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Energy Efficiency of Ships: Its Impact
on Environment and Safety
Prof. Apostolos Papanikolaou email [email protected]
National Technical University of Athens –
Ship Design Laboratory
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
in SHIPS 2015”
mailto:[email protected]
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List of Contents • Introduction
– From the Kyoto Protocol to the introduction of Energy
Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) to the maritime industry by the
International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
–Concerns after IMO-MEPC.212 (63) on EEDI • The EU FP7-4 project
SHOPERA
–Objectives –progress of work
• Outlook
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Roadmap: From the Kyoto Protocol to EEDI (Otsubo, Japan, IMDC
2015)
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Policy Development: Stability or Collapse?
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Basic concept of EEDI How to reduce Green House Gas emissions
(GHG) in shipping?! CO2 emissions = (Activity) *(Efficiency)
Activity = Transported cargo volume (ton mile); Efficiency = CO2
Emissions (or fuel consumption) per unit transported cargo
(gr/ton mile) Option A: Activity or Transport Volume Reduction
?!
This is not a viable option!
Option B: Efficiency Improvement ?! B-1 Technical Measures:
Improve ship and engine design! Reduce fuel
consumption and emissions per ton mile by design measures…hull
form optimization/reduction of resistance in calm water and in
waves , enhance propulsive efficiency by ducts, innovative
propulsive means, improve engine technology, etc… Designers,
Shipyards
B-2 Operational Measures: Operate the ship efficiently at sea!
Reduce fuel consumption and emissions per ton mile by operational
measures…weather routing, trim optimization, etc… Operators
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Basic concept of EEDI may be wrong for the purpose (GHG
reduction), but now
too late to change! Note that shipping contributes at present
with only 3% to
global GHG, while fuel saving is a prime objective of ship
design and operation!
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EEDI
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EEOI
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EEDI-EEOI Reduction Measures & Regulatory Mechanisms
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EEDI & EEOI: what is about?!
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EEOI MONITORED AT SEA
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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EEDI Regulations: Phase in procedure Mandatory for New Ships
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Hot discussion issues at IMO
Developing EEDI regulations (between 2008 to 2011…) at IMO-MEPC,
there were heated discussions on: 1. Reference Lines (ship type and
size dependence; average EEDI of
similar existing ships) & 2. Reduction Factors:
– They determine the stringency of phase in procedure – Position
of the Reference Line was appropriately set?! or is it too
“slack”, “stringent”, “unrealistic” ? – Setting up the reference
lines by regression of data of existing ships,
what should be considered?! • Period of time for the sampling •
Accuracy of collected data • Treatment of outliers
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Reference Lines: tanker ships
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Did the ships get less efficient over the years?!
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What IMO did • Took sample of existing ships of past 10 years as
data samples
for the regression line.
– Data do not take into account latest regulations (NOx Tier
III, BWMS, H-CSR) having negative impacts on EEDI
– Overall, it may be balanced, but they were concerns for some
ship types
• Problematic with some bulkcarriers and tankers (see Greek
submissions to IMO)
– It appears to be a complicated conflict of opposed interests
at IMO • traditional shipbuilders vs.new shipbuilders;
• shipowners; market changes; fuel prices; slow steaming
• new technology providers
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Performance at actual & adverse sea condition
• EEDI refers to the ship performance under the
calm sea condition; is that enough? • Considering speed
reduction “slow steaming” (and
engine-downsizing) as a possible measure to satisfy EEDI, is
there a safety issue when operating in adverse (or extreme?
abnormal?) sea conditions?!
• How to cope with ship operators’ concerns? • Will present
requirements on minimum propulsion
power help? EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT
& ENERGY in SHIPS 2015”
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Typical problem with PCC (Otsubo, IMDC2015)
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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The dubious EEDI Min-Max Problem: Setting wrong limits for
maximum powering requirements in view of
environment and minimum powering in view of safety
Well posed problem
Ill posed problem
Possible/realistic problem
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Introduction to project SHOPERA • The 2012 guidelines on the
method of calculation of the attained Energy Efficiency
Design Index (EEDI) for new ships (MEPC.212(63)) represent a
major step forward in implementing the REGULATIONS ON ENERGY
EFFICIENCY OF SHIPS through the introduction of a series of
specifications for calculating the EEDI for various types of
ships.
• There are, however, serious concerns regarding the sufficiency
of propulsion power and of steering devices to maintain the
manoeuvrability of ships in adverse conditions, hence the safety of
ships, assuming that the ship marginally passes the relevant EEDI
criterion. This gave reason for additional considerations and
studies at IMO (IACS studies: MEPC 64/4/13 and MEPC 64/INF7).
This presentation outlines the objectives, the methodology of
work and early results of the EU funded, FP7 project SHOPERA
(Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation, 2013-2016, www.shopera.org),
which aims at addressing the above shortcomings by state of the art
scientific methods and ultimately proposing a rational regulatory
framework, properly accounting for the energy efficiency of ships,
while keeping undisputed the safety of ships, their crew and people
onboard and of the air -marine environment.
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/http://www.shopera.org/
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SHOPERA – Project Facts
Funding Framework: European Commission, FP7, 4th call
Project Type: Medium Size Collaborative Project, Grant
Agreement: 605221 Evaluation: Received highest score among three
strongly competing major proposals Budget: 6.594 Mio EUR, EU
Funding: 4.384 Mio EUR Partnership: 21 partners from 13 European
Countries; 2 Yards, 3 Shipping companies, 4 Class societies, 4
Research institutes, 7 University Laboratories, 1 Design Company
Start: Oct. 1, 2013, End: September 30, 2016 Coordinator / web
access: Prof. A. Papanikolaou, Ship Design Laboratory, NTUA
http://www.shopera.org
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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http://www.goalds.org/
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Geography of the SHOPERA Consortium
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• Develop criteria and corresponding environmental conditions
for manoeuvrability in adverse conditions including open sea,
coastal waters and restricted areas
• Develop and adapt high fidelity hydrodynamic tools for
analysis of seakeeping and manoeuvring performance of ships in
adverse environmental conditions
• Perform seakeeping and manoeuvring model tests in seaway to
validate numerical tools
• Develop simplified methods (“Level 1”) for quick assessment of
safety margins of ship designs with respect to manoeuvrability in
adverse weather conditions
• Integrate software tools into ship design software platform
together with multi-objective optimization procedure to combine
requirements of safe operation in adverse weather conditions with
ship economy and efficiency
• Investigate impact of proposed new Guidelines on design and
operation of various ship types
• Submit results and recommendations to IMO for further
consideration (October 2016)
Objectives of the SHOPERA research project
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Risk Triplet Analysis of Navigational Accidents
in Adverse Sea Conditions:
Scenario-ship/Frequency/Consequence
ship/Frequency/Consequence
Higher Risk Zone
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Experimental Studies, Validation and Benchmarking
• Test matrix comprises – Added resistance / drift forces in
regular and irregular waves – Propulsion & speed loss in
waves – Manoeuvring in waves – Rudder forces in waves – More than
1,300 tests will be
conducted...
• Parameters of variation – Loading condition – Water depth –
Wave heading, height & length – Forward speed – Propeller
revolution – Rudder angle Drift force tests in MARINTEK's Ocean
Basin to determine
quadratic RAOs in steep regular waves (heading 60°)
Results will be used for validation of developed numerical
simulation tools
Selected test cases will be used in an open benchmarking with
external participants to evaluate the state-of-the-art of numerical
methods for the proposal of new regulations (autumn 2015 to spring
2016)
SHOPERA–Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation EEinS2015 -
International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS
2015”
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SHOPERA : Validation of Numerical Methods
Potential flow methods Drift forces in regular and irregular
waves Fast and robust Challenges: Nonlinear effects (e.g.
viscosity)may not always be satisfactorily
captured
Field Methods: Euler, Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes
(RANS),
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
Drift forces in regular and irregular waves. Nonlinearities can be
captured Propulsion in regular and irregular waves: Nonlinearities
and engine dynamics can
be modeled Challenges: high computational effort, numerical
diffusion to be considered
UDE (El Moctar): RANS code COMET
Grid: 3 Million cells
Time step: 0.01 sec
Inlet boundary: Stokes 2nd order
13,000 TEU containership
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
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Generic procedure for ship design optimization of NTUA-SDL
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Application / Case Studies
Subtask DoW Proposed Within current EEDI frame work
6.2.1 Bulk carriers Bulk carriers yes 6.2.2 Containerships
Containerships yes 6.2.3 Tankers Tankers/Combination
Carriers yes
6.2.4 Cruise ships Cruise ships 6.2.5 Ro-Ro ferries Ro-Ro
ferries 6.2.6 OSVs Ro-Ro cargo ships 6.2.7 Fishing vessels General
cargo ships yes 6.2.8 Tugs Car carriers 6.2.9 Gas carriers LNG
carriers yes 6.2.10 - LPG carriers yes
Refrigerated cargo carrier yes
• analyse results from all other work packages to develop
improved guidelines • establish likely new EEDI requirements
ensuring safe operation
The main objectives of undertaking cases studies • investigate
the impact of the proposed new guidelines • assess additional ship
types currently not covered by the EEDI provisions
SHOPERA–Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation EEinS2015 -
International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY in SHIPS
2015”
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Conclusions • Balancing safety with environmental
protection is a key future challenge for regulators.
• New EEDI requirements call for reducing engine power but, at
the same time, for minimum power to ensure safe manoeuvring in
adverse conditions: Difficult/unrealistic compromise (MIN-MAX
problem!) with very narrow margin for success, if the EEDI
reference lines were inaccurate/of wrong basis!
• A consistent regulation is needed, but not yet in place.
• Current knowledge to define adverse conditions and
capabilities to check the vessel’s performance are in
research-stage.
• SHOPERA addresses this challenge and aims to successfully
respond to it.
EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
in SHIPS2015”
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EEinS2015 - International Conference “ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY
in SHIPS 2015”
Energy Efficient Safe Ship Operation
Prof. Apostolos Papanikolaou email [email protected],
http://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdl
http://www.shopera.org
mailto:[email protected]://www.naval.ntua.gr/sdlhttp://www.shopera.org/