English Grammar

Easiest way to learn English Grammar

With the Help of these 3 pagesMan learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why, you are proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the environment. Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former method is a little bit tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning something. Tenses are necessary to understand, because every sentence conveys the activity happened either in past, present or future. All tenses cannot be same and the only difference in every tense is of the “verb”. Something that is happening cannot be alike something that has already happened and so on.In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses and its Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and observe the difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going to convert a sentence into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your mind and then write the Passive according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its Passive, will make you learn the Passive Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner. You can see that ‘I’ has been converted into ‘me’ and placed at the end of the sentence and ‘a letter’ has taken the place of ‘I’. Further conversion is of verb, place is same, but helping verb is in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, ‘by’ is added. In all the tenses, ‘A letter’ ‘Written’ ‘by’ and ‘me’ are same. Learn these sentences and try to write Passive Voice of other sentences as well. Similarly, if the sentence is negative, add ‘not’ with the helping verb and if it is interrogative (involving a question), write helping verb in the start.

:: Present Indefinite Tense ::I write a letter to my doctor.

I do not write a letter to my doctor.

Do I write a letter to my doctor?

Do I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Continious ::

I am writing a letter to my doctor.

I am not writing a letter to my doctor.

Am I writing a letter to my doctor?

Am I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect ::I have written a letter to my doctor.

I have not written a letter to my doctor.

Have I written a letter to my doctor?

Have I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Present Perfect Continious ::I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.

I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.

Have I been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Have I not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Passive Voice

:: Present Indefinite ::A letter is written by me to my doctor.

A letter is not written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter not written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Continious ::A letter is being written by me to my doctor.

A letter is not being written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter being written by me to my doctor.

Is a letter not being written by me to my doctor.

:: Present Perfect ::A letter have been written by me to my doctor.

A letter have not been written by me to my doctor.

Have a letter been written by me to my doctor.

Have a letter not been written by me to my doctor.

Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

Active VoiceEasiest way to learn English Grammar

With the Help of these 3 pagesMan learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why, you are proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the environment. Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former method is a little bit tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning something. Tenses are necessary to understand, because every sentence conveys the activity happened either in past, present or future. All tenses cannot be same and the only difference in every tense is of the “verb”. Something that is happening cannot be alike something that has already happened and so on.In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses and its

Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and observe the difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going to convert a sentence into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your mind and then write the Passive according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its Passive, will make you learn the Passive Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner. You can see that ‘I’ has been converted into ‘me’ and placed at the end of the sentence and ‘a letter’ has taken the place of ‘I’. Further conversion is of verb, place is same, but helping verb is in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, ‘by’ is added. In all the tenses, ‘A letter’ ‘Written’ ‘by’ and ‘me’ are same. Learn these sentences and try to write Passive Voice of other sentences as well. Similarly, if the sentence is negative, add ‘not’ with the helping verb and if it is interrogative (involving a question), write helping verb in the start.





:: Present Continious ::I am writing a letter to my doctor.












Passive Voice













With the Help of these 3 pagesMan learns from listening and speaking more than reading and writing. That is why, you are proficient in the language that you have learnt from your parents or from the environment. Learning can be rule-based as well as memorization-based. The former method is a little bit tough, but the latter has proven to be a general way of learning something. Tenses are necessary to understand, because every sentence conveys the activity happened either in past, present or future. All tenses cannot be same and the only difference in every tense is of the “verb”. Something that is happening cannot be alike something that has already happened and so on.In the given table, a single sentence has been written in Active Voice of all the tenses and its Passive Voice has also been given. You have to memorize this sentence and observe the difference with respect to the changes in tenses. Whenever you are going to convert a sentence into the Passive Voice, you have to recall this sentence in your mind and then write the Passive according to the nature of the sentence. Repeatedly viewing this sentence in all the tenses and its Passive, will make you learn the Passive Voice Conversion in a fast and easy manner. You can see that ‘I’ has been converted into ‘me’ and placed at the end of the sentence and ‘a letter’ has taken the place of ‘I’. Further conversion is of verb, place

is same, but helping verb is in present, past or future according to Active Voice. Then, ‘by’ is added. In all the tenses, ‘A letter’ ‘Written’ ‘by’ and ‘me’ are same. Learn these sentences and try to write Passive Voice of other sentences as well. Similarly, if the sentence is negative, add ‘not’ with the helping verb and if it is interrogative (involving a question), write helping verb in the start.

Active Voice

:: Future Indefinite ::

I Shall write a letter to my doctor.

I Shall not write a letter to my doctor.

Shall I write a letter to my doctor?

Shall I not write a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Continious ::

I shall be writing a letter to my doctor.

I shall not writing a letter to my doctor.

Shall I writing a letter to my doctor?

Shall I not writing a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Perfect ::

I shall have written a letter to my doctor.

I shall not written a letter to my doctor.

Shall I not written a letter to my doctor?

Shall I not written a letter to my doctor?

:: Future Perfect Continious ::

I shall have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.

I shall have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning.

Have I have been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Have I have not been writing a letter to my doctor since morning?

Pasive Voice

:: Future Indefinite ::

A letter will be written by me to my doctor.

A letter will not be written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter be written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter not be written by me to my doctor.

:: Future Perfect ::

A letter will have been written by me to my doctor.

A letter will not have been written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter have been written by me to my doctor.

Will a letter not have been written by me to my doctor.

Parts of Speech

When we speak, our speech consists of many words; these are called Parts of Speech.There are 8 basic parts of speech i.e.

Let us explain these parts in simple way and see how they are collected together to form a sentence.

NounNoun means any name. (Person, Place or Thing)Examples: Boy: Person , Karachi: Place , Pencil: ThingLearn more...

PronounPronoun is used in place of a name. (To avoid from repetition)Examples:Ali is a boy. He is very intelligent.He, she, it, I, we, they, you are pronouns.Learn more...

VerbVerb is any action. (May be in Present, Past or Future)No sentence is complete without a verb.Verb itself is a sentence.Examples:Come, go, sit, work, enjoy, get, set etc.Learn more...

AdjectiveAdjective is any quality of a noun. (May be Positive or Negative)It adds to the meaning of a noun. Examples:

He is smart guy.Tall, short, genius, careless, punctual, regular, big, small etc are Adjectives.Learn more...

Preposition Pre means “before” and position means “state”.Preposition shows the position of words coming before it (May be noun, pronoun, phrase, verb etc)These are joining words. (Join different parts of a sentence)Examples:The glass is on the table.In, on, under, behind, beside, at, for, of, with, to etc are Prepositions.Learn more...

Adverb Adverb adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb.(Without adverb, a sentence is complete but adding it, the meaning is enhanced.)Examples:We run fast.Quickly, slowly, sharply, early, heavily etc.Notice here the difference between Adjective and Adverb. Both add meanings but to different things.Learn more...

ConjunctionConjunction is used to join or combine two clauses or sentences. (Clause is not complete sentence. It has a subject and predicate) (Predicate contains the verb and its complement) (Complement is used to complete a grammatical construction)Examples: He said that he was fine.Please inform me when you reach Lahore.

Because, Where, who, what, if, whose, which etc are examples of conjunctions which are used in the centre of a sentence and in fact, to join two sentences.Learn more...

InterjectionInterjection is used to express emotions or feelings (Joy, Sorrow, Wonder, Fear, Anger etc). It itself is not meaningful but after reading full sentence, we can easily understand for what it has been used. (Interjections are not specific to English only. Many are those which are same in other languages also)Exclamation mark is used with interjection and after this mark, the word is written with Capital letterExamples:Hurrah! I got first position in Science Subjects.Alas! Our father passed away last night. Ah, Aha, Yahoo, Wow etc are examples of interjections. Learn more...

How to Learn English?

English is our international language and it is need of the time to focus on learning English especially. Learning English is not as tough as is supposed to be. In fact, every language takes time and practice to learn but you feel English difficult because you don’t have environment of English generally.

Communication Skills:There are four basic skills of communication which matter whatever language we want to learn i.e. Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. All are equally important but its nature of man that he learns more through listening from his surroundings and using the same words then. These skills will be explained in detail.

Learn Through Listening & Speaking:Our proficiency depends upon basic communication skills and it is rightly said that out of these basic skills, listening and speaking comprise about 69% of total communication. Here are some suggestions useful and easy to implement. Just apply these tips in your daily life

and see the difference:

1- Overcome Your Hesitation:The first and foremost thing is to put your hesitation aside. Many of us are those who are well-qualified and have studied English Language throughout 10 to 14 years of their educational period and know the basics of English but feel it difficult to express in English before others. So keep in mind, the most important thing when you speak in English is that you have to feel that you are not hesitant and will express your thoughts freely. You are really not less than others but thinking makes it so. So make your thinking strong.

2- Every Word Should Be Clear:In the initial stage of your learning, when you speak, your every word should be clear because most of people are nervous, not calm and cool while speaking. So try to utter all the words quite clear that you and your audience can understand it easily.

3- Don’t Repeat Any Word:In haste, people repeat the words or sentences many times. Remember, it doesn’t leave a good impact upon the audience, rather irritates others.

4- Give Gap or Keep Silent When Feel Difficult:Instead of repetition of words, when the suitable words are not coming in your mind, give gap, keep silent, think and then speak. Try it; you will really improve your skills.

5- Use Some Habitual Sentence:In the start, it is very handy that you use some Habitual Sentence most of the time, for example, I mean, you know, I think etc. It is helpful in the sense that your mind can select the word meanwhile.

6- Don’t Be Hasty:Be confident and relaxed. Speak in calm voice. Nobody is running after you. It takes time in learning any language. It is well-known proverb, “slow but steady wins the race”.

7- Use Short and Simple Sentences:Try to use short and simple sentences. Don’t be involved in the selection of high vocabulary because it will shake your confidence and will affect your fluency.

8- Record Your Voice & Listen What You Improved:In the beginning, you have to observe what have you improved with the passage of time. So it is the best way to judge your improvement that you record your voice (in your mobile phone or PC) and listen to it. Every time you listen, you should notice, is there any change in fluency and accent or not?

How to Learn English?

9- Learn Pronunciation from Dictionary:Sometimes you can not express your thoughts in English because you feel that the word you are going to use may be incorrectly pronounced by you and you are shy to utter it. It is better if you install some dictionary in which you can hear pronunciation of words. You can start listening pronunciation of words from its first page or whenever you need to know the exact pronunciation, you can consult it. It is very handy tool in getting skills and will boost your confidence.

10- Learn The Intonation/Accent/Dialect:Every language has its own intonation or accent. You are not a native English Speaker, so your accent or dialect will obviously be different. For this purpose, listen to the news or some audio in English which matches with your interests also.

11- Practice The Vocabulary You Learn from People:As listening skills matter a lot in learning some language, so when you hear some new vocabulary word and like it, try to use in your conversation with correct pronunciation.

12- Join Some Discussion Forum:There are many discussion forums or web groups that you can join for asking some questions, confusions or exchange of ideas with other people in English. This will improve your learning skills.

13- Think in English:Try to think in English because what you think becomes easy for you to express. Go through it and observe a change.

14- Write on Some Topic Daily:It is very essential for learning English that you write on some topic daily whether one paragraph or more, about any object in your surroundings or any other topic e.g. corruption, politics, friends, family, routine work, your likes and dislikes, some incident, story you hear or read etc.

15- Find People with Similar Interests & Have Gossips in English:As mentioned above, write daily as well as have gossips in light mood with the persons of similar interest on any selected topic. If they are also beginners, you all will improve and enjoy learning in this way.

16- Practice Speaking in The Front of a Mirror:It is very useful tip that as you were told to record your voice what you speak, same as practice speaking in front of mirror. Nobody is going to mock at you. It is also important to notice your intonation and the way you speak before others. In short, it is your self-judgment in the

learning steps.

17- Speak with Your juniors or Children in English:If you try to speak with your children or those who are junior to you, you will improve a lot and no one will make fun of you because children are also in the phase of learning English and they can’t have a check on your grammatical mistakes, if any.

18- Practice How to Introduce Yourself:Your introduction is very important for you because in day to day life, you face many people and you have to introduce yourself, so practice in such a way that every time you meet people, you are able to express about yourself fluently in English. Remember, first impression is the last impression and the way you tell about yourself matters a lot.Make practice of paragraphs about your following features:Name, family, qualification, age, interest and activities, experience, aim in life or ambition etc.

Tips for Job Interview

When you apply for some job, keep in mind the following tips because there are so many candidates but only as few are selected amongst them on the basis of their well-prepared interview:

1- Practice:

Make Practice and Rehearsal of interview before you go.

2- Complete Information:

You should have Complete Information of the company where you are applying.

3- Formal Dressing:

You must be well-dressed and be in a formal dressing while going for interview.

4- Be Punctual:

Try to be Punctual and follow the proper timing so that you can reach in time.

5- Don’t be Hesitant:

When you are asked some question, be normal and calm. You have to express freely and in a

relaxed mood whatever information you have.

6- Compliments:

Try to use Salutations and Compliments when you speak. It has long lasting impression upon the audience. You know courtesy matters.

C.V and resume are used in the same sense. However they are slightly different from each other on some grounds. C.V contains our Personal Details, Contact Details, Educational Background etc but Resume shows history of your Experiences, Professional Objectives and work details. Here are Formats of both so that you may be able to distinguish them and get idea how to create your own C.V and Resume because it is essential for any job interview and well-prepared C.V leaves a better impact upon the reader.

Format of C.V

1- Contact Details:NameAddressPhone NumberE-mail Address etc.

2- Objectives:Career ObjectivesAim in LifeProfessional Interest etc

3- Qualification:Educational DetailsDegreesGradesMarksDiploma etc

4- Achievements:Awards

HonorAny Thesis or Research Paper during studyAny Training if you have gotUnique Features etc

5- Experiences:Teaching experienceAny Work Experience withCompany NameDate of JoiningEnd Date etc

6- Interests & activities:Hobbies in Leisure TimeInterests and Activities you take part most often.

7- References:References are written upon request but this is once mentioned in C.V.

Common Mistakes in English

Generally it is said that while speaking, Grammar mistakes are not considered but there are certain mistakes which leave a bad impression upon the audience and can be overcome with a little effort. Even many native English people are not aware of such major mistakes. Below are some of mistakes which should be taken care of:

1- Use of Second Form of Verb:Many people use second form of verb with the word “did”, it is common mistake but ponder over the concept that “did” is already second form of helping verb, so with it, we have to use first form of verb.Example:Did you received the book? -----------? IncorrectDid you receive the book --------? Correct

2- Use of “Its and It is”:“Its” is used for possession whereas “It is” is shortened as “It’s” while speaking fluently but notice that generally Apostrophe Sign is used for possession but here it’s quite opposite. Its use is not for possession over here.Example:It is my laptop.

Its price is 40 thousand rupees.

3- Use of “The”:As described in definition of Articles, “The” is used with Common Noun to make it specific i.e. when we are going to refer something or you can say that when something has been narrated before and we want to mention it e.g.Example:It is a book. The book is on the table.

4- Use of “Since/For”:These are the words used for timing. “Since” is used for some fixed time and “For” is used for some time, we are not sure about. But with both these timing prepositions, “Been” or 3rd form of verb is must.Example:He has been living in Lahore since 1996. I have written his article for the past four hours.

5- Use of “Then & Than”:“Then” is adverb that we use to emphasize while “Than” is used for comparison between two nouns. It is most common mistake and many senior persons don’t know it.Example:They had a lunch and then they started traveling.She is more genius than Sana.

6- Use of “I’:This is an important thing to keep in mind that when we use “I” as Pronoun, it is always written as capital whether it comes in the start, centre or end of the sentence whereas we use words starting with alphabet “i”, capital in the start or for Proper Noun only. Example:I have decided to depart for Lahore. Should I?We use internet for getting information.

7- Use of “May” & “Can”:Both have same meaning but there is difference in their use. The word “May” is used in the sense that we are going to get permission or it is used in the start of a sentence to wish some prayer but “Can” is used to show possibility of something to happen or to be able to do something. Example:May I come in?May you live long!He can drive the car.

8- Use of “Until”:The word “Until” is a conjunction and is used in a conditional sentence but remember that though it is used with positive and negative sentences but after it, there is no negation added in

the sentence rather it may be before this word in a sentence.Example:She will not be discharged from the hospital until she recovers.He passed his childhood in Dubai until 2010.

Other mistakes are with Pair of Words which we call Confusing Words and must be noticed how to distinguish them.

Jumbled Sentences

Since every sentence has link with time, some sentences are tied to each other with respect to time and conjunction is used to join them, these are called Jumbled Sentences because they are formed by combining two sentences or phrases. Comma (,) is used as Separator between them.

Examples and Rules of Jumbled Sentences:

Followings are some rules with examples. If you join two sentences without any rule, their times will not relate to each other. 1- Both sentences can be in Present Indefinite Tense e.g. If you meet Ali, pay my compliments to him.2- One sentence can be in Present Indefinite and the other can be in Future Indefinite e.g. If it rains, I’ll not come to you.3- One sentence can be in Future Perfect while the other will be Present Indefinite e.g. He will have gone when you arrive.4- One sentence can be in Past Perfect and the other in Past Indefinite e.g. The train had left when I reached the station.It is not necessary that its translation in Urdu be the same. (Rules for jumbled Sentences are different in Urdu)5- Both sentences can be in Perfect Tenses e.g. If I had made promise, I would have kept it.6- Both can be in Past Indefinite e.g. I wrote a letter before I went to sleep.

Punctuation Marks:

Punctuation Marks are symbols which we use while writing and speaking to show where to stop and where to move. They depict rise and fall of the voice pitch.

Use of Punctuations:

1- Full Stop: (.)Used at the end of a sentence. Example:

I have a pen.

2- Question Mark: (?)Used at the end of a question.Example:What is your name?

3- Comma: (,)Comma is used to separate words (or sentences) or to continue statement.Example:Aslam, Akram and Ali are friends.If it rains, I will not come.

4- Exclamation Mark: (!)This sign is used to show expression of joy, sorrow, wonder, fear, anger or to address someone and for Salutations also.Examples: Hurrah! We have won.How beautiful this ring is!Dear friends! How are you?Hello!

5- Apostrophe Sign: (’)It is used to show possession of nouns or to abbreviate Helping Verbs.Examples:Ali’s book, “Can not” is written as “Can’t”, “Do not” is written as “Don’t” etc.

6- Inverted Commas: (“”)These are used for some quotation. Invert means “Turn Back”. These are put inverse of each other, that’s why we call them Inverted Commas.These are mostly used in Direct Speech after Reporting Speech.Example:He said, “I am ill”.

7- Colon: (:)We put Colon when some details are required or after some Heading.Example:Followings are the merits and demerits of Television:

8- Semi- Colon: (;)It is used with the statements which are closely linked to each other.Example:Some people like summer season; but others like to enjoy sunshine of winter.

9- Capital Letter:

First letter of a sentence and any specific name are written in Capital. Whenever “I” is used as Pronoun, it is written in Capital whether it is in the start, mid or end of a sentence. As a letter, it is used in small.

Examples:It is a good book.It is an English book.I am a boy.I take interest in studies.

Active & Passive Voice

Active Voice:When a subject is doing something (Subject is active), it is called Active Voice.Examples:He writes a letter.Cats drink milk etc.

Passive Voice:When Subject is action receiver rather than action doer (Subject is Passive) and the Object comes first, it is called Passive Voice.Examples:A letter is written by me.Milk is drunk by cats.

Sentence-Structure of Active Voice:Sentence-Structure of Active Voice is same as a simple sentence has.Subject + Verb + Preposition + Object + Adverb (Preposition and Adverb are not necessary but if they exist, their place will be the one as described)

Sentence-Structure of Passive Voice:Now see the difference of structure given below:Object + Helping Verb + 3rd Form of Verb + Preposition + By + Subject + AdverbThis structure is followed by the Passive Voice. Once you learn it, you can convert every active voice into passive voice.While converting Active Voice into Passive Voice, two changes are must i.e. Helping Verb and 3rd Form.

Role of Helping Verb in Passive Voice:Actually the Helping Verb to be used in Passive Voice is only one i.e. “Be”. Its forms are used with respect to Principle (Main) Verb of Active Voice.

Following table explains which ones are the forms of “Be” with respect to different tenses.Tenses Present Past Future

Indefinite Is, are, am Was, were Will be, shall be

Perfect Has been, have been Had beenWill have been, shall

have been

Continuous Is, are, am + Being Was, were + Being x

Perfect Continuous x x x

There are only Eight tenses used in Passive Voice because as from the table is obvious, there can’t be formed Passive Voice of Future Continuous and Future Perfect Continuous tense. (You can try on your own)

Some Rules for Conversion:

You have to focus on the use of Helping Verb in Passive Voice keeping in mind the Main Verb in Active Voice. 1- If the form of verb is 1st in Active Voice, then use first forms of “Be” i.e. is (For Singulars), are (For Plurals), and am (For I”)Example:I pluck a flower.A flower is plucked by me.

2- If 2nd form of verb is there in Active Voice, then use 2nd form of “Be” i.e. Was (For Singulars) and Were (For Plurals)Example:I plucked a flower.A flower was plucked by me.

3- If the form of verb is 1st in Active Voice and “will or shall” is used with it, then use will (with He, she, it, they and any name) and shall (with First Person i.e. I, we) and then apply first forms of “Be” same as it is means “Be”.Example:I shall pluck a flower.A flower will be picked by me.

4- There is always 3rd form in all the Perfect Tenses, so add 3rd form of “Be” i.e. “Been” and use has for singulars, have for plurals and had for all in past perfect in their Passive Voice.Examples:I have plucked a flower.A flower has been plucked by me.

I had plucked a flower.A flower had been plucked by me.I had plucked a flower.I shall have plucked a flower.A flower will have been plucked by me.

5- When you find 1st form with “ing” in Active Voice, simply add “ing” with “Be” i.e. Being. Examples:I am plucking a flower.A flower is being plucked by me.I was plucking a flower.A flower was being plucked by me.

6- Now look at the following sentence.I shall be plucking a flower.A flower will be being plucked by me.Here the structure goes wrong because “Be” and “Being” can not be used together, that’s why there is no passive voice of Future Continuous Tense. Same is the case with all Perfect Continuous Tenses.

Imperative Sentences:

As you studied earlier, Imperative Sentences include advice, request, order or prohibition. The structure of these sentences is somewhat different, so the Passive Voice will also be different. Observe the following Sentence-Structure:

Active Voice for Imperatives:Verb + Preposition + Object + Adverb

Passive Voice for Imperatives:Let + Object + be + 3rd Form + Preposition + AdverbThere is no subject in Imperative sentences and remember, if the verb comes first in a sentence, then always 1st form of verb is used. So in Passive Voice, “By” and “Subject” are omitted because in its Active Voice, there was no action doer.Example:Knock at the door quickly.Let the door be knocked at, quickly.

Direct & Indirect Narration

Direct & Indirect Narration:

Communication or Conversation between two or more people is called Narration.It has two categories:1- Direct Speech2- Indirect Speech

1- Direct Speech:When we write the sayings of some person in the same wording using inverted commas (“”), it is called Direct Speech.Example:He said, “I am Muslim”.2- Indirect Speech:When we convey someone’s message in our own wording, there occur many changes in the statement.Example:He said that he was Muslim.

Categories of Direct Speech:Direct Speech is further divided into two parts i.e.1- Reporting Speech2- Reported Speech1- Reporting Speech:It means the words which are going to be reported followed by the words “say” or “said” generally.Example:He said to me,2- Reported Speech:The words which have been reported in the same wording as it is are said to be the reported speech.Example:“I am Muslim”.

Rules for Narration:

• In Direct Speech, reporting and reported parts must be separated by comma, otherwise it will become single speech and meaning might be different.• There are six changes while converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech:1- Kind of Sentence2- Change of Verb3- Conjunction4- Person5- Tense6- TimeSo the Structure of Indirect Speech isKind of Sentence + Change of Verb + Conjunction + Person + Tense + Time

Role of Vocabulary

Today vocabulary has got much importance and it has vital role in improvement of your English Language Skills. Even when you apply for some interview or test, there is a specific section for checking your vocabulary grip.

How to Improve Vocabulary:Followings are some ways to improve your vocabulary in an easy and enjoyable way:

1- Download Dictionary, Listen News etc:As told earlier, u can download some dictionary and learn vocabulary words, listen to the English News, some audio, read English newspaper etc.

2- Pass Some Vocabulary Test Online:There are many websites which give you a chance to check your vocabulary by passing their MCQs test e.g. www.odesk.com. Once you get good points in test, you can get good job there. This is very handy if you make it your habit to pass one test daily.

3- “Scrabble” Game to Improve Vocabulary:There are many games which can assist you in improving your vocabulary for example “Scrabble” is very interesting game in which you have to make words in English from every side i.e. right, left, up, down but not diagonally and you get points against every word you make. Not only you can learn a lot through it but also you enjoy playing it. Especially kids should be given a chance to play this game. It is very helpful in their self learning.

4- Word to Word Game:Same as “Word to Word” is a game which starts from a word, then the other person tells a word from the letter on which the first person letter ends and then it goes on from player to player. Hence, you build your vocabulary rapidly in an interesting and effective manner.

5- Jumbled Spellings Game:There is another concerning game called “Jumbled Spellings”. You type some vocabulary word (May be some country, city, vegetable, fruit name etc) and the other player has to re-order this word and guess what exactly the word is.

6- One Word Substitutes:The suggestion to improve vocabulary is to learn One Word Substitutes. You can find a list of them in some course book. Daily think of a word and its five substitutes at least for example “Happy” has substitutes as Joyous, Glad, Pleased, Festive, Gay, Merry, Jolly etc.

Here we provide you substitutes of some simple sentences with good vocabulary, you have to use in your day to day life including salutations and compliments.

1- Don’t Disturb Me:

1- Please don’t interrupt2- Stop bothering me3- Don’t be such a nuisance4- Don’t pester me

2- Be Patient:1- Calm down2- Don’t get in an uproar3- Hold on4- Don’t sweat it

3- Hurry Up:1- Can you please rush this?2- Would you mind working a little faster?3- Be quick about it4- Let’s get movin

Kinds of Sentence

Now when you have come to know about sentence and its structure, let us see, of how many types a sentence may be. This is because Sentence-Structure depends upon kind of Sentence.Followings are the basic kinds of a sentence. These are eight:1- Simple/Positive2- Negative3- Interrogative4- Imperative5- Exclamatory6- Conditional7- Optative8- Assertive

1- Simple/Positive Sentence:It is a simple sentence and follows a basic sentence-structure)Examples:I go to school.They play game.

2- Negative Sentence:Negative sentence is the one in which there’s some kind of negation (We use “Not” for that)Examples:I do not go to school.

He does not like this game.

3- Interrogative Sentence:Interrogative sentence consists of some question. There are three signs of an Interrogative Sentence i.e.1- In the start of a sentence, Question Word is used e.g. Who, What, When, Where, Why etcWho are you?When will he come? 2- In the start of a sentence, some Helping Verb (Which helps the main verb e.g. is, are, am, was, were, will, shall, has, have, had, can, may, should, would, ought, might, be, been, could, do, did) is used e.g. Do you go to school?3- Question Mark must be used at the end of Interrogative Sentence that is “?”

4- Imperative sentence:There can be some request, order, advice or prohibition (To forbid) in this sentence. There is no Subject in this sentence.Examples:Go to your room.Please sit down.Work hard.Don’t make a noise.

5- Optative Sentence:There can be some wish or prayer in this sentence.Examples:May you live long!Have a nice day!

6- Exclamatory Sentence:There can be some exclamation of joy, sorrow, fear, wonder, anger etc.Exclamation Mark is must to use at the end of this sentence.Examples:Alas! My brother has died.Wow! How charming this scene is!”Aha! The weather is fine.Pooh! There is so smell.Ouch! I have pain in foot.

7- Conditional Sentence:There is some kind of condition in this sentence.If you go to Lahore, say my salam to all.Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.Had I made a promise, I would have kept it.

8- Assertive Sentence:

Simple sentence followed by “That” to get joined with the other sentence.(It can be any simple sentence of Indirect Speech)Example:He said that he was ill.

Now we will move on to the Tenses so that you might be able to form sentences on your own

Kinds of Tenses

Tense actually shows the time situation or some event happening.

Kinds of Tenses:Time can be divided into three periods:1- Present2- Past3- Future

Next are the time sections:1- Indefinite2- Continuous3- Perfect4- Perfect Continuous

Every tense can be different from the other on the basis of three things:1- Change in Verb2- Helping Verb3- Sign in UrduFor easy and quick learning, observe the following table (A single example has been given to express in all the tenses) and some rules are described below. But remember, Practice makes the man perfect, so go on making practice by different exercises.

1- Change in Verb:It means form of verb we use will be different in every sentence.

2- Helping Verb:It can be used in positive sentences as well as in negative and interrogative ones.

3- Sign in Urdu:It means what comes at the end of Urdu Sentence. As we are Pakistani and our National Language is Urdu, so it is necessary to have know-how of sign in Urdu so that we may be able to translate from English to Urdu and From Urdu to English when we need.

Present Past Future

Verb H.Verb Urdu Verb H.Verb Urdu Verb H.Verb Urdu

Indefinite 1st Form Do, Does 2nd Form

Did 1st Form Will, Shall

Examples He goes to school. He went to school. He will go to school.

Continuous

1st Form+

ing

Is, are, am

1st Form+

ing

Was, were

1st Form+

ing

Will be, shall be

Examples He is going to school. He was going to school. He will be going to school.

Perfect 3rd Form Has, have

3rd Form Had 3rd Form+

Since/For

Will have, shall have

Examples He has gone to school. He had gone to school. He will have gone to school.

Perfect Continuou

s

1st Form+

ing

Has been, have been

1st Form+

ing

Had been

1st Form+

ing

Will have been, shall have been

Examples He has been going to school for two weeks.

He had been going to school since 3rd Aug, 2012.

He will have been going to school for some days.

Some Rules to Memorize Tenses:

1- The order of parts used in Sentence-Structure will be same.2- You should learn forms of verb on your finger-tips.3- “ing” is always used with 1st form of verb.4- In Simple Positive Sentence of Present Indefinite Tense, don’t use helping verb. It is a common mistake committed by most of the people and leaves a bad impression upon the audience e.g. “I go to the park” is correct but I am go to the park is incorrect.5- 2nd form of verb is only used in Past Indefinite Tense.6- 2nd form can never be used with “ing”.

7- 3rd form is used in three cases:a) In Perfect Tenses with Helping Verb e.g. I have done my work.b) In Passive Voice with Helping Verb. (will be explained later) e.g. Apples are eaten by me.c) As a Past Participle (Means as a Subject or Adjective) e.g. I am interested in learning English, Tired people do not perform well.





:: Present Continious ::I am writing a letter to my doctor.












Passive Voice













English Grammar

Documents

present continious

passive voice conversion

single sentence

present perfect continious

active voice

present indefinite tense

helping verb

place of