Energy Balance l If intake > output: »________ energy balance = weight _______ l If intake < output: »_______ energy balance = weight _______ l If intake.

Energy Balance

If intake > output:» ________ energy balance =

weight _______

If intake < output:» _______ energy balance =

weight _______

If intake = output: » weight _______

Intake - Output

Energy Input

Kcals from food and drink Kilocalorie (kcal or Calorie)

= energy required to raise 1 kg of water by 1° Celsius

Fuel nutrients:» _______ yield 4 kcal/g

» _______ yield 4 kcal/g

» _______ yields 7 kcal/g

» _______ yields 9 kcal/g

Why Eat?

Components of Energy Output

____________ = energy used by a body at rest

_______

Thermic effect of food» energy used to digest,

absorb, process food

Height/weight standards

Tables: insurance, DGs

“Rule of thumb”»Women: 100# for first 5 ft. + 5#

for every additional inch»Men: 106# for first 5 ft. + 6# for

every additional inch

_______ =body weight (kg) height (m)2

Risk: BMI = 27-30; High risk: BMI > 30

Measuring _______

_______ ratio

» Risk: > 1.0 for men; > 0.8 for women

» _______–upper body fat; ______ pattern–greater health risks– _______

» _______– lower body fat; ______ pattern–harder to lose, but not so

unhealthy

Obesity

Incidence is increasing

Fad diets don’t work:» weight lost is mostly water» habits are not retrained» weight is regained

Non-dieting approach gaining acceptance» “Human beings come in a variety of

shapes and sizes”» “Good health is not defined by body

size”

Risks of Obesity

heart disease high blood pressure diabetes gallstones cancers: » colon, rectum, prostate» breast, uterus, ovaries, cervix,

endometrium, gallbladder

pregnancy complications joint disorders sleep apnea surgical risk gout premature death

Risks of _______

osteoporosis

tuberculosis

difficulty with temperature maintenance

menstrual irregularities

poor immune function

poor nutritional status

risk of eating disorders

Nutrition and the Adult

___________, not growth Early habits begin to show

effects» loss of _______________» _______________ risk

Adults produce and nurture the next generation » ____________health» healthy habits are best

established ________

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”

Components of a Healthy Lifestyle

___________

__________

No _________ behaviors

__________management

Adequate _________

Health Promotion Models

Health belief model

Locus of control

Self-efficacy

Chronic Disease:Risk Factors

Risk factor - inherited or acquired trait that predicts _____________________

_______ vs. cause

Uncontrollable risk factors:» heredity» gender» age: >45 for men, >55 for women

Risks and Disease

Prevention

_______ = expected annual mortality / hazard

_______ = determining _______ of the hazard / identifying who faces the hazard

Risk factors for heart disease

(see text p. 439-440 for full list)

*high _______________» total cholesterol >200 mg/dl» Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

> 130 mg/dl» High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

< 40 mg/dl *high ____________» 140/90 borderline; 160/95 high

*_____________

Obesity Diabetes Sedentary lifestyle Stress

High Blood Pressure

Increases risk for:» heart disease» stroke» kidney damage

Risk factors:» obesity» age (?)» low physical activity

Dietary risk factors:» alcohol» high sodium» low K» excess kcals

Cancer

#2 cause of death in the U.S. Risk factors:

Dietary RFs:» high _______» low _______ » low _______» low fruits and vegetables» low phytochemicals

Fiber and CancerWhy?

Protection from _______» Dilution effect» Faster passage through colon» Different microorganisms thrive

Other compounds in high-fiber foods» _______

Other _______ of high-fiber foods»more _______» less _______

Diabetes Mellitus

Type I: destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; usually young-onset

Type II: associated with _______

Risk factors:

Dietary RFs:» excess _______» low _______» _______

Osteoporosis

genetics _______ low _______ intakes _______ lack of estrogen» anorexia» too low body fat

_______ intake low _______

Risk factors:

Alcohol and Nutrient

deficiencies

Decreased absorption:

Increased need:

Decreased storage:

Decreased intake of _______ Increased _______

Alcohol as Risk factor

obesity heart disease ( LDL) liver disease hypertension some cancers:» mouth, esophagus» liver, breast, pancreas

mental impairment addiction accidents mortality birth defects (fetal alcohol

syndrome)

Benefits of Exercise

_______

Improved _______ Improved _______ Bone density: or protect _______ fitness» ability to do work» blood pressure» heart rate

Improved _______» HDL, LDL

_______ management Lower _______ _______

Nutritional Assessment

A

e.g.

B

e.g.

C

e.g.

D

e.g.