End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds.

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2–3 Carbon Compounds

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The Chemistry of Carbon


Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds.

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A carbon atom will also readily bond to other carbon atoms, giving itthe ability to form chainsthat are almost unlimited in length. Chains of carbon can even close upon themselves to form rings.


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Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon chains or rings and other elements.

Carbon compounds form millions of different large and complex structures.

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Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Large molecules are called macromolecules. Carbon compounds form macromolecules. Macromolecules are created by joining many small molecules together.

The small molecules/units that are joined together are called monomers. The macromolecules formed are called polymers, which means “many units”.

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Macromolecules

Monomers in a polymer may be identical (as in the previous slide), or the monomers may be slightly different.

What does polymerization mean?

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Macromolecules

Four groups of organic compounds

found in living things are:

• carbohydrates

• lipids

• nucleic acids

• proteins

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.

For example, glucose, as simple carbohydrate is C6H12O6.

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Carbohydrates

What is the function of carbohydrates?

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Carbohydrates

Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

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Carbohydrates

The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities.

Since sugars are so important, living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates. In plants, these complex carbohydrates are called starch. Plants also make another one called cellulose.

In animals, the complex carbohydrate that stores glucose is called glycogen.

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Carbohydrates

Single sugar molecules are called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides are the monomers.

Monosaccharides include glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits).

Note: Table sugar (sucrose) is actually a disaccharide, composed of glucose joined to fructose.

The large macromolecules (like starch) formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are polymers.

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Lipids

Lipids

Lipids are organic compounds that generally are not soluble in water.

Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

The common categories of lipids are: fats, oils,

waxes, steroids.

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Lipids

What is the function of lipids?

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Lipids

Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.

Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as hormones, serve as chemical messengers.

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Lipids

Many lipids are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules of fatty acids. See next slide or Fig. 2-15 on pg. 47.

If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated.

The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms.

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glycerol 3 fatty acids

saturated

saturated

unsaturated

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Lipids

If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated.

Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated.

Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides consist of three parts:

• a 5-carbon sugar (C atoms are in a ring)

• a phosphate group (-PO4)

• a nitrogenous base (base containing C and NITROGEN atoms in a ring )

Nucleotides can be joined to other nucleotides by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.

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Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids

Some nucleotides, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy

Nucleic acids have another, very important function. What is the function of nucleic acids?

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.

There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

RNA contains the sugar ribose.

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.

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Proteins

Proteins

Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.

Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides.

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Proteins

There are more than 20 different kinds of amino acids.

The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.

AminoAcids

Protein Molecule

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Proteins

Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.

Some proteins are used to form cellular structures.

Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

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Proteins

Proteins can have up to four levels of organization:

1. The amino acids sequence.

2. The folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain.

3. The complete, three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.

4. (For proteins with more than one chain) The specific arrangement of each chain in space.

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2–3

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2–3

Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch are known as

a. lipids.

b. monosaccharides.

c. proteins.

d. polysaccharides.

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2–3

Many lipids are formed from glycerol and

a. fatty acids.

b. monosaccharides.

c. amino acids.

d. nucleic acids.

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2–3

Proteins are among the most diverse macromolecules because

a. they contain both amino groups and carboxyl groups.

b. they can twist and fold into many different and complex structures.

c. they contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

d. their R groups can be either acidic or basic.

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2–3

Which of the following statements about cellulose is true?

a. Animals make it and use it to store energy.

b. Plants make it and use it to store energy.

c. Animals make it and use it as part of the skeleton.

d. Plants make it and use it to give structural support to cells.

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2–3

A major difference between polysaccharides and proteins is that

a. plants make polysaccharides, while animals make proteins.

b. proteins are made of monomers, while polysaccharides are not.

c. polysaccharides are made of monosaccharides, while proteins are made of amino acids.

d. proteins carry genetic information, while polysaccharides do not.

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End Show Slide 1 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2–3 Carbon Compounds.

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