Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment · 2018-10-01 · 4. Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable 75 Development in Malaysia 4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Renewable

Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment

Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment

Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment

D P Singh • Richa Kothari • V V TyagiEditors

Sing

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Sustainability of environment is an emerging global issue at present. Unsustainable or deteriorating environment is a matter of concern as it has threatened the survival of living creatures. Recently, climate change has been matter of great concern at a global platform owing to imbalances in natural environment. Increasing population has increased the demand for energy, which has ultimately put pressure on natural resources and caused a paradigm shift from resource generation to exploitation.

Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment aims to address the role of sustainable technologies in energy generation options for clean environment. It covers a wide spectrum of energy generation approaches, with an emphasis on five key topics: (i) renewable energy sources and recent advances, (ii) emerging green technologies for sustainable development, (iii) assessment of biomass for sustainable bioenergy production, (iv) solid waste management and its potential for energy generation, and (v) solar energy applications, storage system, and heat transfer.

This book provides essential and comprehensive knowledge of green energy technologies with different aspects for engineers, technocrats and researchers working in the industry, universities, and research institutions. The book is also very useful for undergraduate and graduate students of science and engineering who are keen to know about the development of renewable energy products and their corresponding processes.

Editors: D P Singh • Richa Kothari • V V Tyagi

The Energy and Resources Institute The Energy and Resources InstituteMinistry of Environment, Forest and

Climate Change, Government of India

EMERGING ENERGY ALTERNATIVES

FOR SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT

The Energy and Resources Institute

EMERGING ENERGY ALTERNATIVES

FOR SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENT

D P Singh • Richa Kothari • V V Tyagi

EDITORS

© The Energy and Resources Institute, 2016

ISBN 978-81-7993-411-1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

All export rights for this book vest exclusively with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). Unauthorized export is a violation of terms of sale and is subject to legal action.

Suggested citation

Singh, D P, Richa Kothari, and V V Tyagi (eds). 2016. Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment. New Delhi: TERI

Published byThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)TERI Press Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900Darbari Seth Block Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145IHC Complex, Lodhi Road India +91 • Delhi (0)11New Delhi – 110 003 E-mail [email protected] Website www.teriin.org Bookstore https://bookstore.teri.res.in

Printed in India

Preface

Sustainability of environment is an emerging global issue at present. Unsustainable or deteriorating environment is a matter of concern as it has threatened the survival of living creatures. Recently, climate change has been matter of great concern at a global platform owing to imbalances in natural environment. Increasing population has increased the demand for energy, which has ultimately put pressure on natural resources and caused a paradigm shift from resource generation to exploitation. Fossil fuels are limited reserves of energy on the earth which are now declining at an accelerated rate, and soon it will be a resource of the past. The lion’s share of energy generation depends on fossil fuels, and hence we are moving fast towards an arena of energy crisis. Rapid industrialization and huge consumption of fossil fuels have adversely affected our environment and become a major contributor to global warming. The paradigm shift towards renewable energy technology is the major innovation of the decades. The thrust on renewable energy-based power generation will not only be environmentally friendly, but it will also ensure the energy security. In the past years, various dimensions of renewable energy have been developed, such as biomass, solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. Although there is immense potential for energy generation from renewable energy, various issues related to these sources of energy still need to be resolved. Emerging green energy technologies are the healing technology for environment that covers a wide spectrum of materials and methods, leading energy generation to non-toxic, clean, and green products. Government of India is also making every effort to achieve the clean development mission through energy generation by solar and other green energy sources. Green chemistry and engineering are the most advanced fields of technology, which have the potential to boost the nation’s economy in coming years. Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable Environment aims to address the role of sustainable technologies in energy generation options for clean environment. It covers a wide spectrum of energy generation approaches, with an emphasis on five key topics: (i) renewable energy sources and recent advances, (ii) emerging green technologies for sustainable development, (iii) assessment of biomass for sustainable bioenergy production, (iv) solid waste management and its potential for energy generation, and (v) solar energy applications, storage system, and heat transfer. This book provides essential and comprehensive knowledge of

vi Preface

green energy technologies with different aspects for engineers, technocrats and researchers working in the industry, universities, and research institutions. The book is also very useful for senior undergraduate and graduate students of science and engineering who are keen to know about the development of renewable energy products and their corresponding processes. We acknowledge the help and cooperation by all the contributing authors. We are especially grateful to all the team members, Mr Vinayak Vandan Pathak, Mr Shamshad Ahmed, and Mr Alok Rai, who provided their valuable suggestions and help from time to time. We would especially like to thank Dr Adarsh Kumar Pandey, UMPEDAC, University of Malaya, Malaysia and Mr Ravi Sharma, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, India, for their helpful suggestions to improve the quality of the book. We are also very thankful to Ms Sushmita Ghosh and all team members of TERI Press for their hard work and timely publication of this book.

D. P. SinghRicha Kothari

V. V. Tyagi

Contents

Preface v

1. Biogas Potential in India: Production, Policies, 1 Problems, and Future Prospects

1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Production of Biogas 2 1.3 Sources/Materials for Biogas Production 3 1.4 Roles of Microbes in Production of Biogas 5 1.5 Issues and Concerns for the Biogas Production Process 6 1.6 Augmentation/Upgradation of Biogas Process 8 1.7 Types of Biogas Reactors 13 1.8 Policies Related to Biogas Production in India 14 1.9 Benefits of Biogas Energy Production—Potential in India 16 1.10 Problems and Issues Encountered 19 1.11 Future Prospects for Biogas in India 24 1.12 Conclusion 25 References 26

2. Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell: A Low-cost 35 Sustainable Approach for Clean Energy and Environment

2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Basic Requirements for Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell 38 2.3 Classification of Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell 45 2.4 Conclusion 51 Acknowledgements 51 References 51

3. Hydrogen Energy: Present and Future 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Hydrogen Production 59 3.3 Storage Technologies for Hydrogen 66 3.4 Hydrogen Energy and Environment 66 3.5 Hydrogen and Other Alternative Secondary Energies 67 3.6 Hydrogen Safety 69

viii Contents

3.7 Future Prospects of Hydrogen 70 References 71

4. Emerging Energy Alternatives for Sustainable 75 Development in Malaysia

4.1 Introduction 75 4.2 Renewable Resources in Malaysia 76 4.3 Conclusion 95 References 95

5. Role and Initiatives of Indian Government 99 Policies for Growth of Wind Energy Sector

5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 India’s Wind Energy Potential and Installation 101 5.3 Indian Government Policies for Wind Energy Sector 103 5.4 State Government Policies for Wind Energy Sector 105 5.5 Conclusion 115 References 116

6. Improved Technology for Non-edible Seed Oils: 119 Sources for Alternate Fuels

6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Materials and Methods 122 6.3 Results and Discussion 123 6.4 Conclusion 137 References 138

7. Adsorption and Photodegradation of 141 Sulfamethoxazole in a Three-phase Fluidized Bed Reactor

7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Methodology 142 7.3 Results and Discussion 145 7.4 Conclusion 150 Acknowledgements 151 References 151

8. Application of Cellulose Nitrate Membrane for 153 Pervaporative Separation of Organics from Water

8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Experimental Set-up 154 8.3 Results and Discussion 155

Contents ix

8.4 Conclusion 157 Acknowledgements 158 References 158

9. Green Chemistry: Mitigatory Measure for 159 Environmental Pollution

9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Green Chemistry Concept 160 9.3 History 161 9.4 A Timeline of Green Chemistry Highlights 161 9.5 Scope 162 9.6 Principles 163 9.7 Role of Green Chemistry in Prevention and Control of

Pollution 164 9.8 Environmental Sustainability 166 9.9 Conclusion 167 References 168 Websites 169

10. Building Energy Simulation for Improved Thermal 171 Performance: A CFD Approach

10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Thermal Mass and Building Design 172 10.3 Building Energy Analysis 173 10.4 Necessity for Building Simulation 174 10.5 Application of Building Simulation and Systems Approach 176 10.6 Software 177 10.7 Applications of CFD for Building Design 180 10.8 Conclusion 188 References 190

11. Cyanobacterial Biomass – A Tool for Sustainable 193 Management of Environment

11.1 Introduction 193 11.2 Approaches to Biofertilizer Application 199 11.3 Cyanobacteria: A Biofertilizer 200 11.4 Nitrogen Fixation 200 11.5 Cyanobacteria: A Nutrient Source 204 11.6 Cyanobacteria: A Pesticide Tolerant 205

Emerging Energy Alternatives forSustainable Environment

Publisher : TERI Press ISBN : 9788179934111 Author : D P Singh

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