Embodied Carbon Footprinting Updating the ICE Database: ICE V3.0 IEMA Webinar, 31st Jan 2019 Dr Craig Jones [email protected]
Embodied Carbon Footprinting Updating the ICE Database: ICE V3.0
IEMA Webinar, 31st Jan 2019
Dr Craig [email protected]
Contents• Introducing embodied carbon
• Poll – ICE Database
• Introducing the ICE database
• Why is embodied carbon important?
• Poll - EPDs
• Wider landscape
• Updating the ICE database
• Next steps
Introducing Embodied Carbon
The Beginning - The Cradle
• Carbon Life CycleAssessment Starts at theCradle
• All inputs must be tracedback to The Cradle....
From the Cradle…
The Cradle =
The earth, or groundTransport
Material Refining
From the Cradle….…..to (Factory) Gate
Factories: Fabrication, assembly…etc
More transportProducts
….and to (Construction) Site
DistributionPackaging
Construction Site
….On-Site Carbon
Assembly Activities
Power
Waste =
embodied carbon of waste
+ waste management
A Life Cycle PerspectiveThe Life Cycle of a Building
Extraction of Raw
MaterialsTrans. of
Raw Materials to Manufactur
er
Manufacture of Building Materials
Trans. to Site
Build
Operation
End of Life
A Life Cycle PerspectiveThe Life Cycle of a Building
Extraction of Raw
MaterialsTrans. of
Raw Materials to Manufactur
er
Manufacture of Building Materials
Trans. to Site
Build
Operation
End of Life
Whole Life
Embodied
Carbon
Material
Replacements
Poll: Have you heard of the ICE Database before?
The Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) –An Embodied Carbon Database
The Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE)
• An embodied energy and carbon
database for building materials
• Primarily for Construction Materials
• Data for over 200 materials
• Over 20,000 worldwide users
• BSRIA hardcopy published in January
2011
• Free to download from
www.circularecology.com/ice-database.html
The Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE)
Creation of the ICE database
Embodied
Energy
Embodied
Carbon
ICE
Database
‘Best’ Embodied
Energy Coefficients
Energy
Breakdown
Energy
>>>
Carbon
Additional
Carbon
Embodied Carbon
LCI
Data
INVENTORY of
CARBON & ENERGY
(ICE)
Applications
Buildings Products Systems
Feedback
Request
New Features
Data
GapsNew
Data
Refinement
Data &
Literature
Surveys
DATA
LCI
Reports
Journals
Books
Misc Select
ion
Criteria
High Quality
Data
Low Quality
INIT
IAT
ION
2019 Update: Quality screen introduced here for efficiency
Profile of ICE database Users
Updating The Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE)
• ICE database is a free resource – will remain free
• Still well used
• However last updated in 2011
• Data mainly compiled in 2010
• A lot has changed since 2010/11
• Very much due an update
• We have funding to update the ICE database
• To keep it freely available
Updating The Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE)
• The update funded by:
• Heathrow Airport
• Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB)
• Environment Agency
Why Is Embodied Carbon Important?
Embodied V Operational Energy
Source: RICS Methodology to calculate embodied carbon of materials, 30 years, 2006 regs
• Varies considerably, but some examples…
Embodied V Operational Energy
Source: RICS Methodology to calculate embodied carbon of materials, 30 years, 2006 regs
Increasing Thermal Standards
Source: RICS Methodology to calculate embodied carbon of materials, 2014
PassivHaus semi-detached House• semi-detached
PassivHaus
• 93 m2
Leadenhall Building
• 51 storey building in London
Case Study: A Primary School
• Electricity – grid decarbonisation important for operational carbon
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
To
tal G
HG
Em
issi
on
s -
tCO
2e
Year after Construction
Embodied & Operational GHG emissions for a Primary School
Static electricity GHG projection Dynamic electricity GHG projection Embodied
Embodied Carbon
Dymanic Electricity Projection of Operational Carbon
Margin of Error
Poll: EPDs
The Wider Landscape
What’s Changed Since Last ICE Update
• EN 15978:2011: Sustainability of construction works —Assessment of environmental performance of buildings —Calculation method
• EN 15804:2012: Sustainability of construction works —Environmental product declarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products
• PAS 2050:2011 Version - Product carbon footprint standard from BSI. Linked to Carbon Trust Carbon Reduction Label
• World Resources Institute: GHG Protocol for Products
• HM Treasury Infrastructure Carbon Review, 2013
• PAS 2080 – Carbon Management in Infrastructure, May 2016
• ISO 14067 – Carbon footprint of products, 2018
What’s Changed Since Last ICE Update
• These new standards generally bring more certainty to
embodied carbon calculations
• Have stimulated more studies to be published
• Far more data is available on embodied carbon of products
• Including thousands of new Environmental Product
Declarations (EPDs)
• The data available today is far better than was previously
available
EPDs
• EN 15804 EPDs are now an important data source
• In fact, the main data source
• They are standardised and offer more than just embodied
carbon
• Can contain over 20 environmental impact categories
• However, a lack of a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA)
report means understanding the results is challenging
• Example EPD…
EPDs
Rise of EPDs• A significant number of Environmental Product Declarations
(EPDs) are now available
• Statistics taken from www.constructionlca.co.uk (Jane Anderson, ex. BRE)
• 2012 = ~500
• 2014 = ~1,000
• 2016 = ~3,000
• 2018 = ~5,500
• EN 15804 EPDs have been the key data source
• Positives and negatives of using EPDs
• In theory, more consistent method and data
• Disadvantage, lack of transparency compared to full LCA report
Updating the ICE Database
Scope of Update
• Core scope = Update the key construction materials:
• Aggregates
• Aluminium
• Asphalt
• Bitumen
• Bricks
• Cement
• Concrete
• Glass
• Sand
• Steel
• Timber
• Plastics
• Other materials only as data and resource allows
• This covers the vast majority of embodied carbon formost construction projects
Progress to Date• Collected over 1,500 datapoints
• Around 850 datapoints for core materials
• Lots of data on other materials (but not enough resource to process them atpresent)
• Compared to sample size with ICE V2 - 1,774 datapoints, collected between2004-2010 (excellent increase, time consuming)
• Predominantly EN 15804 and mainly from EPDs
• New data:
Progress to Date• Have also modelled around 400 extra
datapoints
• Mainly for types of cement, mortar and
concrete.
• As well as types of brick walls, concrete
block walls…etc
• Concrete has many, many different
blends. Treating is as a generic material
brings large uncertainty to results…
• An excel calculator will be released, to
allow various types of cement, mortar and
concrete to be modelled, or compared
Progress to Date• Example from ICE V2.0, aggregates:
Values removed, from this example
Low EE High EE
General Aggregate 0.083 0.0052 Cradle to Gate 0.05 0.25 Estimated from UK industrial fuel consumption data.
Embodied Carbon - Kg
CO2e/KgBoundaries
Best EE Range - MJ/Kg
Specific CommentsMaterialEmbodied Energy -
MJ/Kg
• Example stats from ICE V3.0, aggregates:
• We have better data for aggregates and will be able to produce results for
more aggregate result categories than ICE V2
Data Quality• A draft Data Quality Matrix has been developed.
Score 10 (Best) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (Worst)
Sample size >=250 data points >=150 data points >=100 datapoints >=75 data points >=50 data points>=25 data
points
>=10 data
points
>=5 data
points
<5data
points
1 data
point
• Where statistical average data has been used, sample size is rated:
Score 5 (Best) 4 3 2 1 (Worst)
Method compatibility EN 15804
ISO 14067 or ISO 21930
or PAS 2050 or GHG
Protocol for Products (not
including any of the other
GHG Protocol standards)
Other standardised
method recognised
nationally or
internationally
- No standardised method
Assurance
External panel review (eg.
ISO 14040 panel review
with 3 or more people)
2 External reviewers (e.g.
academic papers often
have two reviewer)
1 external reviewer (e.g.
EPDs)Internal review No review process stated
Temporal correlation - Age
of study<= 5 years <= 6 years <= 7 years < 10 years >= 10 years
Geographical compatibility Data from UKEuropean Data or World
AverageNorth American -
All other countries and
regions
Transparency
Full calculation model
and detailed report
available (very rare)
Detailed report (e.g. full
LCA report, documenting
assumptions in detail),
but no calculation model.
Or transparent
calculation model, but no
detailed report.
-
Summary report covering
an overview of method inc
key data (most EPDs will
be this rating)
Limited details on method,
or key information
missing
Data Quality Results
• Each datapoint can be scored for data quality
• Average data quality score is used from all data collected
• Each entry in the ICE database will have DQI assigned to it
Sub-material DQI Method (Max
5)
DQI Assurance
(Max 5)
DQI Temporal
(Max 5)
DQI Geographic
(Max 5)
DQI Transparency
(Max 5)
DQI Datapoint
Total (Max 25)
DQI Sample Size -
Only applicable to
calculated
averages (Max 10)
DQI Total - % (Max
100%)
AggregateSand, Land won gravel and
sand 3.62 2.72 4.58 3.60 2.00 16.52 8.00 70%
AggregateSand, Marine sand and
aggregate 1.00 1.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 14.00 1.00 43%
AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate, no
heat treat 2.40 2.67 4.53 3.93 2.00 15.53 4.00 56%
AggregateSand, Expanded clay agg and
sand 5.00 2.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 18.00 1.00 54%
AggregateSand, Expanded foamed glass 5.00 2.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 18.00 1.00 54%
AggregateSand, Recycled aggregate,
heat treat 1.00 3.67 5.00 4.00 2.00 15.67 3.00 53%
AggregateSand, Secondary
manufactured 5.00 3.00 5.00 4.00 2.00 19.00 2.00 60%
AggregateSand, General aggregate and
sand 5.00 2.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 19.00 N/A 76%
New Format - Machine Readability• Existing ICE database presented for reading
• Updated ICE database is being reformatted to allow machine readability
• Each row will present one datapoint
• Unique IDs will be assigned to each datapoint
• Which will allow machines to more easily update data when new data is
released
• The new format will contain all meta data on one row
• Custom columns have been added, which will be user editable
• This will allow users to add their own meta data, e.g.
• Map to BCIS, NRM codes, override density, add own unique IDs that
their tool uses, Mod DQIs, convert units…etc
New Format - Machine Readability
• Disadvantage of the new format, is that its not as visually easy to browse through the
data
• Therefore a summary in the style of ICE V2.0 will still be produced
• Also adding data in additional units where appropriate, e.g. m3, m2, tonnes, kg
In-Situ Concrete
Select declared unit m3
Materials Comments
In-Situ Concrete
General
It is strongly recommended to avoid selecting a 'general' value for
concrete. Selecting data for a specific cement content in the concrete
type will give much greater accuracy. Data from EPD-RMC-20180095-
CBG1-EN, for average UK concrete, produced by the British Ready-
Mixed Concrete Association (BRMCA) part of the Mineral Products
Association (MPA). Concrete mixture is 200kg CEM I, 95 kg ggbs, 15 kg
fly ash, 1915kg aggregate, 139 kg water and 1.55 kg admixture.
GEN 0 (6/8 MPa)
GEN 1 (8/10 MPa)
GEN 2 (12/15 MPa)
GEN 3 (16/20 MPa)
20/25 MPa
25/30 MPa
28/35 MPa
32/40 MPa
35/45 MPa
40/50 Mpa
PAV1
PAV2
302
331
This unit is only applied to
the in-situ concrete section
With CEM I
Embodied Carbon - kgCO2e per m3
Per m3 of concrete
246
156
Using UK average cement.
214
230
247
269
285
302
331
356
381
Improved Statistics• Statistics were in ICE V2.0
• Data was different in method and boundaries –was not encouraged to use averages
• New data is mainly EN 15804, therefore statscan now play an important role
• Data all kg CO2e per kg…
Count GWP 149
Min EC 0.28
5 0.55
10 0.74
15 0.81
25 1.04
50 2.39
75 2.88
85 3.20
90 3.61
95 4.91
Max EC 16.15
AvDev 1.12
St Dev 1.92
Average 2.38
Mean (5 to 95
percentile) 2.14
Mean (10 to 90
percentile) 2.12
Mean (15 to 85
percentile) 2.12
Mean (20 to 80
percentile) 2.14
Percentiles
Updated ICE DatabaseClay brick walls - per m2 of wall including mortar, not including waste
Materials Comments
Declared
Units
EC - kgCO2e
per unit
Mass per
declared unit -
kg
EE = Embodied Energy, EC = Embodied Carbon
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5
mm with Mortar or screed (1:3
cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I
cement)
m2
Assumed 2.3 kg per brick. 1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses
CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the mix. You must consider if this
strength of mortar is suitable for your application.
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5
mm with Mortar or screed (1:4
cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I
cement)
m2
Assumed 2.3 kg per brick. 1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses
CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the mix. You must consider if this
strength of mortar is suitable for your application.
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5
mm with Mortar or screed (1:5
cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I
cement)
m2
Assumed 2.3 kg per brick. 1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses
CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the mix. You must consider if this
strength of mortar is suitable for your application.
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5
mm with Mortar or screed (1:6
cement:sand mix) (Using CEM I
cement)
m2
Assumed 2.3 kg per brick. 1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses
CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the mix. You must consider if this
strength of mortar is suitable for your application.
wall, clay brick, single skin, 102.5
mm with Mortar (1:½:4½
Cement:Lime:Sand mix) (Using
CEM I cement)
m2
Assumed 2.3 kg per brick. 1900 bricks per m3 of mortar. Mortar uses
CEM I, e.g. no cement replacements in the mix. You must consider if this
strength of mortar is suitable for your application.
Next Steps
Next Steps• Still have data to process
• Drafts of the key materials are being finalised
• Beta version will be sent to key stakeholders for comment
• Final changes will be made
• Database will be launched, date and details of launch to be
announced soon
• Database will be freely available for download, thanks to the 3
funders:
• Heathrow Airport
• Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB)
• Environment Agency