Endocrine System

Endocrine SystemLaura Silva

Carolina FormosoRosalba SalgadoMegan Michel Amanda Roldan

What is the Endocrine System?

The Endocrine System is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism and

sexual function and reproduction process.

What does the Endocrine System do?

When a hormone is secreted, it travels from the gland that it is produced from to the bloodstream to the cells designed to receive its message.

These cells are called target cells

On its way to the target cells, special proteins bind to some of the hormones.

These proteins act as carriers that control the amount of hormone that is available for the cells to use.

The target cells have receptors that latch onto specific hormones, and each hormone has its own receptor as well.

When the hormone reaches its target cell, it locks onto the cell’s specific receptors and they transmit chemical instructions to the inner working of the cell.

When the hormone levels reach a certain amount, the endocrine system helps the body to keep that level of hormone in the blood.

The Foundations

The foundations of the Endocrine System are hormones and glands. Hormones

Transfer information and instructions form one set of cells to another. Glands

A group of cells that produce and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, process them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body.

The major Glands that make up the human endocrine system are the: Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Glands Pancreas Reproductive Glands

Pineal Pineal body or Pineal gland, is

located in the middle of the brain Secretes Melatonin

Hormone that may help you regulate when you sleep at night and when you wake up in the morning.

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus- a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, the main link between the Endocrine and Nervous System Nerves in the

Hypothalamus control the Pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.

Pituitary

Pituitary Gland- located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system. Often called “the master gland” It makes hormones that control several other endocrine glands.

Endorphins- chemicals that act on the nervous system and reduce feelings of pain Pituitary secretes hormones that signal the reproductive organs to make sex hormones.

Controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in woman Divided into 2 parts

Posterior Lobe Oxytocin

Triggers contractions of the uterus in a woman having a baby. Antidiuretic hormone

Helps control balance of water in the body Anterior Lobe

Growth Hormone Corticotrophin

Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce certain hormones Thyrotropin

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones Prolactin

Activates milk production in woman who are breast feeding.

Thyroid

Thyroid- located in the front part of the lower neck, is shaped like a bow tie or a butterfly

Thyroids are important because they help kid’s and teen’s bones grow and develop, and they play a role in the development of the brain and nervous system in kids

Production and release of thyroid hormones controlled by Thyrotropin (secreted by pituitary gland) Produces Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine

Control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to produce energy. The more thyroid hormone in a

person’s bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions occur in the body.

Parathyroids The Parathyroids are 4 little

glands that are attached to the thyroid. Release Parathyroid

Hormone Regulate the level of

calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin (produced in the thyroids)

Thymus Located behind the breastbone in the

upper part of the chest

Has two lobes made of lymphoid tissue and contains white blood cells and fat

It grows until puberty and then begins to shrink

Transforms lymphocytes into T-cells

Adrenal Glands The body has 2 Adrenal Glands,

one on top of each kidney.

Has 2 layers, different functions Adrenal Cortex

Outer layer, regulate salt and water balance in the body, the body’s response to stress, metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function

Adrenal Medulla Inner layer, adrenaline, increases

blood pressure and heart rate when body experiences stress.

Pancreas Located in the deep abdomen

sandwiched between stomach and spine

Made up of glandular tissue and a system of ducts

Produces and secretes digestive enzymes

Produces important hormones called insulin and glucagon

Maintains steady level of glucose in the blood and keep the body supplied with energy.

Reproductive Glands• Gonads are the main source of sex hormones.

• BOTH MALES AND FEMALES HAVE GONADS The male gonads are called testes

Located in the scrotum produce hormones called androgens

Most important is testosterone Works with pituitary gland to start

production of sperm I the testes These hormones tell a guy when

its time to make the changes associated with puberty Deepening voice Growth in height and penis Growth in facial and pubic

hair.

The female gonads are the ovaries Located in the pelvis

Produce eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved when a

girl begins to to go through puberty Breast growth Body fat around the hips

and thighs A growth spurt Regulation of menstrual

cycle.

0 A condition in which the levels of the thyroid hormones in the blood are very high in the thyroid gland.

0 Treatment:0 Treatment is based on age, type of hyperthyroidism, severity of

hyperthyroidism, and other conditions.0 Anti-thyroid drugs, surgery, or beta blockers

0 Symptoms:0 Nervousness, irritability, increased perspiration, heart racing, hand tremors,

anxiety, difficulty sleeping, thinning of your skin, fine brittle hair and weakness in your muscles

0 Statistics:0 Affects 2-5% of all women daily between 20-40 years old0 Women are affected 10 times more than men

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism0 A condition in which the levels of the thyroid hormones in the blood are

very low in the thyroid gland.0 Treatment:

0 Cannot be treated but can be cured0 Replacing the amount of hormones that your own thyroid can no

longer make, to bring your T4 and TSH back to normal levels0 Symptoms:

0 Feel colder, you tire more easily, skin gets dry, become forgetful and depressed, and even become constipated.

0 Statistics:0 1-2 % occurs more commonly in women (8-10 times)0 Six times more commonly in females than in males

0 A disorder of metabolism, the way the body uses digested food for growth and energy

0 Excess amounts of certain hormones that work against the action of insulin can cause diabetes.

0 Treatment:0 To minimize any elevation of blood sugar without causing abnormally

low levels of blood sugar0 Symptoms:

0 Frequent urination, unusual thirst, extreme hunger, unusual weight lost, and extreme fatigue and irritability

0 Statistics:0 8.3 % of the American population have diabetes

Diabetes (diabetes mellitus)

Endocrinologist•Diagnose and treat diseases that affect your glands and restore normal balance of hormones in your system• Salary: Earn $212,281 per year• Training:4 years of medical school, 3 or 4 years in residency and internship, and 2 or 3 more years learning how to diagnose and treat hormone conditions

Nutritionist Advice people in what to eat in order to

lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal

Salary: $53,250 per yearTraining: Bachelors degree, participation in

supervised training, and license.

Nuclear Medicine TechnologistThey use a scanner to create images of

various areas of a patient’s body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to the patient undergoing scans. The radioactive drugs cause abnormal areas of the body to appear different from normal areas in the images.

Salary: $68,560 per yearTraining: Associates degree in nuclear medicine

technology and must be licensed in some states

Ovaries

Pancreas

Thymus

Thyroid

Adrenal

Testes

Pituitary