Energy Crisis and Hydropower

Energy Crisis and Hydropower

Submitted by: Vikram and Gandharv rana

Energy Crisis in India• At the end of 2007, the gap between the demand and supply of coal was 35 million tonnes.•Hydro power continues to flounder because of concerns over rehabilitation and resettlement.•Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has estimated the growth of demand to increase to 100,000 mw additionally .

Energy StatusThe pie chart above depicts the energy usage in India.Coal being the largest source of energy in Non renewable resource and wind energy in renewable resource.

Solution For Energy Crisis•Energy Conservation•Need of awareness•Growth in Power Plants•Proper planning and protection against erratic demands•More dependency on Renewable resources•India has a huge water quantity that could be used for power generation

Hydropower

Major renewable source today

Hydropower

• Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.

• The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir.

• Another type of hydroelectric power plant - called a pumped storage plant - can even store power.

Hydrological Cycle :Water as a source of energyThe stages of the cycle are:•Evaporation•Transport•Condensation•Precipitation•Groundwater•Run-offApplications:•Water treatment •Supply•Hydropower

Hydropower Plant Basic Layout Shown above is the basic layout of hydropower plant., depicting the power generation.

Dam

• Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.

• This water is diverted to turbines in power stations.

• Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it.

Types Of Dams

•Arch dams

•Gravity dams

•Buttress dams

Spillway

• A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams.

• It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams.

• Spillways are of two typescontrolled and uncontrolled

• The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.

Penstock and Tunnel

• Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station.

• Water under high pressure flows through the penstock.

• A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.

Surge Tank

• Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system.

• The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank.

• It regulates the water flow by increasing and reducing the supply as per the storage.

Power Station•Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator.•The water brought to the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is converted into electricity.

Water Turbines

• Turbines take the energy from moving water and change to convert it into electrical energy.

• Types of turbines:Reaction turbinesImpulse Turbines

Kaplan Turbine

• Propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades.

• Principle: The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.

Francis Turbine

• Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today.

• It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. The turbine powered generator power output generally ranges from 10 to 750 megawatts.

• Principle :The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid.

Impact of Hydropower •Hydroelectric power is a clean source of renewable energy where an adequate water source is readily available.•However, hydropower plants that rely on impoundments can negatively affect the reservoir site and the surrounding area. •Inhabitation of people •Damage to flora and fauna .

Hydropower and India

Northern

South

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Eastern

Weste

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10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Identified CapacityDeveloped CapacityYet to be Developed

•Hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor.•The present installed capacity as on 30-06-2011 is approximately 37,367.4 MW which is 21.53% of total Electricity Generation in India.•Some of the organizations engaged in Hydropower generation are: NHPCNEEPCOSVJNL

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