-
... . 537(66/10/1)
NSS Report No. 537(66/10/1)
Employment and Unemployment Situation in India
2009-10
... 66 NSS 66th ROUND
( 2009 - 2010) (July 2009 June 2010)
National Sample Survey Office
National Statistical Organisation
Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation
Government of India
2011 November 2011
-
NSS Report No. 537(66/10/1)
Employment and Unemployment Situation in India
2009-10
NSS 66th ROUND(July 2009 June 2010)
National Sample Survey OfficeNational Statistical
Organisation
Ministry of Statistics & Programme ImplementationGovernment
of India
November 2011
-
PREFACE
--,
The Employment and Unemployment Surveys of National Sample
Survey (NSS) are theprimary sources of data on various indicators
of labour force at National and State levels. These areused for
planning, policy formulation, decision support and as input for
further statistical exercises byvarious Government organisations,
academicians, researchers and scholars. NSS surveys onEmployment
and Unemployment with large sample size of households have been
conductedquinquennially from 27th round (October 1972 - September
1973) onwards. The NSS 66th roundcarried out during July 2009- June
2010 was the eighth quinquennial round in the series,
coveringsubjects of (i) Household Consumer Expenditure and (ii)
Employment and Unemployment. Fieldwork of this survey was carried
out by the Field Operations Division (FOD) of National SampleSurvey
Office (NSSO) in which the central samples were covered. -Most of
the State Governmentsalso participated in the survey on matching
sample size basis.
----
Based on the central sample, the results of quinquennial surveys
of Employment andUnemployment are brought out by NSSO in a number
of reports. The NSSO released the KeyIndicators of Employment and
Unemployment in India, 2009-/0 in June 2011. Apart from this,
eightdetailed reports are planned to be released on varied aspects
of employment and unemployment basedon NSS 66thround data. The
present report 'Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,
2009-10' is the first in the series of eight reports. It presents
the estimates pertaining to various facets
ofemployment-unemployment at National and State levels. This report
contains eight Chapters and fourAppendices. The main findings
relating to the estimates given in this report are presented in
ChaptersThree to Eight. Since the report is voluminous, the
Appendix Tables are given in a CD along with thereport.
As the maiden achievement, the NSSO brought out the Key results
of the Survey within oneyear of completion of the Field work and
released the unit level data for further analysis and researchwork
by the economists, academia, scholars and all others who are
interested in this subject. This waspossible because of the efforts
made by the officials of different divisions of NSSO for
meticulousplanning and execution of various activities involved and
the hard work done by the supportingofficials and staff of NSSO.
However, by looking at the highly aggregated macro level
indicatorscertain apprehension was observed about slow employment
growth in the quinquenium of 2004-05 to2009-10. Some people also
expressed doubts about quality of data. But by looking at
somewhatdisaggregated data one arrives at different interpretation
and conclusion. Disentangling distinct trendsin subsidiary
employment and employment in the young (up to 24 years of age),
speciallyemployment of women in that age group leads to an
insightful comparison in the Employmentgrowth. The temporal
structural shifts in employment leading to reductions in subsidiary
employment,child labour and women's labour, each of which has been
identified as a form of employment wouldexpect to see decline in
employment with increase in household wellbeing. But if we focus
only onemployment in ages 25 or more, then far from a slowdown in
growth of workers since 2004, weactually see a sharp increase in
employment. This report presents more detailed analysis of the
dataand is expected to be useful to the planners, policy makers and
researchers dispelling the earlierapprehensions about the slow
growth of employment. Suggestions for improvement of its' content
andcoverage will be highly appreciated.
I am also thankful to the National Statistical Commission (NSC)
and Working Group of the66th round for their valuable guidance at
various stages of the survey. I specially thank Prof RaviSrivastav
of JNU who reviewe~ the draft report and provided valuable comments
and suggestions forimprovement. .
~(J. Dash)
Director General & Chief Executive OfficerNSSO
New DelhiNovember 2011
-
. 537 : , 2009-10 i
() ... 66 2009 2010 7402 5252 , 100957 (59129- 41828 ) 459784
(281327 178457 ) - - ( ), ( ), , ( ) ( ) - , '''' , ... 66 ( 2009 -
2010) :
.
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2009-10 , , 71 53 , 84 74
2009-10 , 35 () , 24 19
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. 537 : , 2009-10 ii
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2004-05 2009-10, (+) .... 6 , + .... 1 3
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(...) (...) 55 26 , 54 14
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(+), 54 56 , , 41 , 42 39 /
, 2004-05 2009-10 ... 7 , 1 3
, (+) 1977-78 81 2009-10 63 88 79
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. 537 : , 2009-10 iii
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2004-05 36 2009-10 39 4
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15 ( ) , , (+) , 4 12
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. 537 : , 2009-10 iv
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2009-10 : (+) 15 6 : 3 1
: (+) - 69 85 , 92 96
2009-10 15 11 : 6 : 8 6
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. 537 : , 2009-10 v
I. (1000 ) : :-
... 66 ( 2009- 2010) - + (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
(10)
548 208 382 556 128 352 550 186 374 537 202 374 539 119 339 538
180 365 11 5 8 17 9 13 12 6 9 19 24 21 30 70 37 22 33 25
(+) 556 265 414 559 146 362 557 233 400 547 261 408 543 138 350
546 228 392 9 4 7 16 8 12 11 5 8 16 16 16 28 57 34 20 23 20
548 231 394 556 141 358 550 207 384 531 223 381 536 130 343 532
198 370 17 8 13 20 10 15 18 9 14 32 37 33 36 72 42 33 43 36
536 197 371 550 129 350 540 179 365 501 182 346 522 117 329 507
164 341 35 16 25 28 12 20 33 15 24 64 80 68 51 91 58 61 82 66
II. 15-59 (. )
... 66 ( 2009 2010) 90.93 87.20 89.03 - - - 98.33 86.11 93.11 -
- - 101.53 68.94 93.06 131.92 76.73 121.83 / 249.15 155.87 231.59
377.16 308.79 364.95
() 1000 / /
( ) :- 1000 / - / -
:- () 1000 / - / -
() : ( ) 1000 / - /
-
Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
i
HIGHLIGHTS
This report is based on the eighth quinquennial survey on
employment and unemployment conducted in the 66th round of NSS
during July, 2009 to June, 2010. The survey was spread over 7402
villages and 5252 urban blocks covering 100957households (59129 in
rural areas and 41828 in urban areas) and enumerating 459784persons
(281327 in rural areas and 178457 in urban areas). Employment and
Unemployment indicators are measured in three different approaches,
viz. usual status(US) with a reference period of one year, current
weekly status (CWS) with one week reference period and current
daily status (CDS) based on the daily activity pursued during each
day of the reference week. The labour force indicators measured in
US and CWS are in persons and in CDS in person-days. Unless
otherwise stated, all usual status workers will mean all workers
according to the usual principal status along with the workers
according to the subsidiary status categorized not working in the
principal status. Some of the key findings of the NSS 66th round
(July, 2009 - June, 2010) are stated below.
A Household and Population
About 70 per cent of the households in India belonged to the
rural areas and accounted for about 73 per cent of the total
population.
The average household size in India was about 4.4. It was about
4.6 in rural India and about 4.1 in urban India. The sex ratio
(females per 1000 of males) in India was 936. It was 947 in rural
India and 909 in urban India.
About 12 per cent of households in both the rural and urban
areas were headed by females. Compared to all households, they had,
on an average, a relatively smaller household size (about 3.2 in
rural areas and about 3.1 in urban areas) and a much higher
sex-ratio (about 1785 in rural areas and about 1808 in urban
areas).
Among those households having at least one member of age 15
years and above, about 5 per cent in the rural areas and 10 per
cent in the urban areas had no usually employed member of age 15
years and above.
The population in the age group 15-59 years comprised about 59
per cent of the rural males and 61 per cent rural females. In the
urban areas, about 66 per cent each of the males and females
belonged to this age group.
In the rural areas, during 2009-10, about 71 per cent of males
and 53 per cent of the females were literate. The corresponding
proportions, in the urban areas, were 84 per cent and 74 per
cent.
In 2009-10, about 35 per cent of the rural households had MGNREG
job cards. During this period, about 24 per cent of the rural
households got work in MGNREG works and 19 per cent of the rural
households sought but did not get MGNREG works.
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Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
ii
B Labour Force
According to the usual status (ps+ss), about 56 per cent of
rural males and 27per cent of rural females belonged to the labour
force. In the urban areas, the corresponding proportions were 56
per cent of males and 15 per cent for females.
During the period 2004-05 to 2009-10, the LFPRs according to
usual status(ps+ss) remained almost the same for rural males but
decreased by about 6percentage points for rural females. During
that period, LFPRs according to usual status (ps+ss) decreased by
about 1 percentage point for the urban males and decreased by about
3 percentage points for the urban females.
C Work Force
About 39 per cent of the population in the country was usually
employed. The proportion was 41 per cent in the rural and 35 per
cent in the urban.
The gender differential in the worker population ratio (WPR) was
distinct. The WPR for rural males was 55 per cent while it was 26
per cent for rural females. In the urban areas, it was 54 per cent
for males and 14 per cent for females.
The daily status rates were slightly lower than the current
weekly status rates, which, in turn, were slightly lower than the
usual status rates. The current weekly status WPR was 53 per cent
for rural male, 22 per cent for rural females, 54 per cent for
urban males and 13 per cent for urban females. The current daily
status rates were 50 per cent, 18 per cent, 52 per cent and 12 per
cent for rural males, rural females, urban males and urban females,
respectively.
Among the usually employed (ps+ss), about 54 per cent of the
rural males and 56 per cent of rural females were self-employed. In
the urban areas, corresponding proportions were 41 per cent for
both males and females. In the urban areas, about 42 per cent of
the usually employed males and 39 per cent of the usually employed
females were regular salaried/wage employees.
Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, in the rural areas, WPR in the
usual statusapproach remained almost the same for the males and
decreased by about 7percentage points for the females. In the urban
areas, the rates decreased byabout 1 percentage point for the males
and 3 percentage points for the females.
In rural India, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss) male
workers engaged in the agricultural activities declined gradually
from 81 per cent in 1977-78 to 63 per cent in 2009-10 whereas for
the female workers, the decline was less - from 88 per cent to 79
per cent during the same period.
In urban India, the trade, hotel and restaurant' sector engaged
about 27 per cent of the usually employed (ps+ss) male workers
while each of manufacturing and other services sector accounted for
nearly 22 per cent of them. On the other hand, among the usually
employed urban females, other services sector
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Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
iii
accounted for the highest proportion (39 per cent), followed by
manufacturing (28 per cent).
The proportion of urban females employed in other services
sector increased from 36 per cent in 2004-05 to 39 percent in
2009-10 and the agriculture sector revealed a fall in its share by
about 4 percentage points during this period.
D Unemployment Rate
The unemployment rate (number of person unemployed per 1000
persons in the labour force), according to usual status (ps+ss),
was 16 in the rural areas and 34in the urban areas. It was 57 for
urban females, 28 for urban males and 16 for both males and females
in the rural areas.
The unemployment rates according to the current daily status
(cds) approach are higher than the rates obtained according to
usual status approach and weekly status approach, thereby
indicating a high degree of intermittent unemployment. The
unemployment rate according to the current weekly status (cws)
approach was 33 in rural areas and 42 in the urban areas. According
to the current daily status(cds) approach, it was 68 in the rural
areas and 58 in the urban areas.
During the period 2004-05 and 2009-10, the unemployment rate in
terms of the usual status (ps+ss), remained almost the same for
rural males and decreased by 1 percentage point for urban males.
For rural females also it remained almost thesame whereas for urban
females it decreased by 1 percentage point.
In both the rural and urban areas, unemployment rate among the
educated(secondary and above) persons of age 15 years and above was
higher than that among those whose education level was lower than
secondary: for usual status(ps+ss), unemployment rate among the
educated was 4 per cent for each of rural and urban males while it
was 12 per cent for each of rural and urban female.
The unemployment rate was much higher among the youth (15-29) as
compared to that in the overall population. According to the usual
status (ps+ss), unemployment rate among the youth was 5 per cent
each for male and female in rural areas, 8 per cent for urban male
and 14 per cent for urban female.
Among the educated youth (age:15-29 years and level of
education: secondary and above), the unemployment rate was
predominantly high in both the rural and urban areas. According to
the usual status (ps+ss), the rates were 8 per cent for rural
males, 18 per cent for rural females, 10 per cent for urban males
and 23 per cent for urban females.
E Underemployment
During 2009-10, the proportion of usually employed (ps+ss)
females who were found not to be employed during the week preceding
the date of survey was 15per cent in rural India and nearly 6 per
cent in urban India. The corresponding percentages for usually
employed males were 3 and 1 only.
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Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
iv
The proportion of person-days of the usually employed (ps+ss)
utilised for work, in the rural and urban areas, was estimated at
about 69 per cent and 85 per cent, respectively for females, and 92
and 96 per cent, respectively for males.
During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 11
per cent of usually employed rural males and 6 per cent of usually
employed urban males sought or were available for additional work.
The corresponding percentages for females were around 8 in rural
areas and 6 in urban areas.
During 2009-10, in the age group 15 years and above, about 10
per cent of rural males, 7 per cent of rural females and 5 per cent
each of urban males and females reported availability for
alternative work.
F Labour Mobility
During the two years preceding the date of survey, only a
negligible proportion (less than 1 per cent) among the usually (ps)
working persons had changed work status while change of
establishment among the usually (ps) employed was reported for 5
per cent for rural male, 6 per cent for rural female, 4 per cent
for urban male and 5 per cent for urban female..
The proportion of persons who changed their establishment is
much less among those with education level higher secondary and
above as compared to those with lower levels of education - be it
in rural areas or in urban areas.
During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per
cent of rural males, urban males, urban females, and negligible
proportion (0.3 per cent) of rural females who were workers in
usual status (ps) reported change in their industry of work.
During the two years preceding the date of survey, about 1 per
cent of rural males, urban males, urban females, and negligible
proportion (.3 per cent) of rural females who were workers in usual
status (ps) reported change in their occupation.
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Highlights
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
v
I. Some important employment and unemployment indicators (per
1000) at a glance
all-India NSS 66th round (July 2009 June 2010) age: all
agesrural urban rural+urban
indicator male female person male female person male female
person(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
usual principal statusLFPR 548 208 382 556 128 352 550 186
374WPR 537 202 374 539 119 339 538 180 365PU 11 5 8 17 9 13 12 6
9UR 19 24 21 30 70 37 22 33 25
usual status (ps + ss)LFPR 556 265 414 559 146 362 557 233
400WPR 547 261 408 543 138 350 546 228 392PU 9 4 7 16 8 12 11 5 8UR
16 16 16 28 57 34 20 23 20
current weekly statusLFPR 548 231 394 556 141 358 550 207 384WPR
531 223 381 536 130 343 532 198 370PU 17 8 13 20 10 15 18 9 14UR 32
37 33 36 72 42 33 43 36
current daily statusLFPR 536 197 371 550 129 350 540 179 365WPR
501 182 346 522 117 329 507 164 341PU 35 16 25 28 12 20 33 15 24UR
64 80 68 51 91 58 61 82 66
II. Wage rates (Rs.) per day for persons of age 15-59 years
all-India NSS 66th round (July 2009 June 2010) category of
workers rural urban
male female person male female personCasual labour in MGNREGA
public works
90.93 87.20 89.03 - - -
Casual labour in other public works
98.33 86.11 93.11 - - -
Casual labour in other type of works
101.53 68.94 93.06 131.92 76.73 121.83
Regular wage/ salaried persons
249.15 155.87 231.59 377.16 308.79 364.95
Labour force participation rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as the
number of persons/ person-days in the labour force per 1000 persons
/person-days
Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the number of
persons/person-days employed per 1000 persons/person-days.
Proportion Unemployed (PU): It is defined as the number of
persons/person-days unemployed per 1000 persons/person-days.
Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the number of
persons/person-days unemployed per 1000 persons/person-days in the
labour force (which includes both the employed and unemployed).
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Contents
Page
Chapter One Introduction 1 7
Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 8 28
Summary of Findings
Chapter Three Households and Population 29 - 62
Chapter Four Labour Force 63 - 73
Chapter Five Employed (Work Force) 74 - 151
Chapter Six Unemployed 152 - 180
Chapter Seven Underemployment 181 195
Chapter Eight Labour Mobility: Change in Nature of Work 196 -
205
Appendix A Detailed Tables :Table1 to Table 75 (in CD) A-1
A-816
Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B-1 B-8
Appendix C Population Projection C-1 C-3
Appendix D Schedule on Employment and Unemployment (Sch. 10) D-1
D-16
Appendix E RSEs of worker population ratio (WPR) E-1
Appendix A
Detailed Tables
Table No. Title PageTable (1) Number of villages/ UFS blocks,
households and persons surveyed by
state/ u.t.A-1
Table (2) Number of households and persons surveyed by age and
sex for each state/ u.t.
A-2- A-4
Table (3) Estimated number of households and persons by age and
sex for each state/ u.t.
A-5-A-10
Table (4) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile
classes on household monthly per capita consumer expenditure for
each principal household industry
A-11-A-12
Table (5) Distribution (per 1000) of households by decile
classes on household monthly per capita expenditure for each
principal household occupation
A-13-A-14
Table (6R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household
type for each decile class on household monthly per-capita consumer
expenditure
A-15- A-16
Table (7R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household
type for each size class of land owned (rural areas only)
A-17
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Table No. Title PageTable (8R) Average area of land possessed
and average household size by size class of
land possessed and sex of the head of household (rural areas
only) A-18
Table (9R) Distribution (per 1000) of households by household
type for each size class of land cultivated for rural areas
A-19
Table (10) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000
households, distribution (per 1000) of households by status of
getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work
during last 365 days for each decile class on household monthly per
capita expenditure
A-20
Table (11) Number of households having MGNREG job card per 1000
households, per 1000 distribution of households by status of
getting work in NREG works and average number of days got work
during last 365 days for each household type and status of having
MGNREG job card
A-21-A-22
Table (12) Number per 1000 of households in rural areas getting
work in MGNREG works and their per 1000 distribution by mode of
payment of the wages earned during last 365 days for each decile
class on household monthly per capita expenditure
A-23
Table (13) Number of households with member(s) reported having
specified post office account per 1000 of households (P), and
average number of such accounts (0.0) held by all the members per
household (A) as on the date of survey and number of households
with members(s) reported using specified services in any post
office during the last 3 months per 1000 of households for each
decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure
A-24-A-25
Table (14) Distribution (per 1000) of households with at least
one member of age 15 years and above by number of usual status
workers (ps+ss) of age 15 years and above for each decile class on
household monthly per capita expenditure
A-26-A-29
Table (15) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for
each decile class on household monthly per capita expenditure
A-30-A-33
Table ( 16) Per 1000 distribution of persons (of age 10 years
& above) by marital status for each age-group
A-34-A-39
Table (17) Per 1000 distribution of persons of age 5 years &
above by general education level for each age-group
A-40-A-48
Table (18) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by principal usual
activity category for each age-group
A-49-A-57
Table (19) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age group for
each principal usual activity category
A-58-A-66
Table (20) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status
(ps+ss) for each age-group
A-67-A-75
Table (21) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for
each usual activity category also taking into consideration the
subsidiary economic status of persons categorized 'not working' in
the principal status
A-76-A-84
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Table No. Title PageTable (22) Distribution (per 1000) of
persons by principal usual activity category for
each general educational levelA-85-A-129
Table (23) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general
educational level for each principal usual activity category
A-130-A-174
Table (24) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorised 'not working' in the principal status
for each general educational level
A-175-A-228
Table (25) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by general
educational level for each usual activity category taking also into
consideration the subsidiary economic status of persons categorised
'not working' in the principal status
A-229-A-282
Table (26) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorized 'not working' in the principal status
for each decile class on household monthly per capita consumer
expenditure
A-283-A-288
Table (27R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual
activity category taking also into consideration the subsidiary
economic status of persons categorised 'not working' in the
principal status for each household type
A-289-A-294
Table (28R) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual activity
category taking also into consideration the subsidiary economic
status of persons categorised 'not working' for each household land
cultivated class
A-295-A-297
Table (29) Distribution (per 1000 ) of usually working persons
by industry of work A-298-A-332
Table (30) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by usual
subsidiary economic activity for each usual principal activity
A-333-A-341
Table (31) Number of persons registered in employment exchange
per 1000 persons of age 15-29 years and 15-45 years and their
distribution (per 1000) by general educational level for each usual
principal activity status
A-342-A-350
Table (32) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 15-59 years
not pursuing any economic activity (i.e., non-workers) according to
the usual principal status by seeking/availability/suitability for
the type of occupation (NCO-2004 sub-division) for each usual
principal activity status
A-351-A-368
Table (33) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each age-group
A-369-A-377
Table (34) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by age-group for
each current weekly activity
A-378-A-386
Table (35) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each age-group
A-387-A-395
Table (36) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by age-group
for each current daily activity
A-396-A-404
Table (37) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each sub-round
A-405-A-413
Table (38) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current daily
activity for each sub-round
A-414-A-422
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Table No. Title PageTable (39) Distribution (per 1000) of
persons/person-days working according to
CWS/ CDS by NIC-2004 division/sectionA-423-A-428
Table (40) Distribution (per 10000) of workers by occupation
sub-division /division A-429-A-431
Table (41R) Distribution (per 1000) of working persons-days by
type of operation for each broad current daily work activity
A-432
Table (42) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity status for each general educational level
A-433-A-486
Table (43) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each decile class on household monthly per
capita consumer expenditure
A-487-A-492
Table (44R/U) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each household type for rural/ urban areas
A-493-A-498
Table (45R) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each household land cultivated class for rural
areas
A-499-A-501
Table (46) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day
received by regular wage/salaried employees (31,71 & 72) of age
15-59 years by industry of work and broad education category
A-502-A-507
Table (47) Average wage/salary earnings (Rs.0.00) per day
received by regular wage/salaried employees (31, 71 & 72) of
age 15-59 years by occupation groups and broad education
category
A-508-A-516
Table (48R) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by
casual wage labourers (activity status codes: 41, 51) by age-group,
industry and type of operation for each sub-round for rural
areas
A-517-A-525
Table (48U) Average wage earnings (Rs. 0.00) per day received by
casual wage labourers (activity status code: 51) by age-group and
industry for each sub-round for urban areas
A-526-A-528
Table (49) Number of days worked in a week by usual status
casual wage labourer (ps+ss) and the average wages received per
person-day worked in a week for each casual work status and
industry
A-529-A-534
Table (50) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of
current daily status workers who are either regular wage/salaried
or casual wage labourers by periodicity of payment for each current
daily status work
A-535-A-540
Table (51) Distribution (per 1000) of working person-days of
workers who are either regular wage/salaried or casual wage
labourers by broad classes of modes of payment for each current
daily status work
A-541-A-546
Table (52) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons
/casual labourer/worker according to current weekly status by
number of days with nominal work and number of days worked in a
week.
A-547-A-573
Table (53) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed
persons/casual labourer/persons in the labour force according to
usual status (ps + ss) by number of days with nominal work and
number of days worked in a week
A-574-A-591
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Table No. Title PageTable (54) Distribution (per 1000) of
persons in the labour force according to current
weekly activity status by number of days seeking/available for
work (unemployed) in a week and average number of days worked in a
week for each sub-round
A-592-A-597
Table (55) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the labour
force according to current weekly activity status by number of days
worked in a week and average number of days seeking/available for
work (unemployed) in a week for each sub-round
A-598-A-603
Table (56) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed/casual
labourer/persons in labour force according to usual activity status
(ps+ss) by number of days worked in a week and average number of
days seeking/available for work (unemployed) in a week for each
sub-round
A-604-A-621
Table (57) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group
15-59 who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week by duration
of unemployment for each broad general educational level
A-622-A-630
Table (58) Distribution (per 1000) of persons in the age group
15-59 years who were unemployed on all the 7 days of the week but
ever worked by duration of last employment for each broad general
educational level
A-631-A-639
Table (59) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days
of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for
break in employment for each broad industry (division as per NIC
2004) of last employment
A-640-A-648
Table (60) Distribution (per 1000) of unemployed (all the 7 days
of the week) persons (15-59) who had ever worked by reasons for
break in employment for each occupation group (as per NCO 2004) of
last employment
A-649-A-666
Table (61) Distribution (per 1000) of persons by current weekly
activity for each usual activity taking also into consideration the
subsidiary economic activity of persons categorised not working in
the principal status
A-667-A-672
Table (62) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each usual activity taking also into
consideration the subsidiary economic activity of persons
categorised not working in the principal status
A-673-A-678
Table (63) Distribution (per 1000) of person-days by current
daily activity for each current weekly activity
A-679-A-684
Table (64) Distribution (per 1000) of persons of age 5 years and
above who sought /were available for work by period of sought/
available for different usual principal activity
A-685-A-690
Table (65) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers who
were without work for at least 1 month and who sought or were
available for work on at least some days during those month(s) by
availability of work and period without work for each usual
activity status and broad industry division
A-691-A-708
Table (66) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers
(ps+ss) who were without work for at least 1 month and who sought
or were available for work on at least some days during those
month(s) by nature of efforts made to get work for each usual
activity status and broad industry division
A-709-A-714
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
Table No. Title PageTable (67) Distribution (per 1000) of usual
status workers (15 and above) who had
sought or were available for additional work by duration and
reason for seeking work/ availability for work for each activity
status
A-715-A-723
Table (68) Distribution (per 1000) of usual status workers (15
and above) who had sought or were available for alternative work by
duration and reason for seeking work/ availability for work for
each activity status
A-724-A-732
Table (69) Distribution (per 1000) of self-employed persons
according to the usual status (ps+ss) reporting their earning from
self-employment as remunerative/ non-remunerative by amount of
earning regarded as remunerative for each decile class on household
monthly per capita expenditure
A-733-A-738
Table (70) Number per 1000 usual status workers of age 15 years
and above i) with mostly full time work and ii) who have worked
more or less regularly by activity status and broad industry
division
A-739-A-765
Table (71) Distribution (per 1000) of permanent workers (ps+ss)
of age 15 years & above by level of education for different
activity status and industry
A-766-A-771
Table (72) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
establishment of work, status of work during last 2 years per 1000
workers of age 15 years & above and distribution (per 1000) of
those who changed their status of work by the last work activity
status for each broad general education level and usual activity
status
A-772-A-780
Table (73) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
industry (division) of work during last two years per 1000 workers
of age 15 years & above and their distribution (per 1000) by
industry of last work activity for each broad present usual
principal status and broad industry division
A-781-A-789
Table (74) Number of usual principal status workers who changed
occupation (division) of work during last two years per 1000
workers of age 15 years and above and their distribution (per 1000)
by occupation of last work activity for each broad present usual
principal status and occupation division
A-790-A-807
Table (75) Distribution (per 1000) of usual principal status
workers of age 15 years and above who have changed industry or
occupation during last 2 years by reason for such change of job for
each broad education and age group
A-808-A-816
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Contents
NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-10
NOTES ON TABLES
1. Estimates are provided separately for rural and urban areas
and for males and females.
2. The estimates presented in the report, in general, refer to
the mid-point of the survey period (July 2009 June 2010) of NSS
66th round, i.e., 01.01.2010.
3. It may be noted that as the tables are generally presented as
per 1000 distribution or estimates per 1000, the figures are
rounded off. Thus, while using the ratios from the survey results,
it is to be noted that the accuracy of these derived aggre-gates
will be limited to the number of significant digits available in
the ratio or percentage estimates presented in the report. The
estimated aggregates, wherever possible, can be used to get ratios
with more significant digits.
4. If there are no sample households/persons in a particular
category, the estimates/estimated proportions of households/persons
in that category becomes 0. Estimated numbers per 1000 are also
shown as 0, when they are greater than 0 but less than 0.5.
5. In the detailed tables, in some of the deeper
classifications, some sample sizes may be small and this may have a
bearing on the precision of the corresponding estimates.
6. The cell-level figures in the tables, when added up, may not
exactly be equal to the figure shown against the total column (or
line) due to (i) rounding off and/or (ii) presence of non-response
cases.
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Chapter One
Introduction
1.0 The Report in Perspective
1.0.1 The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), as a part of its
66th round survey programme during the period July 2009 - June
2010, carried out an all-India household survey on the subject of
employment and unemployment in India. In this survey, the
nation-wide enquiry was conducted to generate estimates of various
characteristics pertaining to employment and unemployment and
labour force characteristics at the national and State levels.
Information on various facets of employment and unemployment in
India was collected through a schedule of enquiry (Schedule 10)
adopting the established concepts, definitions and procedures.
Based on the data collected during the entire period of survey,
estimates pertaining to employment-unemployment in India along with
various characteristics associated with them have been presented in
this report.
1.1 Objective of the survey on employment and unemployment
1.1.1 The main objective of the employment-unemployment surveys
conducted by NSSOat periodic interval is to generate estimates of
level parameters of various employment and unemployment
characteristics at national and State level. These statistical
indicators on labour market are required for planning, policy and
decision making at various levels, both within the government and
outside. The critical issues in the context of labour force
enquiries pertain to defining the labour force and measuring
participation of labour force in different economic activities. The
activity participation of the people is not only dynamic but also
multidimensional: it varies with region, age, education, gender,
level of living, industry and occupational category. These aspects
of the labour force are captured in detail in the NSS survey on
employment and unemployment and estimates are generated for labour
force participation rate, worker population ratio, unemployment
rate, wages of employees, etc. The indicators of the structural
aspects of the workforce such as status in employment, industrial
distribution and occupational distribution are also derived from
the survey. Besides, from the data collected on the particulars of
enterprises and conditions of employment, the aspects of employment
in the informal sector and informal employment are reflected
through the conceptual framework of the survey.
1.2 Genesis of NSS Employment and Unemployment Survey
1.2.1 The quinquennial survey on employment-unemployment is one
of the importantsurveys conducted regularly by the NSSO. The first
such survey was done during September 1972 - October 1973
corresponding to the 27th round of NSSO. The present survey is the
eighth in the series.
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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1.2.2 Past Quinquennial Surveys: The assessment of the volume
and structure of employment and unemployment using large scale
household surveys commenced with the NSS 9th round (May -
September, 1955). Subsequently NSSO conducted a number of surveys
on this subject to firm up the concepts and methods. The core
conceptual framework for conducting such surveys was put in place
by an Expert Committee on Unemployment Estimates (popularly known
as the Dantwala Committee), set up by the Planning Commission. The
Expert Committee reviewed these surveys and the indicators
generated from such surveys conducted by NSS in the past. The
concepts and definitions recommended by this committee formed the
basis of the first quinquennial survey on employment and
unemployment conducted in the 27th round of NSS (September 1972
October 1973). Since then, six comprehensive quinquennial surveys
on employment and unemployment situation in India have been carried
out in the past by the NSSO prior to the present quinquennial
survey. These were carried out during the 32nd round (July 1977
June 1978), 38th round (January 1983 December 1983), 43rd round
(July 1987 June 1988), 50th round (July 1993 June 1994), 55th round
(July 1999 June 2000), 61st round (July 2004- June 2005) in which
concepts, definitions and procedures were based primarily on the
recommendations of the Dantwala Committee. The results of these
surveys have been brought out in the form of NSS reports. In NSS
55th round, the aspects of enterprise characteristic of employment
and in NSS 61st round the qualitative aspects of informal
employment was added in the survey module of the quinquennial
round.
1.2.3 Other surveys on employment-unemployment: Apart from these
quinquennial surveys on employment and unemployment, NSSO had also
been collecting information on certain key items on employment and
unemployment, as a part of annual series, from a smaller sample of
households in each round since its 45th round (July 1989 - June
1990) through the schedule on Household Consumer Expenditure
(Schedule 1.0). The objective of data collected in the annual
series was to measure employment and unemployment indicators in
terms of the usual and current weekly statuses only and study of
these indicators in respect of category of employment, industrial
distribution of the usually employed, etc. These procedures
continued till the 59th round (January-December 2003) of NSS. In
the annual rounds, only activity status and industry of work
according to usual principal status, subsidiary status and current
weekly status approach were collected through a few columns of the
demographic block of the Consumer Expenditure Schedule (Schedule
1.0). Particulars of employment and unemployment according to the
usual principal status and usual subsidiary status were collected
in the annual rounds by following a similar approach as in the
quinquennial rounds. In the quinquennial rounds, particulars of
current daily status of the household members are collected and
current weekly status is derived from them, whereas in the annual
rounds, current weekly status has been obtained through a direct
query. In the 60th round (January-June 2004), a separate schedule
on employment and unemployment was canvassed for the first time in
an annual round and particulars on employment and unemployment was
collected in the same manner as that of the quinquennial rounds. In
NSS 62nd round (July 2005 - June 2006) and in NSS 64th round (July
2007- June 2008) also a separate schedule on employment and
unemployment,
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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similar to the one canvassed during NSS 60th round, was
canvassed and particulars on labour force were collected in the
manner similar to the quinquennial rounds.
1.3 Scope of NSS 66th round Survey on Employment and
Unemployment
1.3.1 The critical issues in the context of labour force
enquiries pertain to defining the labour force and measuring
participation of labour force in different economic activities. The
activity participation of the people is not only dynamic but also
multidimensional; it varies over regions, age, education, gender,
industry and occupational categories. In NSS surveys, persons are
classified into various activity categories on the basis of
activities pursued by them during certain specified reference
periods. Three reference periods are used in NSS surveys, viz. (i)
one year, (ii) one week and (iii) each day of the reference week.
Based on these three periods, three different measures of activity
status are arrived at. The activity status determined on the basis
of the reference period of one year is known as the usual activity
status (US) of a person, that determined on the basis of a
reference period of one week is known as the current weekly status
(CWS) of the person and the activity status determined on the basis
of the engagement on each day during the reference week is known as
the current daily status (CDS) of the person.
1.3.2 In NSS 66th round Employment & Unemployment schedule,
the major features of data collected in NSS 61st round were
retained. In addition, some information on Home based workers was
collected. There is another specific importance associated with the
period of NSS 66th round. The present quinquennial round is the
first one, since the major public intervention in the rural labour
market made with the enactment of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act 2005. The survey instruments for NSS 66th
round appropriately incorporated the assimilation of data on some
salient aspects relating to MGNREGA.
1.3.3 In NSS 66th round, data on employment-unemployment
characteristics were collected through Schedule 10. The schedule
captured a range of information on the following aspects:
i) Household characteristics, like household size, religion,
social group, land possessed, land cultivated, etc. For the rural
households information was collected, on whether the household had
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREG) job
card, whether got work in MGNREG works during the last 365 days,
number of days got work in MGNREG works and mode of payment of the
wages earned in MGNREG works. Information on household monthly
consumer expenditure was also collected through a worksheet to
study the employment-unemployment characteristics with the level of
living of the population.
ii) Demographic particulars, like age, sex, educational level,
status of current attendance and vocational training.
iii) Usual principal activity status and subsidiary economic
activity status of the all persons.
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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iv) Particulars of the enterprise for all the usual status
workers (excluding those engaged in growing of crops and growing of
crops combined with farming of animals) viz., location of work
place, type of enterprises, number of workers in the enterprise
etc. and some particulars on the conditions of employment for the
employees, like type of job contract, eligibility for paid leave,
availability of social security benefits, etc. For self-employed
persons in the usual status, some particulars were collected for
identification of home-based workers.
v) Extent of underutilization of the labour time and on the
qualitative aspects of employment, like changes in activity status,
occupation /industry, existence of trade unions/associations,
nature of employment (permanent/temporary), etc.
vi) Participation in specified activities by the household
members who are classified as engaged in domestic duties in the
usual principal activity status.
1.4 The survey outline of NSS 66th round survey
1.4.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the
Indian Union except (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated
beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (ii) villages in
Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remained inaccessible throughout
the year. However, all the sample first stage units of both rural
and urban areas of Leh, Kargil and Poonch districts of Jammu &
Kashmir became casualty and therefore these districts were outside
the survey coverage.
1.4.2 Sub-round: The fieldwork of the 66th round of NSSO started
from 1st July, 2009 and continued till 30th June, 2010. As usual,
the survey period of this round was divided into four sub-rounds,
each with a duration of three months, the 1st sub-round period
ranging from July to September 2009, the 2nd sub-round period from
October to December 2009 and so on. An equal number of sample
villages/blocks (FSUs) was allotted for survey in each of these
four sub-rounds. The survey used the interview method of data
collection from a sample of randomly selected households.
1.5 Sample Design
1.5.1 A stratified multi-stage design was adopted for the 66th
round survey. The first stage units (FSU) were the 2001 census
villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector
and Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. In
addition, two non-UFS towns of Leh and Kargil of Jammu &
Kashmir were also treated as FSUs in the urban sector. The ultimate
stage units (USU) were households in both the sectors.
Hamlet-groups/sub-blocks constituted the intermediate stage
whenever these were formed in the sample FSUs. For the rural
sector, the list of 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case
of Kerala) constituted the sampling frame. For the urban sector,
the list of latest available UFS blocks constituted the sampling
frame. For non-UFS towns, frame consisted of the individual towns
(only two towns, viz., Leh & Kargil constituted this frame).
Within each district of a State/ UT, two basic strata were formed
as follows: rural stratum
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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comprising all rural areas of the district and urban stratum
comprising all the urban areas of the district. However, within the
urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with
population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2001 in a
district, each of them formed a separate basic stratum and the
remaining urban areas of the district were considered as another
basic stratum. There was no sub-stratification in the urban
sector.However, to net adequate number of child workers, for all
rural strata, each stratum was divided into 2 sub-strata. These
were, sub-stratum 1: all villages with proportion of child workers
(p) >2P (where P is the average proportion of child workers for
the sate/ UT as per Census 2001) and sub-stratum 2: remaining
villages.
1.5.2 At the all-India level, a total number of 12784 FSUs were
allocated for survey in the central sample. This sample size was at
par with the sample size of NSS 61st round. In addition, 24 State
sample FSUs (16 for rural sector and 8 for urban sector) of Leh and
Kargil districts of J & K were included in the central sample.
The total number of sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs
in proportion to population as per census 2001 subject to the
availability of investigators and ensuring minimum sample
allocation to each State/ UT. The State/ UT level sample size was
allocated between two sectors in proportion to population as per
census 2001 with double weightage to urban sector subject to the
restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, etc. did not exceed the rural sample size.
A minimum of 16 FSUs (to the extent possible) was allocated to each
state/ UT separately for rural and urban areas. Further the State
levelallocations for both rural and urban areas were adjusted
marginally in a few cases to ensure that each stratum/ sub-stratum
got a minimum allocation of 4 FSUs. Within each sector of a State/
UT, the respective sample size was allocated to the different
strata/ sub-strata in proportion to the population as per census
2001. Allocations at stratum/ sub-stratum level were adjusted to
multiples of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4 and equal number of
samples was allocated among the four sub rounds.
1.5.3 For the rural sector, from each stratum/ sub-stratum,
required number of samplevillages were selected by probability
proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the
population of the village as per Census 2001. For urban sector,
from each stratum FSUs were selected by using Simple Random
Sampling Without Replacement (SRSWOR). Both rural and urban samples
were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples. All
households listed in the selected village/block/
hamlet-groups/sub-blocks were stratified into three second stage
strata (SSS). A total of 8 households were selected from each
sample village/block for canvassing the employment and
un-employment schedule. The sample households from each of the
second stage strata were selected by SRSWOR.
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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1.5.4 Out of the total number of 12,808 FSUs (7,524 villages and
5,284 urban blocks) allotted for the central sample1 (including 24
state sample FSUs of Leh and Kargil districts of J & K: 16 for
rural sector and 8 for urban sector), 12,654 FSUs (7,402 villages
and 5,252 urban blocks) could be surveyed at the all-India level
for canvassing Schedule 10. The number of households surveyed was
1,00,957 (59,129 in rural areas and 41,828 in urban areas) and
number of persons surveyed was 4,59,784 (2,81,327 in rural areas
and 1,78,457 in urban areas). The sample design and estimation
procedure used for the survey is given in Appendix B of this
report.
1.5.5 The domains of rural and urban sector in the survey are
co-terminus with the criterion adopted in census. The urban frame
used in the survey is the latest updated UFS that takes into
account the newly declared towns after the last census
2001.Accordingly the rural sector is the one that is not urban.
1.6 Contents of this report
1.6.1 This report contains eight chapters, including the present
introductory chapter, and four appendices. Chapter Two describes
the concepts and definitions of those terms used in the survey in
connection with the various items covered in this report. The main
findings relating to the estimates given in this report are
presented and discussed in Chapters Three to Eight. To start with,
Chapter Three is on household and population characteristics.
Discussions on the labour force, the work force and the unemployed
are presented in Chapters Four, Five and Six, respectively. The
next chapter, viz. Chapter Seven, deals with underemployment while
the last chapter discusses the feature of labour mobility. In
Chapters Three to Eight, wherever state level tables have been
presented, those have been placed at the end of the respective
chapters. The detailed tables forming the basis of this report are
presented in Appendix A. Appendix B gives a detailed description of
the sample design and estimation procedure used for the survey. In
Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1st March 2009 and 1st
March 2010 supplied by RGI Office have been presented along with
those projected for 1st January 2010 using compound rate of growth.
The projections have been given for, male and female, separately,
for rural and urban for each State/U.T. Appendix D gives a
facsimile of the schedule canvassed in the survey. The RSEs of
worker population ratio (WPR) according to usual status (PS+SS) and
current weekly status (CWS) have been presented in Appendix E for
the major States.
1.6.2 The detailed tables turned out to be very voluminous.
Hence, the hard-copy of the detailed tables (Appendix A) does not
form a part of the Report and Appendix A of the report is provided
in CD.
1.6.3 The estimates of key employment and unemployment
characteristics are generally presented, as ratios. However, the
estimates of aggregates are also given in the margin of the
detailed tables presented for all-India levels. It may be noted
that estimates of ratios are
1 The sample selected for NSS 66th round which was surveyed by
NSSO is termed Central sample. As is usual in the regular NSS
rounds, most States and Union Territories participated in the
survey: the sample surveyed by State Government officials is termed
as State sample.
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
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generally expected to be robust and the estimates of aggregates
may be used only to combine the ratios. However, to arrive at
estimated absolute number in any category, the users may apply the
survey estimates of ratios to the census population or
projections2. It may also be noted that as the tables are generally
presented as per 1000 distribution or rates per 1000, the figures
are rounded off. Thus, while using the ratios from the survey
results, it is to be noted that the accuracy of these derived
aggregates will be limited to the number of significant digits
available in such ratios. The estimates presented in this report,
in general, refer to the mid-point of the survey period (July 2009
June 2010) of NSS 66th round, i.e., 01.01.2010.
1.6.4 The estimates of key indicators of employment and
unemployment have been presented for all the States and U.Ts. While
using the estimates for the smaller States, it may be kept in mind
that the sample sizes for them may not be adequate enough for
getting sufficiently reliable estimates.
1.7 NSS 66th Round Reports on Employment and Unemployment
1.7.1 The results of NSS rounds are released in reports based on
comprehensive tabulation of subject parameters and indicators in
various cross classifications generated from the central sample
data. Corresponding to NSS 66th round quinquennial survey on
Employment and Unemployment, the results are planned for release in
eight reports. In addition to these eight reports planned, a
document on Key Indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India,
2009-10 has already been released in June 2011. Of the eight
reports, the present one - first in the series of reports - deals
in some detail, with the employment-unemployment estimates measured
in terms of the three basic approaches of usual status, current
weekly status and current daily status and their patterns along
with their correlates. It also covers some aspects of
underemployment. The report gives the results generated at
all-India level and some important results for different
states/union territories. The tentative titles of the other seven
reports planned to be released are:
(i) Informal Sector and Conditions of Employment in India: 2009
10(ii) Employment and Unemployment situation among Social Groups in
India: 2009 10 (iii) Status of Education and Vocational Training in
India: 2009 10(iv) Participation of Women in Specified Activities
along with Domestic Duties: 2009 - 10 (v) Employment and
Unemployment situation in Cities and Towns in India: 2009 10(vi)
Home-based Workers in India 2009-10(vii) Employment and
Unemployment situation among Major Religious groups in India:
2009 10.
2 In Appendix C, the Projected Population as on 1st March 2009
and 1st March 2010 supplied by RGI Office have been presented along
with those projected for 1st January 2010 using compound rate of
growth. The projections have been given for, male and female,
separately, for rural and urban for each State/U.T.
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NSS Report No. 537: Employment and Unemployment Situation in
India, 2009-108
Chapter Two
Concepts and Definitions
2.0 The concepts and definitions of some important terms used in
the survey and relevant to this report are explained in the
following paragraphs.
2.1 Household: A group of persons who normally lived together
and took food from a common kitchen constituted a household. The
adverb normally means that temporary visitors and guests (whose
total period of stay in the household was expected to be less than
6 months) were excluded but temporary stay-aways (whose total
period of absence from the household was expected to be less than 6
months) were included. Thus a child residing in a hostel for
studies was excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a
resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in
the house) was included in the employers/hosts household. Living
together was given more importance than sharing food from a common
kitchen in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two
criteria were in conflict. However, in the special case of a person
taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop
or a different house) due to shortage of space, the household
formed by such a persons family members was taken to include the
person also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging house,
hostel, etc., was considered to be a single-member household except
that a family living in a hotel (say) was considered one household
only. The same principle was applicable for the residential staff
of such establishments. The size of a household is the total number
of persons in the household.
2.2 Age (years): The age in completed years, as on the date of
survey, of the household members were recorded.
2.3 Land owned by the household as on date of survey: A piece of
land was considered as 'owned by the household' if permanent
heritable possession with or without the right to transfer the
title was vested in a member or members of the household. Land held
in owner-like possession say, under perpetual lease, hereditary
tenure, long-term lease for 30 years or more, etc., was also
considered as land owned.
2.4 Land possessed by the household as on date of survey: The
area of land possessed included land owned, leased in and land
neither owned nor leased in (i.e. encroached) by the household but
excluded land 'leased out'. For a piece of land under the
possession of the household, if the household did not have the
title of ownership and also did not have lease agreement for the
use of land transacted, either orally or in writing, such land was
considered as neither owned nor leased in. In collecting
information regarding land possessed, the actual position as
obtained on the date of survey was considered. The area of land
possessed did not include the area of land owned, leased-in, etc.
by the
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servants/paying guests who were considered as normal members of
the household, as per the definition of household taken up for the
survey. 2.5 Land cultivated (including orchard and plantation)
during July 2008-June 2009: Land cultivated (including orchard and
plantation) during the agricultural year 2008-2009, i.e., July 2008
to June 2009 was recorded considering cultivation of land from the
land 'owned', 'land leased-in' or from 'land neither owned nor
leased-in'. Area with field crops and area under orchards and
plantations was counted only once in the same year/ season. It may
be noted that information on land owned, possessed or cultivated as
described above was collected in hectares upto 3 places of
decimals.
2.6 General educational level: A person was considered as
literate if he/she could both read and write a simple message with
understanding in at least one language. For all the individuals who
were found to be literate, the general level of education was
collected in terms of highest level of education successfully
completed. Highest level of education successfully completed by
each member of the household was decided by considering his/ her
all general/ technical/ vocational educational level and was
recorded in terms of 12 categories viz. (i) not literate, (ii)
literate without formal schooling: (a) Education Guarantee Scheme
(EGS)/Non-formal Education Courses (NFEC)/ Adult Literacy Centres
(AEC), (b) Total Literacy Campaign (TLC), (c) others; (iii)
literate but below primary, (iv) primary (v) middle, (vi)
secondary, (vii) higher secondary, (viii) diploma/certificate
course, (ix) graduate, and (x) postgraduate and above. The
criterion for deciding primary, middle, secondary, etc. levels were
the same as that has been followed in the concerned states/union
territories. The category diploma or certificate course meant
diploma or certificate courses in general education, technical
education or vocational education, which is below graduation level.
Diploma or certificate courses in general education, technical
education or vocational education, which is equivalent to
graduation level, was considered under the category graduate.
Similarly, diploma or certificate courses in general education,
technical education or vocational education, which is equivalent to
post-graduation level and above were considered under the category
post-graduate and above.
2.7 Technical educational level: The highest level of technical
education successfully completed by each member of the household
was recorded in terms of 12 categories viz. (i) no technical
education, (ii) technical degree in agriculture / engineering /
technology / medicine etc. (iii) diploma or certificate below
graduate level in: (a) agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c)
medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other subjects, and (iv) diploma or
certificate equivalent to graduate and above level in: (a)
agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts,
(e) other subjects. Technical diploma or certificate in other
subjects included diploma or certificate in management, applied
arts, etc.
2.8 Status of current attendance in educational institution:
Particulars of current attendance in educational institution were
recorded for persons of age below 30 years. It was first
ascertained whether the person was currently attending any
educational
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institutions (government or private) or not. For persons who
were not currently attending any educational institutions, reason
for not attending viz. (i) school too far, (ii) to supplement
household income, (iii) education not considered necessary, (iv) to
attend domestic chores, and (v) others, was recorded. For those who
were currently attending any educational institution, the course of
study pursued by them was recorded in terms of 23 categories viz.
(i) EGS/NFEC/AEC, (ii) TLC, (iii) pre-primary (nursery/Kinder
garten, etc.), (iv) primary (class I to IV/V), (v) middle, (vi)
secondary, (vii) higher secondary, (viii) graduate in: (a)
agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) other
subjects;(ix) post graduate and above, (x) diploma or certificate
(below graduate level) in: (a) agriculture, (b)
engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts, (e) other
subjects, (xi) diploma or certificate (graduate level) in: (a)
agriculture, (b) engineering/technology, (c) medicine, (d) crafts,
(e) other subject; (xii) diploma or certificate in post graduate
and above level. Persons who were registered for any regular
correspondence courses or distance education courses for a
stipulated period at the end of which, were allowed to appear in
the examination for the course, was also considered as currently
attending. Persons who were awaiting results were also considered
as currently attending.
2.9 Type of institution: The type of institution referred to the
type of management by which the institution was run. For those who
were currently attending any educational institution, the type of
institution was recorded in terms of 5 categories viz. (i)
Government, (ii) Local body, (iii) Private and aided, (iv) Private
and unaided, and (v) not known. All schools/ institutions run by
the State, Central Government, Public Sector Undertakings or
Autonomous Organisations, which are completely financed by the
Government were treated as government institutions. Schools/
institutions where there was some intervention of government in the
management and were mainly financed by the government, were also
treated as government institutions. All institutions run by
municipal corporations, municipal committees, notified area
committees, zilla parishads, panchayat samitis, cantonment boards,
etc. were treated as local body institutions. Institutions that
were run by an individual or a private organisation and received
maintenance grant partly or fully from the Government or local body
were considered as private aided institution. Institutions that
were managed by an individual or a private organisation and not
receiving maintenance grant either from a Government or a local
body were considered as private unaided institution.
2.10 Vocational training: The main objective of vocational
education and training is to prepare persons, especially the youth,
for the world of work and make them employable for a broad range of
occupations in various industries and other economic sectors. A
vocational training was broadly defined as a training, which
prepared an individual for a specific vocation or occupation. It
aims at imparting training to persons in very specific fields
through providing significant hands on experience in acquiring
necessary skill in the specific vocation or trade, which make them
employable or create for them opportunities of self-employment.
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2.10.1 Formal vocational training: The vocational training that
took place in education and training institutions which followed a
structured training programme and led to certificates, diplomas or
degrees, recognised by State/Central Government, Public Sector and
other reputed concerns was considered as formal vocational
training. By structured training programme, it was meant that (i)
the training programme had a definite title with prescribed
syllabus and curriculum and a specified duration of the training,
and (ii) the training had some entry level eligibility in terms of
education and age.
2.10.2 Non-formal vocational training:(a) Hereditary: The
expertise in a vocation or trade is sometimes acquired by the
succeeding generations from other members of the households,
generally the ancestors, through gradual exposures to such works as
are involved in carrying out the profession by their ancestors. The
expertise gained through significant hands-on experience enables
the individual to take up activities in self-employment capacity or
makes him employable. These were considered as non-formal
vocational training acquired through hereditary sources.
(b) Self-learning: The expertise in a vocation or trade when
acquired by a person through his/her own effort, without any
training under any person or organisation, was considered
non-formal vocational training acquired through self-learning.
(c) Learning on the job: The expertise acquired by a person
while in employment (current and/or past), either through informal
training by the employer or organisation or through the exposure to
the type of job that he/she was performing, was considered
non-formal vocational training through learning on the job.
(d) Other: Other sources included cases where the expertise for
a vocation or trade was developed even from the household members
or ancestors, provided the said vocation or trade was different
from the one relating to their ancestors.
2.11 Economic activity: The entire spectrum of human activity
falls into two categories economic activities and non-economic
activities. Any activity resulting in production of goods and
services that add value to national product was considered as an
economic activity for the employment and unemployment survey. Such
activities included produc-tion of all goods and services for
market (i.e. for pay or profit) including those of government
services, and, the production of primary commodities for own
consumption and own account production of fixed assets.
2.11.1 The full spectrum of economic activities as defined in
the UN system of National Accounts was not covered in the
definition adopted for the NSS 66th round survey of Employment and
Unemployment. Production of any good for own consumption is
considered as economic activity by UN System of National Accounts
but production of only primary goods for own consumption was
considered as economic activity by NSSO. While the former considers
activities like own account processing of primary products as
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economic activities, in the NSS surveys, processing of primary
products for own consumption was not considered as economic
activity.
2.11.2 The term 'economic activity' as defined in the employment
and unemployment survey of NSS 66th round, therefore, included:
(i) all the market activities performed for pay or profit which
result in production of goods and services for exchange.
(ii) of the non-market activities,
(a) all the activities relating to the primary sector (i.e.
industry Divisions 01 to 14 of NIC-2004) which result in production
(including free collection of uncultivated crops, forestry,
firewood, hunting, fishing, mining, quarrying, etc.) of primary
goods for own consumption
and
(b) activities relating to the own-account production of fixed
assets, which include production of fixed assets including
construction of own houses, roads, wells, etc., and of machinery,
tools, etc., for household enterprise and also construction of any
private or community facilities free of charge. A person may be
engaged in own account construction in the capacity of either a
labourer or a supervisor.
As per the practice followed in earlier rounds, certain
activities like prostitution, begging, etc., which though fetched
earnings, were not considered as economic activities. Activity
status of a person was judged irrespective of the situation whether
such activity was carried out illegally in the form of smuggling or
not.
2.12 Activity status: It is the activity situation in which a
person was found participated in economic and non-economic
activities during the reference period. According to this, a person
could be in one or a combination of the following three broad
activity statuses during a reference period:
(i) working or being engaged in economic activity (work) as
defined above,(ii) being not engaged in economic activity (work)
but either making tangible efforts to
seek 'work' or being available for 'work' if 'work' is available
and(iii) being not engaged in any economic activity (work) and also
not available for
'work'.
Broad activity statuses mentioned in (i) and (ii) above are
associated with 'being in labour force' and the last with 'not
being in the labour force'. Within the labour force, broad activity
status (i) and (ii) were associated with 'employment' and
unemployment, respectively.
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2.12.1 Identification of each individual in terms of a unique
activity status could pose a problem when more than one of the
three broad activity statuses listed above were concurrently
obtained in a person. In such an eventuality, the identification
uniquely under any one of the three broad activity statuses was
done by adopting either the major time or priority criterion. The
former was used for classification of persons according to the
'usual activity status' approach and the latter for classification
of persons according to the current activity status approach. Each
of the three broad activity statuses was further sub-divided into
several detailed activity categories. If a person categorised as
engaged in economic activity by adopting one of the two criteria
mentioned above was found to be pursuing more than one economic
activity during the reference period, the appropriate detailed
activity status code was connected to that activity in which
relatively long time had been spent. A similar procedure was
adopted for assigning detailed activity code for persons
categorised as engaged in non-economic activity and pursuing more
than one non-economic activities.
2.12.2 The detailed activity statuses under each of the three
broad activity statuses (viz. employed, unemployed and not in
labour force) and the corresponding codes used in the survey are
given below:code description
working (or employed)
self-employed11 worked in household enterprises (self-employed)
as own-account worker12 worked in household enterprises
(self-employed) as an employer21 worked in household enterprises
(self-employed) as helper
regular wage/ salaried employee
31 worked as regular wage/salaried employee
casual labour41 worked as casual wage labour in public works
other than Mahatma Gandhi NREG
public works42 worked as casual wage labour in Mahatma Gandhi
NREG public works51 worked as casual wage labour in other types of
works61 did not work owing to sickness though there was work in
household enterprise 62 did not work owing to other reasons though
there was work in household enterprise71 did not work owing to
sickness but had regular salaried/wage employment72 did not work
owing to other reasons but had regular salaried/wage employment
not working but seeking/available for work (or unemployed)
81 sought work or did not seek but was available for work (for
usual status approach)81 sought work (for current weekly status
approach)82 did not seek but was available for work (for current
weekly status approach)
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neither working nor available for work (or not in labour
force)
91 attended educational institutions92 attended to domestic
duties only 93 attended to domestic duties and was also engaged in
free collection of goods
(vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing,
tailoring, weaving, etc. for household use
94 rentiers, pensioners, remittance recipients, etc.95 not able
to work owing to disability97 others (including beggars,
prostitutes, etc.) 98 did not work owing to sickness (for casual
workers only)99 children of age 0-4 years
It may be noted that codes 61, 62, 71, 72, 82 and 98 were
applicable for current weekly status and current daily status
approaches only. Moreover, activity status code 41 in the usual
status is used for casual wage labour in all types of public works,
whereas in the current activity status, code 41 is for casual wage
labour in public works other than MGNREG public works and code 42
is for casual wage labour in MGNREG public works.
2.13 Workers (or employed): Persons who were engaged in any
economic activity or who, despite their attachment to economic
activity, abstained themselves from work for reason of illness,
injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social
or religious functions or other contingencies necessitating
temporary absence from work, constituted workers. Unpaid helpers
who assisted in the operation of an economic activity in the
household farm or non-farm activities were also considered as
workers. Relevant activity status codes 11 to 72 were assigned for
workers. Workers were further categorized as self-employed
(relevant activity status codes: 11, 12, 21, 61, 62), regular
salaried/wage employee (relevant activity status codes: 31, 71,
72), and casual wage labour (relevantactivity status codes: 41, 42
and 51).
2.14 Seeking or available for work (or unemployed): Persons who,
owing to lack of work, had not worked but either sought work
through employment exchanges, intermediaries, friends or relatives
or by making applications to prospective employers or expressed
their willingness or availability for work under the prevailing
conditions of work and remuneration, were considered as those
seeking or available for work (or unemployed). Activity status
codes 81 or 82 were assigned for unemployed.
2.15 Labour force: Persons who were either 'working' (or
employed) or 'seeking or available for work' (or unemployed)
constituted the labour force. Persons with activity status codes 11
82 constituted the labour force.
2.16 Not in labour force: Persons who were neither 'working' nor
'seeking or available for work' for various reasons during the
reference period were considered as 'not in labour force'. Persons
under this category are students, those engaged in domestic duties,
rentiers, pensioners, recipients of remittances, those living on
alms, infirm or disabled persons, too young persons, prostitutes,
etc. and casual labourers not working due to sickness. Activity
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status codes 91-95, 97 and 98 were assigned for persons
belonging to category 'not in labour force'. For the purpose of
this report, status code 99 was assigned to children of age 0-4
years.
2.17 Self-employed: Persons who operated their own farm or
non-farm enterprises or were engaged independently in a profession
or trade on own-account or with one or a few partners were treated
as self-employed in household enterprises. The essential feature of
the self-employed is that they have autonomy (decide how, where and
when to produce) and economic independence (in respect of choice of
market, scale of operation and finance) for carrying out their
operation. The remuneration of the self-employed consists of a
non-separable combination of two parts: a reward for their labour
and profit of their enterprise. The combined remuneration is wholly
determined by the revenue from sales after netting out value of
purchased inputs used in production.
2.17.1 Categories of self-employed persons: Self-employed
persons were categorised as follows:
(i) own-account workers: those self-employed persons who
operated their enterprises on their own account or with one or a
few partners and who, during the reference period, by and large,
ran their enterprise without hiring any labour. They could,
however, have had unpaid helpers to assist them in the activity of
the enterprise;
(ii) employers: those self-employed persons who worked on their
own account or with one or a few partners and, who, by and large,
ran their enterprise by hiring labour; and
(iii) helpers in household enterprise: those self-employed
persons (mostly family members) who were engaged in their household
enterprises, working full or part time and did not receive any
regular salary or wages in return for the work performed. They did
not run the household enterprise on their own but assisted the
related person living in the same household in running the
household enterprise.
2.18 Regular wage/salaried employee: These were persons who
worked in others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and
non-household) and, in return, received salary or wages on a
regular basis (i.e. not on the basis of daily or periodic renewal
of work contract). This category included not only persons getting
time wage but also persons receiving piece wage or salary and paid
apprentices, both full time and part-time.
2.19 Casual wage labourer: A person who was casually engaged in
others farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and
non-household) and, in return, received wages according to the
terms of the daily or periodic work contract, was a casual wage
labourer.
2.20 Public works: Public works were those activities which were
sponsored by Government or Local Bodies, and which covered local
area development works like
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construction of roads, dams, bunds, digging of ponds, etc., as
relief measures, or as an outcome of employment generation schemes
under the poverty alleviation programme such as Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREG) public works,
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), National Food for Work
Programme (NFFWP), etc. The coverage of schemes under public works
was restricted to thoseschemes through which the Government
generated wage employment under poverty alleviation programme, or
relief measures. The types of