need to rest for a few days to recover. (Teñoquedescansarunsdíasparamerecuperar.)
• Negativa:suxeito+don’t / doesn’t need to+verbonaformabase.
You don’t need to help me. (Nontesqueaxudarme.)
• Interrogativa:Do/Does+suxeito+need to+verbonaformabase.Do you need to buy something for dinner?(Tesquemercaralgoparaacea?)
• Respostas curtas:ponseopronomepersoalsuxeito+do/does oudon’t/doesn’t.Does he need to call to make an appointment? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.(Tenquechamarparapedircita?Ten.Si./Non.)
needn’tDamesmamaneiraquedon’t need to,emprégaseneedn’tparasinalarquenonhaiobrigaounecesidadedefaceralgunhacousa,maliaqueoseuusosexamáisformal.Vaiseguidodunverbonaformabasesenapreposiciónto.
You needn’t drive me to the hospital.(Nontesquemelevarencocheaohospital.)
Unit 8
O xerundio e o infinitivo
O xerundio Éaformaverbalrematadaen-ingquefuncionacomosubstantivonosseguintescasos:
•Comosuxeitodaoraciónaofalarmosdeacciónsoufeitosenxeral.Visiting the Beijing market was an incredible experience.(VisitaromercadodePequínfoiunhaexperienciaincríbel.)
•Comoobxectodirectodalgúnsverbos:finish,enjoy,like,avoid,miss,recommend,suggest,imagine,regret,finish,keep,mind,etc.She enjoys eating food from different countries. (Elagozatomandocomidadedistintospaíses.)
•Detrásdaspreposicións.He is thinking about learning sign language. (Elestáapensarenaprenderalinguaxedesignos.)
•Detrásdalgunhasformasverbais:can’t stand,feel like,don’t mind,it’s no use,look forward to,etc.I don’t mind walking to work.(Nonmeimportairandandoaotraballo.)
O infinitivo•Éaformaverbalprecedidadeto.Emprégasecandoalgúnsverbos(decide,want,promise,hope,pretend,refuse,offer,agree,seem,appear,choose,expect,learn,plan,wish, allow, etc.)vanseguidosdoutroverbo;sendoasíesteúltimoponseeninfinitivo.Paul has promised to take her dog to the vet.(Paulprometeulevaroseucanáveterinaria.)They decided not to take part in the experiment.(Decidironnonparticiparnoexperimento.)
•Taménseempregadetrásdeadxectivostalescomoeasy,happy,sad,lucky,hard e nice.I’m happy to volunteer for the association. (Estoucontentadeservoluntarianaasociación.)
Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo • Algúns verbos (like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start,
continue, etc.) poden ir seguidos de xerundio ou de infinitivo sen o que o seu significado varíe. They like going / to go to summer camps. (Gostan de ir aos campamentos de verán.)
• En troques, outros non significan o mesmo se levan detrás un xerundio ou un infinitivo. A continuación tes algúns exemplos:
• remember + xerundio significa “lembrar que se fixo algo no pasado”.I remember eating at that restaurant when I was in Toronto. (Lembro que comín neste restaurante cando estiven en Toronto.)
• remember + infinitivo significa “lembrarse de facer algo”.She remembered to buy the ingredients for the cake. (Lembrou mercar os ingredientes para a torta.)
• forget + xerundio emprégase en frases negativas para sinalar a imposibilidade de esquecer algo ocorrido no pasado.Tim will never forget meeting his favourite singer. (Tim nunca esquecerá que coñeceu o seu cantante favorito.)
• forget + infinitivo significa “esquecer facer algunha cousa”.I forgot to buy the tickets for the theatre. (Esquecín mercar as entradas para o teatro.)
• stop + xerundio significa “deixar de facer algo / un costume”.She stopped using the mobile phone a month ago. (Deixou de empregar o teléfono móbil hai un mes.)
• stop + infinitivo significa “parar (unha acción) para facer outra cousa”.They didn’t stop to have lunch on their way home. (Non pararon para comer de camiño á casa.)
Unit 9Repaso
Present Simple (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Verdades xerais e descricións.
Feitos habituais ou cotiáns.Gustos e opinións.Programas e horarios. (Present Simple con valor de futuro)
Expresións temporais: every day, on Mondays, etc.Adverbios de frecuencia: always, usually, often, never, etc.
Present Continuous (ver páxina 11)
UsoAccións que están a ocorrer mentres se está a falar ou no período de tempo presente.
Expresións temporais: now, these days, right now, etc.
Present Continuous con valor de futuro (ver páxina 11)
UsoAccións que ocorrerán no futuro próximo pois xa se fixaron de antemán.
Expresións temporais: soon, later, next year, tonight, etc.
Past Simple (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Expresar acccións pasadas.
Dicir que se fixo nun momento concreto.
Contar accións pasadas consecutivas.
Contar como eran as cousas noutro tempo.
Expresións temporais: a week ago, last night, yesterday, etc.
Past Continuous (ver páxina 11)
UsosAccións que estaban en progreso no pasado.
Accións que eran simultáneas no pasado.
Expresións temporais: at half past two, last night, etc.
Present Perfect Simple (ver páxs. 13-14)
Usos
Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan.
Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente.Accións pasadas sen especificar cando pasaron.Accións pasadas hai pouco tempo.
Expresións temporais e adverbios: since, for, never, just, etc.
Past Perfect Simple (ver páxina 15)
UsoUnha acción que ocorreu antes ca outra no pasado.
Expresións temporais e adverbios: before, after, by the time, already, etc.
will (ver páxina 11)
Usos
Anunciar accións ou feitos futuros.
Predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá.
Expresar decisións súbitas.
Expresións temporais: later, one day, in the future, in ten years, soon, next year, etc.
be going to (ver páxina 11)
UsosExpresar plans, intencións e decisións.
Expresar o que vai ocorrer porque se ven sinais diso.
Expresións temporais: later, soon, in the future, etc.
Os modais (ver páxs. 18-21)may
Usos
Afirmativa e negativa: expresar posibilidade.
Interrogativa: pedir ou denegar permiso.
Interrogativa: facer peticións educadas.
might
UsoExpresar posibilidade máis recuada que con can.
UsoExpresarausenciadeobrigaounecesidade.Oseuusoémáisformalquecondon’t have to.
As oracións de relativo (ver páxina 14)Sonoraciónssubordinadasqueacheganmáisinformaciónsobreapersoa,cousaouanimalqueseamentanaoraciónprincipalevanintroducidasporpronomesrelativosquepodenserosuxeitoouocomplementodaoración.who Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas.
which Emprégaseparasereferiracousasouanimais.
that Emprégaseparasereferirapersoas,cousasouanimais.
where Emprégasecandooantecedenteéunlugar.Nonsepodeomitirninsubstituírporthat.
O estilo indirecto (ver páxs. 17-18)Paracontaroquedixoalguénsenrepetirexactamenteassúaspalabras.
Estilo directo Estilo indirectoPresentSimple PastSimple
PresentContinuous PastContinuous
PastSimple PastPerfectSimple
PresentPerfectSimple PastPerfectSimple
Future(will) Future(would)can couldmust had to
Check Your Progress
Translation Exercises
Unit 1 1. Atrevémonos a facelo e deixamos a todos
abraiados. 2. Ela nunca foi unha persoa humilde. 3. Sempre evitei correr riscos. 4. El non adoitaba ser escéptico. 5. A miña profesora adoitaba animarme a
participar en deportes.
Unit 2
1. Non sei nada sobre o argumento da película. 2. Esta é a música que empregamos para a
banda sonora da película. 3. Vimos unha película que tiña uns efectos
especiais estupendos en cada escena. 4. Lemos sobre alguén cuxos familiares
conspiraron contra o rei. 5. El é o rei que executou ao seu conselleiro por
traizón.
Unit 3
1. Pregúntome onde atoparon o neno desaparecido.
2. Cando lin sobre o suceso, os científicos xa
revelaran a súa orixe.
3. Nunca estivera nunha casa enfeitizada antes. 4. Non soubera da erupción do volcán até que
vin as noticias. 5. As chamas queimaran o edificio, e había fume
e po por todas as partes.
Unit 4
1. Se compartes a torta cos teus amigos, fareiche ao forno unha nova.
2. Se houbese máis zonas verdes na cidade, sería
máis relaxante. 3. Se o alcalde non solucionase o problema,
mudariámonos a un barrio residencial. 4. Se non tivesen traballos de baixos ingresos,
non vivirían nun barrio baixo. 5. Se ela é considerada, chegarán a un acordo.
•at horas: at five o’clock festividades: at Christmas •on díasdasemana: on Tuesday datas: on 15th June on Christmas Day• in meses: in September estacións: in summer anos: in 2014 partesdodía: in the eveningPero: at the weekend at night
A orde das palabras: suxeito – verbo (Word order: Subject – verb)Osuxeitodaoraciónponsediantedoverbo.Peter is athletic. sv
Maisnaspreguntasvaidetrásdoverbo.Is Peter athletic? vs
A orde das palabras: as expresións temporais (Word order: Time expressions)Asexpresiónstemporaispodeniraocomezoouaofinaldafrase,aíndaqueémáishabitualpoñelasaofinal.We walked to town yesterday. timeexpr.
Sevanaocomezo,sepáransedaoraciónprinicipalcunhavírgula.Yesterday, we walked to town. timeexpr.
Next week, I’m visiting Tom – my favourite cousin. Don’t worry. You’ll see ... Tina (my friend’s sister) is having a party. Send me photos. I can’t wait!•Ascomiñas(“”)empréganseparaescribiroqueaxentedixoamentandoassúaspalabrasexactas,eponseunhavírgulaentreacitaeoemisor.
Eninglés,avírgulavaidentrodascomiñas(“... with me,” he said),mentresqueengalegovaifóra(“... comigo”, dixo).
“Please wait here,” he said.
As maiúsculas (Capital letters)
Escríbenseconmaiúscula:
•osnomesetítulosdaspersoas:Rick Day, Mr King, Dr Adams
•osnomesdelugarescomocidades,países,continentes,edificioscélebres,museos,etc.:Rome, Mexico, Asia, Tower Bridge, the Louvre
•asnacionalidades:Irish, German, British•osdías:Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday•osmeses:January, March, July•aprimeirapalabradunhaoración:This is Ron.•opronomepersoalI: I live here.•osidiomas:French, Swedish, Chinese•aspalabrasrelevantesdostítulosdelibrosepelículas,cancións,festividadesexogosdeordenador:
Pride and Prejudice Easter, Christmas Time after Time Minecraft
He usually writes funny stories. advv Maisseoverboéto be,oadverbiovaidetrás. Tom is usually at the beach. vadv
Dar exemplos (Presenting examples)
Empréganseexpresiónscomo like, for example e such asparadarexemplos.I often do activities like yoga and dancing.There are rules at school. For example, you must wear a uniform.Water sports such as diving and surfing are my favourite.
Os adxectivos posesivos e os pronomes (Referencing)Servenparafacerreferenciaaosnomesamentadosconanterioridadeenonrepetilos.
My school isn’t far from here. It is opposite the church.Dan and I are going to the beach. We want to surf. Do you want to come with us?Mike’s phone is on the table. That’s his phone.
Expresións para escribir opinións (Expressions to state opinions)
Estassonasexpresiónsmáiscomúnsqueseempreganparaescribiropinións:In my opinion, I think, I feel, I believe, It seems to me that, As I see it, As far as I’m concerned, In my view.
I think maths is a difficult subject.I feel many students need extra help with their maths studies.I believe some students are afraid of maths.In my opinion, history is the most interesting school subject. It seems to me that sport is the most important activity for teenagers.As I see it, our school breaks aren’t long enough.As far as I’m concerned, the lessons should start at 10.00 in the morning - not earlier.In my view, students should decide which subjects to study at school.
We didn’t go because it was raining.We went home since we ran out of money.He is successful as he is determined.The route was changed due to the weather conditions.As a result of your support, I didn’t give up.
•Consecutiva (Effect)
Describirunresultado I was late, so I missed the train.As a result, I didn’t get to London on time.I was sceptical. Therefore, I didn’t listen to her advice.
•Adversativa (Contrast)
Relacionarideasopostas I am daring, but I’m not fearless.The film was funny. However, it wasn’t original.Although he is my favourite actor, the film was boring.Even though I was tired, I enjoyed the film.While the king was young and inexperienced, he made excellent decisions.The queen was popular despite her unusual personality.
•Desecuencia (Sequence)
Amosaraordeenqueocorreronunhaseriedefeitos
At first, we saw flames.In the beginning, we heard a loud sound.Previously, we had smelt smoke.Next, I phoned the police.Then, I ran outside.Eventually, the firefighters arrived.Finally, we went home.In the end, everyone was safe.
•Copulativa (Addition)
Paraincorporarinformaciónengadidasobreunmesmotema
We took the train and we rented a car for a day.We visited many museums. We also toured a number of palaces.In addition, we stopped using disposable products.There’s a café as well as a restaurant on the beach.The hotel is central. Furthermore, it’s eco-friendly.We recycle all our bottles. Moreover, we have a compost bin.Besides its historical sites, the town has got a lovely beach.
•Final (Purpose)
Paraexpresarunhafinalidadeouunpropósito
I called to invite you to my party.She came in order to help us.I shouted so that they would hear me.
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIASPRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogoti xogas
el, ela xoganós xogamosvós xogades
eles, elas xogan
I playyou play
he, she, it playswe playyou playthey play
PERÍFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERÍFRASEeu estou a xogar / xogandoti estás a xogar / xogando
el, ela está a xogar / xogandonós estamos a xogar / xogandovós estades a xogar / xogando
eles, elas están a xogar / xogando
I am playingyou are playing
he, she, it is playingwe are playingyou are playingthey are playing
eu vou xogarti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogarnós imos xogarvós ides xogar
eles, elas van xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TOI am going to play
you are going to playhe, she, it is going to play
we are going to playyou are going to playthey are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILLeu xogareiti xogarás
el, ela xogaránós xogaremosvós xogaredes
eles, elas xogarán
I will playyou will play
he, she, it will playwe will playyou will playthey will play