English for Informatics Engineering

English for Informatics

Engineering

Author: Elok Putri Nimasari, S.Pd., M.Pd

Restu Mufanti, S.Pd., M.Pd

Rohfin Andria Gestanti, S.Pd., M.Pd

Herningtyas Eka Safitri, S.Pd Aisah, S.Pd

English Language Center

Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo

LESSON I

Computer Hardware and Software

ENGLISH FOR INFORMATICS ENGINEERING 1

LESSON I OVERVIEW

Computer Hardware and Software

Skills focus :

Reading, Speaking, and Writing

Lesson Objectives :

Analyze descriptive text

Find out important information about the lesson

Pronounce specific vocabularies

WARM-UP

Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about computer hardware and software you have known.

Talk about :

• Kinds of computer hardware and software • Detail parts of software • Detail parts of hardware

READING

Text 1

Read the following text carefully.

Hardware

The physical elements of computer are hardware. Sometimes, people call this as machinery or the equipment of the computer. The keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU) are the examples of hardware in a computer. However, people cannot see most of a computer’s hardware; in addition, it is the internal element of the computer which enclosed by the computer’s casing (tower), not the external one. There are many different parts in a computer’s hardware, but motherboard is the most important part among others. To give power and control the computer are the functions of motherboard.

Different with software, hardware is kind of a physical entity. Without software, hardware of a computer could not be functioned because hardware and software are related each other. However, software would be useless without the creation of hardware to conduct tasks ordered by software via the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Specifically designed tasks which are taken independently or very simple are

limited by hardware. Algorithms (problem solutions) are implemented by software that


enables the computer to finish much more complex tasks.

Software

Programs or apps which consist of the instruction that direct the hardware to conduct a task. Software developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (Operating System + CPU) that they are based on is the source of these instructions. The Windows Operating System will only work for that specific operating system is the example of program designed. The different design of the software and operating system are varied by compatibility of software. A compatibility issue when running under Windows 2000 or NT may be experienced software which is designed for Windows XP.

Performing many tasks is the capability of software, as resisted to hardware which can only conduct mechanical tasks in certain design. The means for completing many different tasks with same basic hardware is provided by software. There are two major classes which divided by practical computer system:

• Software of system: supports run the computer hardware and computer system

itself. Operating systems, device drivers, diagnostics tools and many more are

included into system software. In computer, system software is almost always

pre-installed.

• Application of system: enables users to manage one or more tasks. Word

processing, web browsing, and almost any other task which you might install

software are included into application software. (On most computer systems,

some application software is pre-installed).

A high – level programming language which is (more or less) readable by people generally used in software. Before the hardware can “run the code”, “machine language” instructions convert these high – level instructions which are symbolized in binary codes. It is generally already in this machine language, binary, forms when you install software.

Firmware

A very specific, low – level program for the hardware that enables it to manage some specific task named firmware. Programs of firmware are (relatively) permanent, for example, difficult or impossible to be changed. Although firmware provides some functionality beyond that of simple hardware, firmware is just part of the hardware from the higher – level view of software. Video card, sound card, disk drive and even the motherboard are the examples of firmware as the part of devices (or devices components).

Source: http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-03_introduction.html


http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-03_introduction.html

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Descriptive text

Descriptive text is one of genre of texts. This text is one of the texts that have to be

taught to non-English department students in tertiary level. Keraf (2000) mentions that

Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to

describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Descriptive text has structure as identification; identifying the phenomenon to be

described; Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and

characteristics. Meanwhile, the language features of descriptive text are using

attributive and identifying process, using adjective and classifiers in nominal group and

using simple present tense.

Exercise

Read the excerpts below from the reading text 1. Find out the detail text structure

Excerpt 1

Hardware

The physical elements of computer are hardware. Sometimes, people call this as machinery or the equipment of the computer. The keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU) are the examples of hardware in a computer. However, people cannot see most of a computer’s hardware; in addition, it is the internal element of the computer which enclosed by the computer’s casing (tower), not the external one. There are many different parts in a computer’s hardware, but motherboard is the most important part among others. To give power and control the computer are the functions of motherboard.

Different with software, hardware is kind of a physical entity. Without software, hardware of a computer could not be functioned because hardware and software are related each other. However, software would be useless without the creation of hardware to conduct tasks ordered by software via the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Specifically designed tasks which are taken independently or very simple are

limited by hardware. Algorithms (problem solutions) are implemented by software that enables the computer to finish much more complex tasks.




Excerpt 2

Software

Programs or apps which consist of the instruction that direct the hardware to conduct a task. Software developer in the form that will be accepted by the platform (Operating System + CPU) that they are based on is the source of these instructions. The Windows Operating System will only work for that specific operating system is the example of program designed. The different design of the software and operating system are varied by compatibility of software. A compatibility issue when running under Windows 2000 or NT may be experienced software which is designed for Windows XP.

Performing many tasks is the capability of software, as resisted to hardware which can only conduct mechanical tasks in certain design. The means for completing many different tasks with same basic hardware is provided by software. There are two major classes which divided by practical computer system:

• Software of system: supports run the computer hardware and computer system

itself. Operating systems, device drivers, diagnostics tools and many more are

included into system software. In computer, system software is almost always

pre-installed.

• Application of system: enables users to manage one or more tasks. Word

processing, web browsing, and almost any other task which you might install

software are included into application software. (On most computer systems,

some application software is pre-installed).

A high – level programming language which is (more or less) readable by people generally used in software. Before the hardware can “run the code”, “machine language” instructions convert these high – level instructions which are symbolized in binary codes. It is generally already in this machine language, binary, forms when you install software.


SPEAKING

Work in pairs. Discuss about the tenses usage in the text. Underline :

• Verbs in the reading text 1 • Auxiliary verbs in the reading text 1

Share your discussion results with your classmates.



VOCABULARY

Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 1 and 2. Find the meaning with your partners.

• physical elements : • machinery : • equipment : • central processing unit : • physical entity : • surrounded : • interconnected : • directed : • useless :

• complex task : • operating system : • compatibility issue :

• implement : • consists of : • device drivers :

• diagnostic tools : • accomplish : • converted :

• binary : • provide :

• beyond :

PRONUNCIATION

Mark the stress (•) on the vocabulary list above and practice spelling those vocabularies with your partner.


READING

Text 2

Read aloud the following text carefully.

Because of the accuracy and high speed of computer, it is generally used as an

electronic counting device in data processing. Hardware as the physical components of

the computer system includes the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and peripheral

equipment for data input, output, and storage. The amount of data stored in main

memory and by the computer word size measures computer capability. The speed with

which instructions are eliminated indicates performance. The elements that receive raw

data and switch it into electronic form are input devices, for example keyboard – type

terminals, and the result of data processing in human – readable form is produced by

output devices, for example video display terminals. The set of instructions that assist

hardware utilize and enable the application software, solve specific user problems, and

run efficiently is called by system software. Some kinds of machines and symbolic

languages write system and application software. Program subroutine use, modular

programming, functional decomposition, structured programming, and structured

analysis are included into milestones in software-development techniques.

Development costs, making maintenance easier, and making development result more

predictable is being reduced by objectives in improving software quality. The full

potential of computers has yet to be realized because software development has lagged

behind revolutionary modern in hardware.

Source: (Frankenfeld, 1993)

SPEAKING

Study reading text 2 with your partners and answer the following questions :

• Which sentences are about identifying? • Which sentences are about description? • What is topic sentence of the text? • What is the supporting sentences of the text?


LANGUAGE FOCUS

Topic Sentence

Topic sentence is a well-organized paragraph that encourages a single controlling idea

which is expressed in a sentence. There are several functions of a topic sentence: an

essay’s thesis statement is substantiated and encouraged by topic sentence; the main

idea of a paragraph and the point the instruction of sentences are unified by topic

sentence; the reader to be subject of paragraph and the paragraph will be discussed are

explained by topic sentence. Generally, to determine the subject and the main point of

paragraph, reader looks the first sentence in paragraph. That is the reason why putting

the topic sentence at the very beginning of paragraph is the best way to consider the

topic sentence. However, in some cases, placing another sentence before topic

sentence is more effective. For instance, a sentence connects to recent paragraph to the

previous one, or one issuing the context of information.

Source: https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html

Supporting sentence

Sentence that is made to give more detailed information for the topic sentence is

supporting sentence. The reader is helped by this kind of sentence to keep the main

idea of the certain paragraph in mind. However, this sentence has to have connection or

correlation with the topic sentence. All sentences are related to the topic sentence or

main idea in coherence or scientific paragraph. However more than that, in coherence

paragraph, a sentence and other connects and flows smoothly without jumps from the

previous sentence to the next sentence. The connection between previous information

and next information build the clear idea and explanation for reader.

Source: https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html

VOCABULARY

Study individually the following vocabularies stated in reading text 2. Find the meaning with your partners.

• general-purpose : • device : • peripheral equipment :


https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html

https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html

• computer capacity : • indicated : • stored : • human-readable form :

• include : • run efficiently : • milestones :

• predictable : • lagged : • revolutionary advances :

PRONUNCIATION


LANGUAGE FOCUS

Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense is formed from subject plural/singular and verb base/verb base+s. When it has no verb, a sentence is completed by auxiliary verbs.

We use the simple present tense to:

1. Talk about habitual activities Example:

• Multimedia finds its application in various areas. (positive form) • Multimedia does not find its application in various areas. (negative form) • Does multimedia find its application in various areas? (yes/no question form)

2. Talk about things which are always true

• Graphic is a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing, chart, or photograph. (positive form)

• Graphic is not a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing,

chart, or photograph. (negative form) • Is graphic a digital representation of non-text information, such as a drawing,


chart, or photograph? (yes/no question form)

3. Talk about things which are true in the present Example:

• Computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation.

(positive form)

• Computer information cannot be represented through audio, video, and animation. (negative form)

• Can computer information be represented through audio, video, and animation?

(yes/no question form)

4. Talk about things which are fixed in the future

• Multimedia continues to develop its technology into a wider range of areas. (positive form)

• Multimedia does not continue to develop its technology into a wider range of

areas. (negative form)

• Does multimedia continue to develop its technology into a wider range of areas? (yes/no question form)

WRITING

Change the following sentences into negative and positive forms. Work with partners.

• A computer is a general-purpose electronic counting device used in data processing ..................................................................................................................................

• The physical components of a computer system are called the hardware ..................................................................................................................................

• System software is the set of instructions ..................................................................................................................................

• The set of instructions facilitates hardware use ..................................................................................................................................


• Milestones in software-development techniques include program subroutine

use, modular programming, functional decomposition, structured programming,

and structured analysis ..................................................................................................................................

WRITING

Find one of devices and write a descriptive paragraph with a topic sentence and 10 supporting sentences. Work individually.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SPEAKING

Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the first lesson has taught you about descriptive text.

Share your reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.


LESSON II

Operating System


LESSON II OVERVIEW

Operating System

Skills focus :


Lesson Objectives :

Identify parts of speech

Analyze the structure of a sentence

Form a question

WARM-UP

Work in pairs. Tell to your pair about operating system you have known. Talk about :

• The definition of operating system • Types of operating system

• Functions of operating system

READING

Text 1


There is special program in computer that has function to control the way of

computer system works, it is pointed on how memory is used and the timing of the

other program. This program is called as operating system (OS). Without this program,

computer cannot be used. It is crucial thing for system software and to make application

system functioned. To make the system run efficient, operating system has Time-sharing

operating system to control cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing,

and other resources. Then, this crucial thing also has important role in managing the

hardware function like input and output and memory allocation. Although hardware can

executed the application code and this action can be managed by operating system

function or interrupt by it but operating system can go between programs and

computer hardware. This system can be found in every tool that consists of computer

such as phones and video games with support by supercomputers and web servers.

There are some classifying of operating system that categorized based on they stand for types of computer and application that is used. It classifies are:

• Real-time operating system (RTOS) – this system is functioned to manage


machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has little

user-interface capacity and no end-user tools where the system will be a "sealed box" in

utilize. The point of RTOS is to accomplish the computer resources that make main

operation do in similar time because every time it occurs. Complex machine has this

system because the available of system resources sometimes as catastrophic as not

move because the busy system.

• Single-user, single task – this system is made to control the computer that can

make user does one work in computer in the same time. The good instance for modern

single-user, single-task operating system is Palm OS for Palm handheld computers.

• Single- user, multi – tasking – this is the type of famous and often operating system that is used almost by people nowadays. The example of this operating system is

Microsoft’s windows and Apple Mac Operating System. Where by both of that operating

system, the user can have several program that they like in their operation that can run

in the same time. There are many possibilities for windows user in doing several

operations in same time. For example, they can make a note in word processor while

their computer still downloading file from internet and also printing the text from e-mail

message.

• Multi-user – in this system, different users can utilize the computer’s resources

in the same time. To avoid one user’s problem spread to the other user, the operating

system should filter correctly that the requirements of the balanced in various users and

each of the programs that is used should fulfill and separate resources. This way can

avoid the community users from problem that create by the other user. The examples of

multi-user operating systems are UNIX, VMS, mainframe, and MVS.

Computer user should be able to differentiate between multi-user operating system and

single-user operating system as networking support. So far, windows 2000 and Novell

Netware can give support for many networked users although their operating systems

are not multi-user operating system. The user of Windows 2000 and Netware is only the

system administrator. Last, all of operating system plan is to make program run by the

administrative user.

Source: (Gupta, Kumar, Sandeep, Wason, & Yadav, 2014)

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Parts of Speech

The smallest group of a sentence is part of speech. It is a word class. In a sentence, there

are several word classes. Each word has different class. The following descriptions are

parts of speech.


Part of Speech

Noun A word that refers to a person, place, thing, event,

substance or quality

Pronoun A word used to refer to a noun that has already been

mentioned

Adjective A word that describes a noun or pronoun

Verb A word or phrase that describes an action, condition or

experience

Adverb A word which describes or gives more information about a

verb, adjective, adverb or phrase

Preposition A word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a

pronoun, connecting it to another word

Determiner A word which is used before a noun to show which

particular example of the noun you are referring to

Conjunction a word such as 'and', 'but', 'while' or 'although' that

connects words, phrases and clauses in a sentence

Exercise

Read the excerpts below from the reading text 1. Identify with your partners parts of speech you can find in each sentence. The first sentence is done for you.

Excerpt 1

• There is special program in computer that has function to control the way of

computer system works, it is pointed on how memory is used and the timing of

the other program. This program is called as an operating system (OS). Noun: An operating system; common services; function, program, computer, way Adjective : special Verb : is, control, used, works Preposition : on, of Determiner : an, the Conjunction : that, and

• Without this program, computer cannot be used. It is crucial thing for system software and to make application system functioned.


Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• To make the system run efficient, operating system has Time-sharing operating

system to control cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and

other resources.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :


Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• Although hardware can executed the application code and this action can be

managed by operating system function or interrupt by it but operating system can

go between programs and computer hardware.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• This system can be found in every tool that consists of computer such as phones

and video games with support by supercomputers and web servers.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :


Determiner :

Conjunction :

Excerpt 2

• There are some classifying of operating system that categorized based on they stand for types of computer and application that is used.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• Real-time operating system (RTOS) – this system is functioned to manage machinery,

scientific instruments and industrial systems.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :


Conjunction :

• An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability and no end-user utilities where the system will be a "sealed box" in delivering for use.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :

• The point of RTOS is to accomplish the computer resources that make main

operation do in similar time because every time it occurs.

Noun :

Adjective :

Verb :

Adverb :

Preposition :

Determiner :

Conjunction :


VOCABULARY


• Operating system: • Require: • Provide: • Accounting software: • Allocation: • Efficient use: • Processor time: • Mass storage: • Intermediary:

• Executed: • A system call: • Video game consoles:

• Broad family: • Machinery: • Scientific instruments:

• User-interface capability: • Utility: • Handheld:

• Computer resources: • Requirement:

• Sufficient: • System administrator: • Differentiate:

READING

Text 2


There are several functions of operating system. Booting the computer is the first

function of operating system. Booting is process that happens when starting or restart

the computer. There are two types of booting. They are cold and warm boot. When the

user completely turns off the computer then they turn on it again in different time

called as cold boot, while warm boot is process when user wants to use operating


system to restart their computer.

The second function of operating system is to perform basic computer tasks, For

example is arrange the various peripheral devices such as mouse, keyboards, and

printer. The other case is many operating systems often plug and play. It refers to the

devices like printer will spontaneously be looked and configured without block from

other user.

Next function of operating system is user relation with software by user

interface. There are two main types of user interface. First is command line interface. It

means that the user should typing command to communicate with operating system to

activate specific tasks. It way makes the specific tasks that user wants can run well. DOS

(disk operating system) is one example of command line interface. Then, the second

type of user interface is graphical user interface (GUI). In this type, the user can

communicate with operating system by using mouse to connect with windows, icons,

and menus. The example of graphical user interface is Windows vista or Windows 7.

The fourth function is the managing of system resources. It is controlled by

operating system such as the computer’s memory and sharing of the central processing

unit (CPU) time that done by various applications or peripheral devices. There is often

competition both programs and input methods in getting interest from the CPU and

demand memory, storage and input/output bandwidth. The operating system assures

that every application can access compulsory resources based on its need. This action

aims to increases the function of overall system.

The last function of operating system is to manage and regulate files and

directories (folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The user can organize the

tasks such as creating files and directories, renaming files, coping and moving files, and

deleting files because file management system legalize the user to manage it. The

operating system can shows the location of files that is saved in hard drive by the type

of file system. There are two major type of file system; they are Allocation table (FAT)

and New Technology File system (NTFS).

Source: (Gupta, Kumar, Sandeep, Wason, & Yadav, 2014)


SPEAKING


• What is the topic of the text? • What are the main ideas of each paragraph?

• Highlight the signpost to differentiate the main ideas. • Define two kinds of user interface based on your own words. • How does the operating system raise the overall system work optimally?

• What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Forming a question

Asking questions is one of natural communication feature. Questions used to engage

the speakers with the content, encourage participation, and increase understanding.

Students are often confused about how to construct a question. The following

explanation will give you a brief formula to develop a question with accurate

grammatical structure.

There are two kinds of questions:

1. Yes/No Question It is a question that requires either a yes or a no answer.

Main verb – Yes/No Question Example: a. Does the operating system perform basic computer tasks?

Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t b. Does the operating system handle system resources?

Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t

c. Do various file management systems involve in the operating system performance? Yes, they do/ No, they don’t

d. Do the mouse, keyboard, and printers include in the computer devices? Yes, they do/ No, they don’t

Singular subject : Does – singular subject – verb base – complement?

Plural subject : Do – plural subject – verb base – complement?


Auxiliary verb – Yes/No question

Example:

a. Is Disk operating system an example of a command line interface? Yes, it is/ No, it isn’t

b. Are File Allocation table (FAT) or New Technology File system (NTFS) the two

main types of file system? Yes, they are/ No, they aren’t

Singular subject : Is – singular subject – complement?

Plural subject : Are – plural subject – complement?

2. Information Question

It is a question that needs detail information. An information question begins with a question word. Example: a. The operating system has four functions.

HOW MANY function does the operating system have?

b. The first function of operating system concerns with booting the computers. WHAT does the first function of operating system concern with?

c. A cold boot occurs when you turn on a computer that has been turned off completely WHEN does a cold boot occur?

d. The users interact with the operating system by typing commands to perform specific tasks HOW do the users interact with the operating system?

e. The operating systems ensure that each application gets the necessary resources to maximize the functionality of the overall system.

WHY do the operating system ensure that each application gets the necessary resources?


Singular : Question Word – does – singular subject – verb base –

subject complement?

Plural

:

Question Word – do – plural subject – verb base – complement?

subject

VOCABULARY


• Turn off :

• A warm boot : • A cold boot : • Restart :

• Peripheral devices : • Configure : • Intervention :

• User interface : • Command line interface : • Graphical user interface :

• System resources : • Storage : • Input/output bandwidth :

SPEAKING

In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for

student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions. Student A

1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘operating system’? 2. How important is understanding the operating system to you? 3. Do you think students at schools should study the operating system? Why? 4. What do you think is fun about studying the operating system? 5. What do you know about kinds of operating system? 6. What is your strategy to comprehend how the operating system works?


Student B

1. What do you think about operating system? 2. Why studying operating system is so important to you? 3. What kinds of operating system have you experienced? 4. What have you learnt about the operating system? 5. What is your favorite operating system? Why? 6. What idea can you give to update the operating system features?

WRITING

Form a question for each following sentence. Work individually.

• A warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart the computer. ……………………………………………………………

• A user interacts with software through the user interface. ……………………………………………………………

• An example of a graphical user interface is Windows Vista or Windows 7. ……………………………………………………………

• The operating system handles system resources. (Yes, it does) ……………………………………………………………

• The operating system protects the computers from all malwares. (No, it does not) ……………………………………………………………

SPEAKING

Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you about identifying parts of speech, analyzing sentences, and forming a question.

Share your reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.


LESSON III

Computer Security


LESSON III OVERVIEW

Computer Security

Skills focus :


Lesson Objectives :

Use the accurate punctuation

Able to read the text with appropriate pause and intonation

Identify the detail information

WARM-UP


• Computer security • Issues in computer security • Methods to protect the computing system

READING

Text 1

Put slash where it is needed and the correct punctuation to the following text.

computersecurityhasroleasabasicmanagementtaskthefunctionofthispartistoprotec

ttheorganization’sassetsfromexploitorliability.inadditiontheimportantorganizationpartin

computerissavedinformationandprocessesit.theusetermofinformationsecurityoftenuses

toexplaintheprocessofprotectingcomputing.ithasimportantjobtoassureanorganization’sa

bilitytolivefollowthelaw’snewrules.next,preservethisactionwillincludeappropriatestatuto

ryandregulatoryagencyrequirements.

themaintaskofcomputersecurityistorepairtheproblembetweenbringingtheinformat

ionassetsandpreserveit.thebalanceshouldbefoundtooptimizebothoftheseactivities.itisim

possibletocreatea“fortress”inthecomputingprocess.but,thatappropriatefacilitiesofthepr

ogrammeranduseralsoeasyinthetaskinthesystemcompromiser.

todaypeopleareconfusingaboutcomputersecurity.thereareseveralissuesthatmaket

hemconfuse.thefirstissueisthefailureofmostorganizationtosaveinformationasanassetwit

hvaluethatmeritsprotection.second,themisuseofinformationassetsortheusesbylackofsen


iorexecutivefortheirpossiblepersonalliability.thenthisproblemcontinuoustothefailureofm

ostseniorexecutivestoawareabouttheexistinginsurancecoveragethatdoesnotaddressappr

opriatelyalmostinallofthetreatstoanorganization’scomputingactivitiesoritsresourcesinfor

mation.however,theprocessofoutsourcingandsystemintegrationstructurethatinsertedno

provisionsforawareanypartsofcomputersecuritybethepointofcomputersecurity.thereare

stillthreeissuesaboutthispart.thethreeissuesarerelatedtothemanipulationofprivatesector

telecommunicationandcomputingprocessesbytheintelligence.then,theunrealisticisabout

trustinthedesignandoperationofmajormulti-

userinformationprocessingsystem.thelastisaboutspecialconsiderationthatgivenbythecri

minaljusticesystemtosufferoncomputercriminals,itisprotectingwinninglyfortheiractivities

againstworthreckoning.

Source: (Menkus, 1992)

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is formed from auxiliary verb is/am/are and the present participle of a verb (V-ing).

Auxiliary verb ‘is’ is used for subject singular such as he, she, and it.

Auxiliary verb ‘am’ is used for subject I.

Auxiliary verb ‘are’ is used for subject plural such as you, we, and they.

Time adverbials: now, nowadays, at the moment, next….

We use the present continuous tense to:

1. Talk about the present Example:

• Nowadays, many schools are developing a curriculum of information technology.

(positive form)

• Nowadays, many schools are not developing a curriculum of information technology. (negative form)

• Are many schools developing a curriculum of information technology nowadays?

(yes/no question form)

• The technology is changing rapidly. (positive form) • The technology is not changing rapidly. (negative form) • Is the technology changing rapidly? (yes/no question form)


2. Talk about the future Example: • Internet safety is going to be taught in UAE schools. (positive form) • Internet safety is not going to be taught in UAE schools. (negative form) • Is internet safety going to be taught in UAE schools? (yes/no question form)

Exercise

Write the text 1 with approriate punctuation and practice reading aloud.

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SPEAKING

In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions.

Student A

1. What do you know about computer security? 2. In your perspective, is the computer security necessary? Why? 3. What do you do to protect your computer system? 4. Tell your experience studying computer system in your college.

Student B

1. What comes to your mind when you read the text 1? 2. How important is the computer security for you? 3. According to you, what are the objectives of computer security? 4. Tell your experience studying computer system in your college.

VOCABULARY


• Computer security : • Management task : • Stored :

• Processed : • Maintain : • Relevant statutory : • Expedite : • Protect : • Optimize : • System compromiser : • Issues : • Failure :


• Personal liability : • System integration arrangement : • Multi-user information processing systems : • Undergo :

• Computer criminals :

READING

Text 2


The objectives of computer security are as follow:

1) Secrecy – to sustain undisclosed information by defending it against inadvertent or unlicensed disclosure.

2) Accuracy – to maintain information probity by assuring that it has completed (in the

sense of being entire) and problems release.

3) Availability – to steer clear of access to and information USC of calculating and capabilities of communication.

4) Trustworthiness – to make sure that the ideas of information and procedures

applied are inherent probity.

Natural, unintentional, and intentional are three types of risks to computing. Therefore,

inherently flawed is any approach to computer protector that is not provided for all

three. The exploitation of one or more of seven vulnerability categories which are

physical protection, natural hazards, hardware and software faults, media damage or

destruction, electromagnetic signal emissions, telecommunication compromise and

human being are involved of these risks.

Intelligence Collectors working on behalf of government or private sector organizations

may class as the last category of individuals. Therefore, terrorists, computer hackers,

fraudsters, and other malefactors, and the insiders in the position of executives or

employees of organization which is the object of the computer protector concession or

may be members in some procedures in the active organization can be included as

criminals. So, microcomputer junkies are included the category which is unimpressed to

the information of organization asset security prerequisites.

Source: (Menkus, 1992)


SPEAKING


• What is the topic of the text? • What are the main ideas of each paragraph?

• Highlight the signpost to differentiate the main ideas. • In your description, what does ‘secrecy’ refer to? • In your description, what does ‘availability’ explain about?

• What is the impact of unsupported computer security for the three threats? • Who are the intelligence collectors? • What topic does the paragraph following the passage most likely discuss?

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Passive Voice

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an

action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the

most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.

Example

1. Unprotected computer is flawed. (positive)

Unprotected computer is not flawed. (negative)

Is unprotected computer flawed? (affirmative)

2. Individuals in the last category may be classed as Intelligence Collectors. (positive)

Individuals in the last category may not be classed as Intelligence Collectors. (negative)

May individuals in the last category be classed as Intelligence Collectors? (affirmative)

3. Microcomputer junkies are included in this category. (positive)

Microcomputer junkies are not included in this category. (negative)

Are microcomputer junkies included in this category? (affirmative)

The passive voice is often used in formal texts. Switching to the active voice will make your writing clearer and easier to read.


If we want to say who or what performs the action while using the passive voice, we use

the preposition by. When we know who performed the action and are interested in him,

it is always better to switch to the active voice instead.

Forming Passive Voice

Subject to be past rest of sentence

(conjugated) participle

Simple present

The computer is protected everytime

system

Present continuous

The computer

is being protected at the moment

system

Simple past

The computer was protected yesterday

system

Past continuous

The computer

was being protected last week

system

Present perfect

The computer has been protected since the OS is updated

system

Past perfect

The computer

had been protected before the OS was

system updated

Future

The computer will be protected next week

system


Future continuous

The computer

will be being protected tomorrow

system

Present conditional

The computer would be protected if it had been infected

system

Past Conditional

The computer

would have been protected if it had been infected

system

Inifinitive

The computer must be protected By the password

system authentification system

VOCABULARY


• Inadvertent :

• Unauthorized disclosure : • information integrity : • capability :

• trustworthiness : • flaw : • involve :

• physical security : • natural hazards :

• fault : • vulnerability : • damage :

• destruction : • electromagnetic signal emissions :

• telecommunication compromise :

• intelligence collector : • computer hackers :


• fraudsters : • malefactor : • insider : • microcomputer junkies :

PRONUNCIATION


SPEAKING


student B and vice versa. Do not let your partner know the questions. Student A

1. What comes to your mind when you hear the word ‘computer security’? 2. How important is having the computer secured? 3. What are threats for a computer system? 4. What should be learnt about computer system? 5. How do you secure your computer system? 6. What is your strategy to study computer security?

Student B

7. What do you think about computer security? 8. Why studying computer security is necessary for you? 9. What are the purposes of computer security? 10. What have you learnt about computer security? 11. What vulnerabilities does the computer security have? 12. Who are the intelligence collectors?

WRITING

Form a passive voice for each active sentence below. Work individually.

• People are now facing the issues of computer security ……………………………………………………………

• The computing process facilitates the convenience of the programmer ……………………………………………………………


• The threats involve the exploitation of one or more of seven vulnerabilities ……………………………………………………………

• The criminals can include terrorists, computer hackers, fraudsters and other malefactors, and insiders ……………………………………………………………

• Secrecy involves maintaining information ……………………………………………………………

SPEAKING

Give some time silently for yourself reflecting on what the second lesson has taught you

about computer security and its aspects. Draw your summary in a mind map. Share your

reflection with your classmates and your lecturer.


LESSON IV

Programming Language


LESSON IV OVERVIEW

Programming Language

Skills focus :


Lesson Objectives :

Identify noun phrases and verbs

Translate noun phrases and verbs from English to Indonesia

Identify the appropriate diction

WARM-UP


• Programming language • Issues in programming language

• Difficulties learning the programming language

READING

Text 1


Computer programming language is any of various languages for expressing a set

of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly

when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as

machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a

corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level”

language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.

Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to

manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and

operation. In contrast, high-level languages shield a programmer from worrying about

such considerations and provide a notation that is more easily written and read by

programmers. There are several language types: machine and assembly languages.

A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a

particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary

digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16)


for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some

bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or

perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and

write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human

language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.

Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic

codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of

memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of

“0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.

Assembly language is designed to be easily translated into machine language.

Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine

addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing

complex information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed

knowledge of internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are

important, as in programming a computer to interact with input/output devices

(printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Adverbial

We use adverbs to give more information about the verb.

We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is done.

Example:

A notation is more easily written and read by programmers

We use adverbials of place to say where something happens.

Example:


We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens.

Example:

Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language.

We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.


https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language

Example:

Machine language instructions typically use some bits to represent operations

Exercise

Find out adverbs in the text 1. Write in the following space. Work with your partners. • .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

• .................................

Exercise

Read the text 1. Practice reading aloud.

Computer programming language is any of various languages for expressing a set

of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly

when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as

machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a

corresponding assembly language, or after translation from some “higher-level”

language. Although there are many computer languages, relatively few are widely used.

Machine and assembly languages are “low-level,” requiring a programmer to

manage explicitly all of a computer’s idiosyncratic features of data storage and

operation. In contrast, high-level languages shield a programmer from worrying about

such considerations and provide a notation that is more easily written and read by

programmers. There are several language types: machine and assembly languages.

A machine language consists of the numeric codes for the operations that a

particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary

digits (“bits”), which are frequently converted both from and to hexadecimal (base 16)


for human viewing and modification. Machine language instructions typically use some

bits to represent operations, such as addition, and some to represent operands, or

perhaps the location of the next instruction. Machine language is difficult to read and

write, since it does not resemble conventional mathematical notation or human

language, and its codes vary from computer to computer.

Assembly language is one level above machine language. It uses short mnemonic

codes for instructions and allows the programmer to introduce names for blocks of

memory that hold data. One might thus write “add pay, total” instead of

“0110101100101000” for an instruction that adds two numbers.


Although blocks of data may be referred to by name instead of by their machine

addresses, assembly language does not provide more sophisticated means of organizing

complex information. Like machine language, assembly language requires detailed

knowledge of internal computer architecture. It is useful when such details are

important, as in programming a computer to interact with input/output devices

(printers, scanners, storage devices, and so forth).

Source: https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language

SPEAKING

In a group of two, student A and student B. Student A will have a list of questions for student B and vice versa.

Student A

1. Explain what you have learnt about programming language? 2. Why students of Informatics Engineering should master programming language? 3. What are the purposes of programming language?

4. Tell your experience studying programming language during in the university or

during your previous schools.

Student B

1. What comes to your mind when you read the text 1? 2. How important is the programming language subject you? 3. According to you, what are the aspects of programming language? 4. Tell your experience developing programming language in your course subject.


https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer-programming-language

VOCABULARY


• Computer programming language: • Digital computer: • Executed: • computer manufacturer-specific numerical form: • machine language: • a corresponding assembly language: • widely:

• a computer’s idiosyncratic features: • shield: • assembly languages:

• consists of: • numeric codes: • binary digits:

• converted: • represent: • conventional mathematical notation:

• mnemonic codes:

PRONUNCIATION


TRANSLATION

Common Problems during Translation

Some common problems that occur during the translation process are :

Reading the original language poses a problem to inexperienced or unskilled translators.

It is not just the verbal fluency of a language that is required. The skills to read and write

it are sometimes more important.

The translator could have a problem in comprehending the language too. This could be


because of lack of proficiency in that language or complexity of the language or the personal interpretation of the translator.

The translator sometimes brings in his own beliefs and experiences in interpreting a

document. This could potentially harm the document's accuracy, intent and effect. The

focus of the translator must be on the client and his needs.

Lack of knowledge of the source language. The translator should ideally be a native to

that language. That is the only way to ensure comprehensive translation of the content,

complete with colloquial understanding of expressions, humor, slangs, hidden

meanings, culturally significant content, etc.

Problematic Areas

Translators usually have to deal with some different problematic areas in their work.

1. LEXICAL-SEMANTIC PROBLEMS

Lexical-semantic problems can be resolved by consulting dictionaries, glossaries,

terminology banks and experts. These problems include terminology alternatives,

neologisms, contextual synonyms and antonyms and lexical networks.

2. GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS

Grammatical problems include, for example, questions of temporality, aspectuality (how

the process is represented or the state expressed by the verb from the point of view of

its development, as opposed to time itself), and pronouns.

3. SYNTACTICAL PROBLEMS

Syntactical problems may originate in syntactic parallels, the direction of the passive

voice, the focus (the point of view from which a story is organized), or even rhetorical

figures of speech.

4. RHETORICAL PROBLEMS

Rhetorical problems are related to the identification and recreation of figures of thought (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, oxymoron, paradox, etc.) and diction.

5. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS

Pragmatic problems arise with the difference in the formal and informal modes, as well

as idiomatic phrases, sayings, irony, humor and sarcasm. The translator must decide

whether the formal or the informal is more appropriate, a decision which is not always

clear.


6. CULTURAL ISSUE:

Cultural issues may arise from differences between cultural references. A good

translator should be familiar with the culture, history and beliefs of the people who

speak both languages.

7. LANGUAGE STRUCTURE

Every language has a unique structure. The structure of language is directly related to

the level of accuracy and simplicity of the translation. The simpler the language is, the

easier it is to translate that language to another one. A simple sentence in English has a

subject, verb and object in that order, as in “I ate the cake.” In Indonesian language, it

can be : “Kuenya saya makan”

8. IDIOMS

They are something that Google Translate will never be able to cope with; they still

belong exclusively to human communication. Idioms are the most difficult thing to

translate. Some idioms are misleading, as they may seem transparent because they

offer a reasonable literal interpretation and their idiomatic meanings are not necessarily

signaled in the surrounding text, e.g., “to bark at the wrong tree.” Familiarity with the

culture is very helpful for translating idioms.

9. PHRASAL VERBS

It refers to a verb and a preposition that have a specific meaning when used together.

Two-word verbs are common in informal English: “look up,” “close up,” “fill out,” “shut

up,” “bring up,” “break down”, “break in”, “take it out on”

10. COMPOUND WORDS

Compound words are made of two or more words, but the overall meaning of the

compound word may not reflect the meaning of any of those words. Three groups of

compound words :

1. Compound words that mean exactly what they say: “afternoon,” “anytime,” “seashore,” “underground” and so on.

2. Compound words that mean half of what they say : ‘bellboy’, ‘bookworm”

3. Compound words that have meanings that have nothing to do with the meanings

of the individual words involved. For instance, the English “deadline” refers to the

final acceptable time to receive or deliver something. It has nothing to do with

death or a line. And a “butterfly” is neither a fly nor butter. 4. Portmanteau : edutainment, spork, brunch, smog, infomercial


5. Hyphenated form (six-pack, mass-produced, over-the-counter)

11. MULTIPLE MEANINGS

Sometimes words have several meanings depending upon how they are used in a sentence :

•Homonym – a word that is spelled and pronounced like another word but is different

in meaning, e.g., “scale” in the following sentence: “Scale the fish completely, making

sure that no scales are left, before weighing it on the scales.” | “The dove dove into the

pond”| “The gardener never leaves the leaves there”

•Heteronym – a word that is spelled like another but is different in pronunciation,

meaning, or origin, e.g., “windy” in the following sentence: “I drove down the windy

road on a windy day.”

•Homophone – a word that is pronounced like another word but is different in meaning, origin, or spelling, e.g., ‘mail-male’, ‘sale-sail’, ‘flower-flour’.

12. FALSE COGNATES/FALSE FRIENDS

False friends are words in two languages (or letters in two alphabets) that look or sound

similar, but differ significantly in meaning. An example is the English embarrassed and

the Spanish embarazada. (which means pregnant), or the word sensible, which means

reasonable in English, but sensitive in French and Spanish. In Indonesian: fabric/pabrik,

critic/kritik, diet (Japan)

13. PROBLEM OF SOURCE TEXT: These are illegible texts, or words that are spelled incorrectly.

Exercise

1. Translate the following text into Indonesian.

A dedicated video card (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your

system unit to translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images

you view on your monitor. It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.

Answer:

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2. Translate the following text into Indonesian

An Ethernet network requires that you install or attach network adapters to each

computer or peripheral you want to connect to the network. Most computers come

with Ethernet adapters preinstalled as network interface cards (NICs).

Answer:

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3. Translate the following text into English

Hardware atau dalam bahasa indonesianya disebut perangkat keras yaitu berupa

peralatan fisik dari sebuah sistem komputer, yang artinya peralatan ini dapat

disentuh dan terlihat fisiknya. peralatan ini terdiri atas 3 jenis, perangkat masukan,

perangkat keluaran, dan perangkat pengolah data.

Answer:

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READING

Text 2

PUT A SLASH ( / ) WHERE THE SPACES ARE.

Asprocessors,graphicscards,RAMandothercomponentsincomputershaveincreasedinspeed

andowerconsumption,theamountofheatproducedbythesecomponentsasasideeffectofnormal

operationhasalsoincreased.Thesecomponentsneedtobekeptwithinaspecifiedtemperatureran

getopreventoverheating,instabilitymalfunctionanddamageleadingtoashortenedcomponentl

ifespan.Otherdeviceswhichneedtobecooledincludethepowersupplyunit,optoelectronicdevi

cessuchashigherpowerlasersandlightemittingdiodes(LEDs)andharddisks.Aheatsinkisaheat

exchangercomponentattachedtoadeviceusedforpassivecooling.Itisdesignedtoincreasethesu

rfaceareaincontactwiththecoolingfluidsurroundingit,suchastheairthusallowingittoremove

moreheatperunittime.Otherfactorswhichimprovethethermalperformanceofaheatsinkarethe

approachairvelocity,choiceofmaterialusuallyanaluminumalloyduetoitshighthermalconduct

ivityvalues(229W/mºK),fin(or otherprotrusion)designandsurfacetreatment.

SPEAKING

Underline Subject, Verb, and Object/Complement in each sentence written in the text above. Discuss with your partners.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Translation/Interpreting Work Model

SIGHT/VISUAL TRANSLATION

INPUT (SOURCE

OUTPUT (TARGET

PRODUCTS

LANGUAGE) LANGUAGE)

• Written ➔

Written Texts

➔

Audio Voiced Interpretation

AUDIO TRANSLATION/INTERPRETING

INPUT (SOURCE OUTPUT (TARGET PRODUCTS

LANGUAGE) LANGUAGE)

• Audio ➔

Written Texts, probably stenographic or delayed texts presentation

based on recorded voiced


input/source

➔

Audio Voiced Interpretation :

-Bilingual Consecutive

Interpreting (one to one, one to

group), with/without electronic

devices

-Multilingual Consecutive


group), with electronic devices.

-Bilingual simultaneous


group), with electronic devices

-Multilingual Simultaneous


group) with electronic devices

VOCABULARY


• Processor: • Components: • Power consumption: • Heat: • Increase: • Prevent: • Overheating • Instability:

• Malfunction: • Damage:

• Shortened component lifespan: • Optoelectronic devices: • Higher-power laser:


• Light emitting diodes: • Heat sink: • Passive cooling: • Remove:

• Air velocity: • Thermal conductivity value: • Fin design:

• Treatment:

PRONUNCIATION


SPEAKING


student B and vice versa.

Student A

1. What do you know about internet safety? 2. Is the internet dangerous? 3. Do you think people will change their identity on the internet? 4. What do you do to protect your accounts on the internet? 5. Have you ever been the victim of internet crime?

Student B

1. What comes into your mind when you read the article of “Internet safety for children”?

2. How dangerous is the internet? 3. Have you ever visited a suspicious site? 4. What are the positive and negative impacts of social networking? 5. What will you do to decrease those negative impacts?

Exercise


The motherboard is the key circuit board holding the essential


Line 2 processing parts of a computer. It allows all the parts of your

computer to receive power and communicate with one another. It is

usually screwed to the case along its largest face, which could be the

Line 5 bottom or the side of the case depending on the form factor and

orientation. The form factor describes the shape and layout of the

motherboard. It affects where individual-components go and the

shape of the computer's case is. Attached directly to the

motherboard are the CPU, RAM, expansion cards, networking, video,

and audio components.

Choose the best answer based on the text above.

1. What does “it” in line 2 refer to? a. The circuit board b. The processing part c. The motherboard d. The computer parts

2. Where is each motherboard component based? a. It is based on the motherboard forms b. It is based on the motherboard shape c. It is based on the motherboard parts d. It is based on the motherboard units


A dedicated video card (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your

Line 3 system unit to translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images you

view on your monitor. It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.

Modern video cards include ports allowing you to connect to different

Line 7 video equipment; also they contain their own RAM, called video memory.

Video cards also come with their own processors or GPUs. Calls to the CPU

for graphics processing are redirected to the processor on the video card,

importantly speeding up graphics processing. Updating to a dedicated

Line 11 graphics card offloads work from the CPU and system RAM, so not only

will graphics processing be faster, but the system’s overall performance

will improve.


The video card also controls the number of colors your monitor can

display. The number of bits the video card uses to represent each pixel on

the monitor (referred to as the bit depth) determines the color quality of

the image displayed. The more bits available, the better the color detail of

the image.

Choose the best answer based on the text above.

3. What part of speech does the word “integrated” in line 3 belong to? a. Noun b. Verb c. Adjective d. Adverb

4. Word “importantly” in line 7 is best replaced by….. a. Notably b. Greatly c. Momentously d. Significantly

5. What tense is used in the underlined sentence in line 11? a. Simple Present tense b. Simple Past tense c. Present Perfect tense d. Present Continuous tense

SPEAKING





LESSON V

Artificial Intelligence


LESSON V OVERVIEW

Artificial Intelligence

Skills focus :

Reading, Speaking, Listening, and Writing

Lesson Objectives :

Analyze the noun phrases

Write sentences

WARM-UP

Intelligence: Walk around the class and talk to other students about intelligence. Change

partners often. After you finish, sit with your original partner(s) and share what you

found out.

SPEAKING I

In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words from the article are most interesting and which are most boring.

scientists / intelligence / the future / the human brain / nanobots / memory / intellectuals / our greatest challenges / innovation / pioneers / science fiction

Have a chat about the topics you liked. Change topics and partners frequently.

SPEAKING II

With your partner(s), talk about some of these 21st-Century technological challenges

(identified by the US National Academy of Engineering). Change partners and share

what you talked about.

Challenge Possible? How? When? Benefits?

a. Make cheap solar energy b. Reduce carbon emissions

c. Provide access to clean

water


d. Understand the entire brain

e. Prevent nuclear terrorism f. Make cyberspace safe g. Improve our cities h. Make better medicines

i. Advance

personalized learning

SPEAKING III

With your partner, talk about for which of the things below you would put nanobots

into your body. Rank them in order of most important to you. Change partners and

share your ideas and findings

a. _____ to live to be 125 b. _____ to play an instrument like a concert performer c. _____ to speak a new language fluently d. _____ to play computer games like the world’s best player e. _____ to be happy all day, every day f. _____ to look very young for all of your life

WRITING I

Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word ‘robot’. Share your words with your partner(s) and talk about them. Together, put the words into different categories.

WRITING II Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

a. Computers will match men and women in perfect marriages. (T / F) b. Machines will be more intelligent than humans within two decades. (T / F) c. A leading scientist likes painting pictures using very small robots. (T / F) d. The scientist suggested that machines inside us is natural progress. (T / F) e. A US organization asked scientists for 18 21st-Century challenges. (T / F) f. The scientist in the article has no background in computing. (T / F) g. Technology developments will increase by 50 times in 32 years. (T / F) h. Things we see in sci-fi movies will become commonplace in reality. (T / F)


VOCABULARY Match the following synonyms from the article:

1. leading a. speed

2 predicted b. point out

3. within c. future

4. upcoming d. developer

5. extension e. top

6. identify f. specialists

7. experts g. forecast

8. pioneer h. inside

9. pace i. sci-fi

10. science fiction j. addition

Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):

1. computers will be as intelligent a. part of our

everyday lives

2 overtake the power b. 18 top intellectuals

3. tiny robots c. powerful memories

4. make us think faster and give us more d. as humans

5. technology will be a further e. called nanobots

6. one of f. challenges

7. identify our greatest technological g. speech recognition

8. a very impressive h. extension of that

9. He also pioneered automatic i. of the human brain


10. more and more a j. background in

science

LISTENING

Put the words into the gaps in the text.

A leading US scientist has __________ that computers will be as intelligent as humans

by 2029. Futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the

Advancement of Science that in the __________ future, machine intelligence will

__________ the power of the human brain. He said that __________ two decades

computers will be __________ to think quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a

picture of us having tiny robots called nanobots implanted in our brain to __________

our intelligence and health. He told reporters that these microscopic nanobots would

work with our brains to make us __________ faster and give us more powerful

memories. Kurzweil explained that we are already “a human machine civilization” and

that the upcoming technology “will be a __________ extension of that."

Dr Kurzweil was one of 18 __________ intellectuals asked by the US National Academy

of Engineering to __________ our greatest technological challenges. Other experts

included Google __________ Larry Page and the human genome pioneer Dr Craig

Venter. Kurzweil has a very impressive background in science and innovation. He was an

innovator in various __________ of computing, including the technology __________

CDs. He also pioneered automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts the pace

of new inventions will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will

see 32 times more technical __________ than the past half century." This means

__________ from science fiction movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become more and more a part of our __________ lives.

able progress

near identify

boost behind


further fields

overtake everyday

predicted top

scenes think

founder within

LISTENING II

Fill in the blanks based on the listening record.

A leading US scientist has predicted that computers ___________ intelligent as humans

by 2029. ___________ Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the

Advancement of Science that ___________ future, machine intelligence

_______________ power of the human brain. He said that within two decades

computers will be able to think quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a picture

___________ tiny robots called nanobots implanted in our brain ___________

intelligence and health. He told reporters that these microscopic nanobots would

_______________ brains to make us think faster and give us more powerful memories.

Kurzweil explained that we are already “a human machine civilization” and that the

upcoming technology “will be a _______________ of that."

Dr Kurzweil ___________ 18 top intellectuals asked by the US National Academy of

Engineering ______________ greatest technological challenges. Other experts included

Google founder Larry Page and the ___________ pioneer Dr Craig Venter. Kurzweil has a

very impressive background in science and innovation. He was an innovator

_____________ of computing, including the technology behind CDs. He also pioneered

automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts ___________ new inventions

will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will see 32 times more

technical progress than ___________ century." This means scenes from science fiction

movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become ______________ a

part of our everyday lives.


AFTER READING AND LISTENNING

Article Questions: Look in your dictionaries / computer to find collocates, other meanings, information, synonyms … for the words ‘near’ and ‘future’.

Near future

• Share your findings with your partners. • Make questions using the words you found. • Ask your partner / group your questions.

Gap Fill: In pairs / groups, compare your answers to this exercise. Check your answers. Talk about the words from the activity. Were they new, interesting, worth learning…?

Vocabulary: Circle any words you do not understand. In groups, pool unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings.

Student Robots Survey: Write five GOOD questions about robots in the table. Do this in

pairs. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper. When you have

finished, interview other students. Write down their answers.

STUDENT 1 STUDENT 2 STUDENT 3

_____________ _____________ _____________


Q.1.

Q.2.

Q.3.

Q.4.

Q.5.

• Now return to your original partner and share and talk about what you found out. Change partners often.

• Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.


DISCUSSION

STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)

a) What did you think when you read the headline? b) What springs to mind when you hear the word ‘robot’? c) Are you looking forward to a world full of robots?

d) How will the world change if computers and robots became more intelligent than

humans? e) Do you think robots really could take over the world?

f) Would you like to be implanted with nanobots that would boost your intelligence

and memory? g) What would you like your robot to do? h) What could a robot do if it were 1,000,000 times more intelligent than us? i) What would humans be able to do better if they could think faster?

STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)

a) Did you like reading this article? b) What do you think are our greatest technological challenges? c) What do you know about the human genome project? d) What invention would you like to see? e) If you were a pioneer, in what field would you like to be an innovator? f) Do you think life is becoming like a sci-fi movie? g) Will all this amazing technology and innovation solve all of the world’s problems? h) What questions would you like to ask Dr Ray Kurzweil? i) Did you like this discussion? Why (not)?

GRAMMAR

Put the correct words from a–d below in the article.

A leading US scientist has (1) ____ that computers will be as intelligent as humans by

2029. Futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil told the American Association for the Advancement

of Science that in the (2) ____ future, machine intelligence will overtake the power of

the human brain. He said that (3) ____ two decades computers will be able to think

quicker than humans. Dr Kurzweil painted a picture of us having tiny robots called

nanobots implanted in our brain to (4) ____ our intelligence and health. He told

reporters that these (5) ____ nanobots would work with our brains to make us think

faster and give us more powerful memories. Kurzweil explained that we are already “a


human machine civilization” and that the upcoming technology “will be a further (6) ____ of that."

Dr Kurzweil was one of 18 top intellectuals asked (7) ____ the US National Academy of

Engineering to identify our greatest technological challenges. Other experts included

Google (8) ____ Larry Page and the human genome pioneer Dr Craig Venter. Kurzweil

has a very impressive background (9) ____ science and innovation. He was an innovator

in various fields of computing, including the technology (10) ____ CDs. He also

pioneered automatic speech recognition by machines. He predicts the (11) ____ of new

inventions will increase greatly from now, saying: "…the next half century will see 32

times more technical progress than the past half century." This means scenes from

science fiction movies, like Blade Runner, The Terminator and I Robot, will become more

and more a part of our (12) ____ lives.

1. (a) predict (b) prediction (c) predicted (d) predictably

2. (a) near (b) nearly (c) nears (d) nearness

3. (a) without (b) therein (c) herein (d) within

4. (a) boot (b) boost (c) boast (d) beast

5. (a) microchip (b) microscope (c) microscopic (d) micros

6. (a) extended (b) extends (c) extended (d) extension

7. (a) by (b) for (c) to (d) bye

8. (a) finder (b) founder (c) fonder (d) fender

9. (a) on (b) as (c) for (d) in

10. (a) rear (b) back (c) behind (d) beyond

11. (a) race (b) pace (c) space (d) ace

12. (a) everyday (b) every day (c) all day (d) today


WRITING

Write about robots for 10 minutes. Correct your partner’s paper.

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SPEAKING




HOMEWORK

1. VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a

dictionary or Google’s search field (or another search engine) to build up more

associations / collocations of each word.


2. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find out more about Dr Ray Kurzweil, his work and his predictions. Share what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson.

3. INVENTIONS: Make a poster about the inventions you think we will see in the future. Show your work to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all have similar things?

4. ROBOT ATTACK: Write a magazine article about how super-intelligent robots try to

take over the world. Include imaginary interviews with the robot leader and the robot

creator.

Read what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Write down new words and expressions.

5. LETTER: Write a letter to futurologist Dr Ray Kurzweil. Ask him three questions about

what he thinks the future will be like. Give him three predictions of your own. Read your

letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your partner(s) will answer your questions.


References Frankenfeld, F. (1993). Basic of computer hardware and software. American Journal of Health-System

Pharmacy, 50(4), 717-724. Gupta, P., Kumar, P., Sandeep, Wason, S., & Yadav, V. (2014). Operating System. International Journal of

Computer Science and Information Technology Research, 37-46.

Menkus, B. (1992). Introduction to Computer Security. Computers and Security, 11, 121-127.

Mladenovic, M., Boljat, I., & Zanko, Z. (2017). Comparing loops misconceptions in block-based and text-

based programming languages at the K-12 level. Educ Inf Technol.


English for Informatics Engineering

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