Alternative energy - can be used instead of fossil fuels, usually renewable sources such as wind and power Bio fuel – fuels from plants e.g. vegetable oil or poo! Coal – fossil fuel made from trees and plants Energy efficiency – measures to reduce heat loss or the amount of energy needed to complete a task Fossil fuels – fuels produced by burning coal, oil and natural gas. They have taken millions of years to form and are thus not renewable e.g. oil, coal and natural gas Geothermal – energy from the heat under the ground in volcanic areas Hydro – electric power – energy produced by water Non-renewable – cannot be used again, only used once e.g. coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear Nuclear power – energy released from uranium and plutonium Proactive – thinking about how to solve problems before they happen rather than reacting to them after the event Reactive – reacting to something after it happens Renewable – can be used again e.g. wave, solar, water, wind, tidal, geothermal and bio fuels 1
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Alternative energy - can be used instead of fossil fuels, usually renewable sources such as wind and power
Bio fuel – fuels from plants e.g. vegetable oil or poo! Coal – fossil fuel made from trees and plants
Energy efficiency – measures to reduce heat loss or the amount of energy needed to complete a task Fossil fuels – fuels produced by burning coal, oil and natural gas. They have taken millions of years to form and are thus not renewable e.g. oil, coal and natural gas Geothermal – energy from the heat under the ground in volcanic areas Hydro – electric power – energy produced by water Non-renewable – cannot be used again, only used once e.g. coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear Nuclear power – energy released from uranium and plutonium Proactive – thinking about how to solve problems before they happen rather than reacting to them after the event Reactive – reacting to something after it happens Renewable – can be used again e.g. wave, solar, water, wind, tidal, geothermal and bio fuels
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Reserves – fuel supplies already discovered which could be used in the future Resources – any material or product that people find useful can be natural (climate, vegetation, minerals etc.) and human (labour, machinery, money etc.) Solar energy - -energy from the sun Sustainable – activities and economic growth with a good future because the environment upon which they depend is not being destroyed. It does not waste resources and looks after the needs of today without damaging resources for the future Thermal power station – electricity produced by heat from burning coal and oil to heat water which turns to steam to power a turbine which turns a generator to give electricity. The steam is then turned back to water in a cooling tower Transnational corporations – multinational companies or large businesses that have offices and factories all over the world with cheap labour and low productions costs in developing countries Urban development corporations (UDCs) – set up in 1981 to regenerate inner city area to improve conditions for people living there Wind farm – an area of modern windmills (turbines) used to produce energy
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weekend
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Things to think about
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you
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ACTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY
A DAY IN MY LIFE HOMEWORK
ENERGY I USE;
POWERCUT;
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A DAY IN MY LIFE HOMEWORK
HOW CAN I SAVE ENERGY?;
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LESSON 1; Pack p3,4 and 5; A day in my life DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
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Department of Trade and Industry
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WIDER WORLD
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the next sheet
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use the Connections book p76 to help you
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3. Now write a list, as long as you can but at least twenty
things that are made from oil; use the internet to help your
research.
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LESSON 2; Pack p10, 11, 12 What are non-renewable and renewable resources? Exercises 1, 2 and 3, use Connections page 76 to help DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
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Products made from oil
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3 paragraphs homework
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3 paragraphs homework
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EXAMPLE
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EXAMPLE
LESSON 3; Write 3 paragraphs, with diagrams
explaining how oil, coal and natural gas were formed, use the Educapole website etc. to help
DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
Total production of primary fuels, when expressed in terms of their energy content, fell by 10.7% in 2012 compared to 2011. There were sharp falls in both oil and gas production due to a number of maintenance issues and longer term decline. Primary oil (crude oil and NGLs) accounted for 40% of total production, natural gas 32%, primary electricity (consisting of nuclear, wind and natural flow hydro) 14%, coal 9%, while bioenergy and waste accounted for the remaining 6.4 million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Total production increased rapidly between 1980 and 2000, mainly due to the growth of oil and gas. Production in 2000 was at record levels for natural gas, whilst in 1999 it was at record levels for overall energy and petroleum. Production has since been on the decline as a number of oil and gas fields become exhausted and also due to increased maintenance activity. Production is now 59% lower than its peak in 1999.
In 2012 UK coal production fell to an all-time low of 17 million tonnes. Production was 8% lower in 2012 than in 2011; deep mined production fell by 16%, as a result of a number of operational and geological issues faced by several of the 10 deep-mined sites in operation at the end of 2012, whilst surface mine production (including a small amount of slurry) decreased by 4%. Imports started in 1970, and grew steadily to reach 20 million tonnes a year by the late 1990s; very rapid expansion of imports in 2001 meant that imports exceeded the level of UK production for the first time in that year. As annual levels of UK coal production continued to fall, imports continued to grow rapidly and in 2006 reached a new record of 51 million tonnes, representing 75 per cent of total UK coal supply. From this point on, imports fell, mainly as a result of less demand by electricity generators, rather than higher indigenous production. However, in 2012, due to a greater demand by electricity generators and with UK production at an all-time low, imports increased by 38 per cent (+12 million tonnes) from the levels reported in 2011 (33 million tonnes), but still 6 million tonnes lower than 2006.
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Petroleum
Foreign trade in crude oil and petroleum products, 1980 to 2012£
Since the first ‘surplus’ on oil trade (£0.3 billion) which occurred in 1980, oil trade has contributed more than £45 billion to the UK balance of payments. The largest ‘surplus’ of £8 billion in 1985 reflected high crude oil production and prices. In 1990 the ‘surplus’ fell from this peak due to lower prices but managed to peak again in 2000 (£6.6 billion). Since 2000 the surplus has steadily declined and in 2005 the UK became a net importer of oil (-£2.2 billion) though still an exporter of oil products. In 2012, the deficit was £14.2 billion, an increase of £2.6 billion from the previous year, as imports increased to offset the falls in UK production.
From the early 1970s, following the expansion of UK production of natural gas, gas consumption grew rapidly reaching a record high in 2004 of 1,125 TWh. Since then, consumption has seen an overall decline, and in 2012 total gas consumption was 845.6 TWh, around 25% below its 2004 peak. These longer term trends are driven by commodity prices, energy efficiency and, for domestic use in particular, temperature.
Domestic demand in 2012 was high, up almost 16 per cent on 2011, reflecting colder temperatures, but gas demand for electricity generation fell by almost a third to 214 TWh largely as a result of coal replacing gas use due to high gas prices.
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Prices
Fuel price indices for the industrial sector, 1980 to 2012
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50
100
150
200
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2012p200520001995199019851980
Rea
l pri
ces
(200
5=10
0)
Coal Electricity Gas Heavy Fuel Oil
Real prices, 2005 = 100
1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012Coal 193.1 128.1 80.4 135.0 145.5 140.3Electricity 149.9 120.9 85.6 145.6 146.7 151.6Gas 126.5 77.7 48.2 108.9 130.7 141.0Heavy fuel oil 129.4 54.0 69.2 204.6 242.5 253.9Industrial prices 141.2 103.5 75.1 150.8 164.3 171.6Includes the Climate Change Levy that came into effect in April 2001.
Compared to 2011, industrial coal prices decreased in 2012 by 4% in real terms, but were 54% higher than 10 years earlier in 2002. Electricity prices increased in 2012 by 3% in real terms, and were 94% higher than 10 years earlier in 2002. Gas prices increased by 8% in 2012, but were 122% higher than in 2002. Heavy fuel oil prices increased by 5% in the year to 2012, and were over two and a half times as high as in 2002. The rise in heavy fuel oil prices is due to the sustained high price of crude oil since 2010.
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UK CHANGING ENERGY PATTERNS QUESTIONS;
1. Look at the key points of the UK’s energy sources in 2005, page 22. Then
look at page 23 for 2012. Is it the same? If not, explain how and why.
2. Look at page 24 and describe how our overall energy use has changed over
the years.
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UK CHANGING ENERGY PATTERNS QUESTIONS;
3. Look at pages 25, 26 and 27 and explain the patterns or trends in our use of
coal, petroleum and natural gas.
4. Look at page 28 and explain how fuel prices have changed.
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ENERGY WORKSHEET PUPIL’S BOOK PAGE 73
Changing energy patterns in the UKName ________________________________________________________________________________
• The UK has the largest and most varied energy resources of all the European Union countries.• Production of oil and gas from the North Sea began in the 1970s. Less than half of these resources have been
exploited.• Since the 1980s there has been growing awareness of the impact of burning fossil fuels on air quality and
global warming.• The coalminers’ strike in 1984 led the government to reduce its support for the coal industry and encouraged
companies to import cheaper foreign coal.• Nuclear accidents, such as Chernobyl in 1986, have led to concern over the safety of nuclear power.• Electricity and gas companies in the UK were privatised in the 1980s, taking them out of government control.
Unlike national industries, private companies have to make a profit.• Burning coal produces much more sulphur dioxide (SO2) than burning gas.• The EU requires electricity producers to reduce SO2 emissions from power stations by 60% from 1980 levels,
by the year 2003.• The Kyoto Summit of 160 governments in 1997 requires all EU countries to reduce CO2 emissions by 8%
from 1990 levels, by the year 2020.• The UK government expects electricity companies to take more of their power from renewable sources.• Gas has become a more profitable alternative to coal burning in power stations.
Your task1 Study the data in the table. Ask your teacher for some graph paper.
Draw a graph, or graphs, to illustrate the data.
2 a) In your workbook, describe the changes in energy production andconsumption in the UK from 1982 to 1992.
b) Suggest how imports or exports of each fuel might have changed.
3 Read the information in the box below. These were some of the factorsthat caused energy patterns to change.a) Underline the three types of factor: economic, environmental and
political. Use three different colours.b) Write three paragraphs in your workbook to explain the effect of:
i) economic, ii) environmental, and iii) political factors.
1982 1986 1992
Total UK energy consumption (million tonnes of oil equivalent) 196.4 217.9 233.0
Coal 68.0 63.6 46.9
Oil 71.0 78.3 78.2
Natural gas 45.2 55.6 83.9
Nuclear electricity 11.9 18.5 22.2
Hydro-electricity 0.4 0.5 0.3
Imported electricity 0.0 1.4 1.4
UK fuel production (million tonnes of oil equivalent)
Electricity companies sell electricity by the unit. One unit is theamount that is consumed by a one-kilowatt (1,000 watts) appliancefor one hour. So, for one unit of electricity a 100-watt lamp willlight continuously for ten hours, or a 1,000-watt fire will heat forone hour.
Your taskFind out how much electricity your family consumes in a day. (It would beeasier to do this at the weekend when you are around yourself to check.)a) Keep a record of each appliance that is used during the day and for how
long it is used. Write this in the table.b)Find the electricity consumption for each appliance in the box below.
Work out the amount of electricity each appliance uses in a day.c) Work out the total amount of electricity consumed in a day. If you know
the price per unit, you could also work out the cost. (The price per unitwill be on your last electricity bill.)
Appliance Electricity Number Daily electricityconsumption of hours consumption (watts per hour) used (units)
Total daily electricity consumption
Earthworks unit 4 04/05/2000 3:00 pm Page 141
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LESSON 4; Pack p 34, UK domestic energy consumption DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
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WORLD TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2012; units Mtoe
(million tonnes of oil equivalent)
http://yearbook.enerdata.net/
China 2,713
United States 2,152
India 774
Russia 725
Japan 457
Germany 314
Brazil 281
South Korea 264
Canada 256
France 251
Put the above information into a bar graph using the graph paper below;
Your task1 Look at the table below. It shows the percentage of the world’s energy
that is consumed in each continent.
2 Draw a map to show percentage energy consumption for the continentson the grid below. Colour one square for each 1% of world energyconsumption. Try to make the shapes of the continents similar to theiractual shape on a world map.
% of worldenergy consumption
Africa 3
Asia 18
Australasia 2
Europe 44
North America 28
South America 5
World energy consumption by continentWorld population by continent
3 a) Compare the shape of the map you drew with the map of world
population above. How do they differ? ________________________________________________________
Type of resource % Oil 33% Coal 26% Natural Gas 24% Hydro 7% Nuclear 4% Renewable 6%
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reserves
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reserves
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5. Where can most of the world's coal and oil supply be found?
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Burning fossil fuels releases chemicals that cause acid rain. smog and climate change. Oil is running out yet we are using more than ever.
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Where in the world does our energy come from?
Question 1 pie chart;
2.
3.
4. a
4. b
5.
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WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION
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by 2005 see graph.
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1 Venezuela 297,570 2 Saudi Arabia 267,910 3 Canada 173,625 - 175,200 4 Iran 157,300 5 Iraq 140,300 6 Kuwait 104,000 7 United Arab Emirates 97,800 8 Russia 80,000 9 Libya 48,014 10 Nigeria 37,200 11 Kazakhstan 30,002 12 China 25,585 13 Qatar 25,382 14 United States 23,267 OIL RESERVES 2012
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Oil consumption has risen from less than a million barrels a day in 1900 to over 85 million barrels by 2005, see graph. The International Energy Agency predicts that demand will rise to 116 million barrels a day by 2030. Unfortunately, the oil industry believes that it is impossible to produce more than 100 million barrels a day. This is the problem that the world faces - oil is needed for energy and transport, but there is not going to be enough of it to go around.
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grey, coal dark orange, renewable blue, hydroelectricity light orange, nuclear energy red, natural gas green, oil
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Questions; 1. Look at the graph that you produced that shows world oil consumption in 2012, page 42 then; a Give reasons why world oil consumption has continued to rise. b Explain why you think Europe and North America account for such a large proportion of oil consumption. 2. Look at the map and table showing who has the largest oil reserves. Describe the distribution of these countries. 3. In the future, it may be more difficult for countries to import oil. Explain the problems that countries may face as follows: a Countries that rely on oil for energy and transport. b Countries that were major exporters of oil.
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WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION ANSWERS
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WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION ANSWERS
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Do you think it is a good idea to keep drilling for oil in Alaska, why or why not? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 5; World oil consumption Pack p43 -47
DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
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ENERGY WORKSHEET PUPIL’S BOOK PAGE 84
The Exxon Valdez disasterName ________________________________________________________________________________
When the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in 1989 it createdone of the world’s largest oil spills and a huge environmentaldisaster. About 40 million litres of oil were spilt affecting 2,400kilometres of coastline. Along the shore the layer of oil was up toten centimetres thick.
The short-term effect on wildlife was devastating – about 4,000otters, 200 harbour seals and 400,000 birds were killed. In 1990,45 million salmon returned to their ancestral rivers along the southcoast of Alaska, but two years later this had dropped to five million.It has been harder to assess the long-term impact of the disaster.
Evaporation
Spread over ocean surface
SinkingBiodegradation
Ingestion by fishand other sea life
Absorptionby sedimenton sea bed
Absorptionby beach
Dispersal inwater
Your task1 Look at the diagram above. Only 15 per cent of the
oil spilt by the Exxon Valdez was ever recovered,yet if you were to visit the area today there are fewvisible signs of oil pollution.a) In your workbook, describe what happened to
the rest of the oil.b) Suggest where you might still find evidence of oil
if you were to investigate a little more carefully.
2 Look at the graphs on the right.a) Describe the change in the population of each
species since 1988 (the year before the disaster).b) What evidence is there in the graphs that the
disaster had an impact on the population of anyof the species? In each case, was this impactshort-term or long-term?
Num
bers
of e
ach
spec
ies
Year'97'95'89 '93'911988
Cormorant
Pacific herring
Harbour seal
Bald eagle
Source: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council
Earthworks unit 4 04/05/2000 3:01 pm Page 156
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Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1
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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1
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LESSON 6; Write a newspaper report about an oil spill
with text, map and pictures; what happened, when did it happen, where did it happen, who was involved, what were the effects, what do people think about the oil spill, what was done to try to clean it up?
DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
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Resources and the environment NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Connections pages 78–79
Your task1 Read the facts about the wind energy industry in Denmark. Choose five
facts that are important arguments in favour of wind power.
2 Find a map of Europe in your atlas that shows both Denmark and theUK.a) In your workbook, compare the location of the two countries.
Suggest ways in which the UK is an even better location for windpower than Denmark.
b) Imagine that you work for the wind energy industry in the UK.Write a letter in your workbook to the government outlining themain arguments in favour of developing more wind farms in the UK.
Denmark has 4,900 wind turbinessupplying 7% of the country’selectricity – a higher proportionthan any other country in theworld.
Denmark’s wind energy industryemploys more people than thecountry’s fishing fleet.
Denmark has the most ambitiouswind energy target in the world –to get 50% of its energy from thewind by 2030.
Wind power produces minimalamounts of carbon dioxide, themain greenhouse gas. Each 1.5megawatt wind turbine avoids5,000 tonnes of carbon dioxidebeing emitted by burning coaleach year.
Europe’s largest wind farm is atCarno in Wales. It produceselectricity for 25,000 homes. Thewind turbines were built inDenmark.
Wind turbines are Denmark’sfourth largest export commodity.
Wind energy in Denmarkproduces enough power for440,000 homes.
An estimated 40,000 jobs havebeen created by the wind energyindustry around the world –mostly by Danish companies.
In the 1930s, over 30,000windmills were used in Denmarkto power farm machinery andpump water. By 2030, 4,000modern wind turbines couldprovide half the country’s energy.
COAL OR WIND? The British government has said that by the year 2020 ten per cent of our electricity must come from renewable sources. Less than one per cent of our electricity currently comes from wind power, but this is increasing rapidly. About 35 per cent of our electricity now comes from burning coal, but this has halved over the past ten years and is likely to fall further still. 1. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of the two forms of energy. Use the information below. Think about the following criteria; cost, employment, space, reliability, visual impact, efficiency (lack of waste), location, pollution, energy output. Remember to look at Connections page 78 and 79 to help you. 2. Is the government right to switch from non-renewable to renewable energy? Should it aim for more than ten per cent to be coming from renewable resources by 2020? Or should we stick with coal that, after all, has supplied our needs for the past hundred years? 3. Complete a table like the one here to show the advantages and disadvantages under each criterion. One has been done for you.
COAL OR WIND;
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Lesson 7 homework
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LESSON 7; 1. Map Zone GIS Missions – Wind Power Location
(Link on MyQG) http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/giszone/english/gismissions/page2.htm
2. Doddle; Wind Farm
DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:
Lesson 1; Pack p 3, 4 and 5; A day in my life Lesson 2; Pack p 10/11/12, What are renewable and non-
renewable resources? Exercise 1, 2 and 3, use Connections p76 to help you
Lesson 3; Pack p 16 to 19; Write 3 paragraphs with
diagrams about how oil, coal and natural gas are formed, use the Educapole website to help
Lesson 4; Pack p 34, UK domestic energy consumption
Lesson 5; Pack p 43-47, World oil consumption
Lesson 6; Pack p 55/56; Write a newspaper report about an oil spill with text, maps and pictures; What happened, when did it happen, where did it happen, who was involved, what were the effects, what do people think about the oil spill, what was done to try to clean it up?
Lesson 7; 1. Map Zone GIS missions – wind power location (link on MyQG) http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/giszone/english/gismissions/page2.htm 2. Doddle; Wind Farm
Extra extension work/independent learning; Doddle -browse in all resources for energy and resources; https://www.doddlelearn.co.uk