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Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development

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R.K. Sharma, Institute of Medico-Legal Publications

ISSN:0976-0245E-ISSN: 0976-5506 Subject area: Medicine:

Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

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Number 12 December 2018

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & DevelopmentEXECUTIVE EDITOR

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VCSG Govt. Medical College, Srinagar – Garhwal, Uttarakhand4. Dr. R G Viveki (Professor & Head) Community Medicine,

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Print-ISSN: 0976-0245-Electronic-ISSN: 0976-5506, Frequency: Quarterly (Four issues per volume)Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development is a double blind peer reviewed international journal. It deals with all aspects of Public Health including Community Medicine, Public Health, Epidemiology, Occupational Health, Environmental Hazards, Clinical Research, and Public Health Laws and covers all medical specialties concerned with research and development for the masses. The journal strongly encourages reports of research carried out within Indian continent and South East Asia.

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XXV

469.CriticalDiscourseAnalysisofPoliticalEconomicsofMediaCoverageonSabdarajaontheSuccession inYogyakartaEmpirebyKedaulatanRakyatDailyNewspaper,Yogyakarta,EditionsofMay2015....2647

Sutopo, Diah Rukmini

470.ExaminingtheInnovativeMindsofTakafulConsumers:TheCaseofMalaysia...................................2652Rusni Hassan, Salina Kassim, Hafiz Majdi, Syed Ahmed Salman

471.FeasibilityofIntroducingTakaful(IslamicInsurance)inIndiafromtheperspectiveof IslamicFinanceExperts..........................................................................................................................2656

Syed Ahmed Salman, Rusni Hassan, Adnan Yusoff

472.PlanningProcessDevelopmentofCultivationFisherybasedMinapolitaninMalangDistrict..............2662Trisnawati

473.MotivationFactorsofInternet-SupportedLearningEnvironment(ISLE)among MalaysianUniversityStudents................................................................................................................2667

N. Z. Ismail, M. R. Ismail

474.PerformanceAnalysisofMachineLearningBasedClassifiersfortheDiagnosisof LungCancer&Comparison....................................................................................................................2672

Arun B. Mathews, M. K. Jeyakumar

475.AStudyonCustomerSatisfactionofBankingServiceswithReferenceto StateBankofIndiainChengalpattutBranch..........................................................................................2679

V Murugan

476.TheLevelandDimensionsofResilienceofTraineeTeachersatTeacher EducationInstituteofMalaysia...............................................................................................................2685

Kamarul Md Shah, Farah Mukhtar

477.TransformationtheRoleofGovernmentinSolidWasteManagementin MalaysiathroughLocalAgenda21(LA21)............................................................................................2690

Siti Aisyah Saat, Rahaya Md Jamin, Roseliza Mat Alipiah, Nurul Izzwani Md Khairuddin

478.ReligiousIntegrationamongCounsellingPraticumStudents.................................................................2696Mazidah Mohd Dagang, Raja Zirwatul Aida Raja Ibrahim, Azlina Abu Bakar Mohamad, Siti Nazilah Mat Ali

479.MediatingEffectofEnterpriseRiskManagementonQualityCommunicationand PerformanceofMalaysianPublicHigherEducationalInstitution:AConceptualFramework..............2702

Ummu Ajirah Abdul Rauf, Nusaibah Mansor, Juhaini Jabar

480.MedicalDiagnosisBasedonIOTusingArduino....................................................................................2708U. Sadhana, P. Haritha, P. Preeti Prasada

Examining the Innovative Minds of Takaful Consumers: The Case of Malaysia

Rusni Hassan1, Salina Kassim1,HafizMajdi2, Syed Ahmed Salman3

1Institute of Islamic Banking and Finance (IIiBF), 2Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM); 3Senior Lecturer at Faculty of Business and

Accountancy, Lincoln University College, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Objective: ThisstudyaimstoexaminethefactorsthatwillaffectMalaysianconsumerstoparticipateinTakaful.

Analysis: Outofthe600questionnairesthatweresenttoconsumersingreaterMalaysiai.e.KualaLumpurandSelangor,wereceived503questionnaires.Thesampleisrandomlyselectedfromtheknownpopulation.Thetotalof35questionsareconstructedtoknowthedeterminantstochoosenewproductsbytherespondents.

Method: New product adoption theory is used in developing the questionnaire. In this, questions areorganisedintosevengroups,namely,(a)costvs.benefit,(b)accessability,availabilityandservicequality,(c)productfeatures,(d)reputationofthecompany,(e)attributesofagent,(f)marketingandpromotionand(g)socialandreligiousfactors.ThedatacollectedfromrespondentsweresubjectedtoexploratoryfactoranalysisbasedonPrincipalComponentAnalysis(PCA)throughvarimaxrotation.Thiswasperformedinordertoreducethedatatoamanageablesize.

Findings: The findings show that, three predictors out seven predictors significantly contributed to themodelandthesearesocialandreligiousfactors,productfeatures,andmarketingandpromotion.

Result: It can be said that,marketing, social and religion and product features are themost importantanddominantfactorsthatcaninfluenceMalaysianconsumerstoadoptandparticipateinTakafulproducts.Takafuloperatorsshouldenhancetheirmarketingstrategyandsimplifytheproductfeaturestocapturetheuntouchedmarket.

Keywords: Takaful, Affecting Factors, Consumers and Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

Takaful is a social and ethical insurancebasedonthe principles of Taʿāwun (cooperation)[1] and Tabarru (donation) where the risk is shared collectively bymembersofapolicy.TheconceptofTakafulisprovidingfinancial assistance to the participants on a basis ofmutual assistance, brotherhood and solidarity if theparticipantsfacemisfortune.Takaful[2]operationbeginswiththeformationofcontractwhereapersonchoosestobecomeaparticipantandtomutuallyhelpeachother,specificallywhenanyoftheparticipantsfacesadefinedloss. The participants[3] have to set aside certain portion ofmoneytoacommonfundasacontribution.Insteadofheavilydependingoncommercialfactorsperse,Takafulcelebrates mutual co-operation[4] socially and legally betweentheparticipants.

PhaseI(from1984to1992):TheTakafulAct1984orTA1984waslegislatedandbecamethemainreferencefor regulatory lawofTakaful.Amongothers,TA1984wasessentialprovidedfor(i) theTakafulbusinessandtheregistrationoftheTakafuloperators;(ii)theroles[5] of Shari’ahCommittees;and(iii)theShari’ahcompliancenature[6] of the various business operations under theTakafuloperators.

PhaseII(from1993to2000):duringthisphase, theregulators allowed the introduction of competition byallowing the establishment of another Takaful operator.SuchcompetitionisvitaltoflourishinMalaysianindustry[7].

Phase III (from 2001 to 2010): The FinancialSector Masterplan or FSMP was introduced in 2001.

DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.02116.2

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, December 2018, Vol.9, No. 12 2653

SpecificallyreferringtotheTakafulindustry[8],FSMP’sobjectiveistoenhancethecapacityofTakafuloperatorsby strengthening the legal[9], Shari’ah and regulatoryframeworkfortheentireTakafulindustry.

LITERATURE REVIEW

TheprimaryfocusofthisliteraturereviewisadetailanalysisofTakafulinMalaysiaandothercountries.Thedataistakenfromcredibleresearchersandtheresearchfindings are recent andquite relevant to the subject athand. The research is based on two different aspectsofTakaful industry; one aspect is the demand side ofMalaysian Takaful market and the other assesses theknowledge,awareness,ethicalityofagents,accounting,andunderwriting[10],etc.ofTakafulindustry.

Kasim et al. (2016), states that Takaful is basedonIslamicethicsandhence,itexcludesthepracticeofinterest,uncertaintyandgamblingfromTakaful.TheseelementsareprohibitednotonlyfromtheteachingsofIslam,butalsofromotherreligionssuchasChristianity,JudaismHinduism,Sikhism,andBuddhism.TheyaddedthatTakafulisfitforeveryoneirrespectiveoffaith,anditisaproductbasedoncooperativenaturewithmutualhelp and harmony.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

New product adoption theory is used in developing thequestionnaire.Bothprimaryandsecondary data have been used. Primary dataare collected by survey questionnaires fromconsumersinMalaysia.Secondarydatathatwasusedinthisresearchincludesarticles,booksandinternet resources.

FINDINGS

The Perception of Consumers on Takaful: Innovation playsasignificantroleforthesuccessoftheoperatorsbecauseTakafulisofferingattractivebenefitscomparedtoconventionalinsurance.Amongtheconsumers67.22%said thatTakaful isan innovativeproductand26.61%saidthatsomewhatTakafulisinnovativewhereasonly6.16%saidthatitisnotinnovative.

Lookingforwardtothefuture,theTakafulindustryneeds to maintain their relevancy and strive to move

towards sustainability. While learning from theexperiences of conventional insurances, innovationsneedtobeconsideredbythestakeholdersoftheTakafulindustry. Not only looking into the advancement ofcurrenttechnology,innovationsinTakafulindustrycanbeversatileandflexible.

Mean values of Respondents’ Innovative Mind:Table2showsthepercentoftherespondents’innovativemind.To explore the innovative mind of the respondents, afive-pointLikert-scaleisusedrangingfrom1=stronglydisagreed to5=stronglyagreed,and tenquestionsareasked. The questions are constructed to examine theinnovativeattitudeoftherespondents,andallthemeanvalues are more than 3.4.

Mean Values of Factors in Choosing New Products

CostvsBenefit:Table3showsthemeanvaluesofthedeterminants to choose new products.The total of 35questions are constructed to know the determinants tochoosenewproductsbytherespondents.Thesequestionsare organized into seven groups, namely, (a) cost vs.benefit,(b)accessibility,availabilityandservicequality,(c)productfeatures,(d)reputationofthecompany,(e)attributeofagent,(f)marketingandpromotion.

Accessibility, Availability and Service quality:Table4showsthemeanvaluesofthedeterminantstochoosenew products. The five questions are constructed foraccessibility,availabilityandservicequality.Moreover,thebestmeanvalueintheaccessibility,availabilityandservicequalityis4.2forthreestatements“Iliketogeteasyaccesstotheservicee.g.:availabilityofbranches.

Product features:Table5showsthemeanvaluesofthedeterminantstochoosenewproducts.Thefivequestionsare constructed for product features. “I want clearillustrationsonthebenefitsoftheproducts”andlowestis4fortwostatements“IchoosetheproductthatiswellknowninthemarketandIchoosetheproductifIgetthesamebenefitsasmyexistingplan”.Allthemeanvaluesbetterthangood.

Reputation of the company:Table6showsthemeanvalues of the determinants to choose new products.The five questions are constructed for the reputationof thecompany.Moreover, thebestmeanvalue in thereputation of the company is 4.1 for three statements “Ichoose theproductbasedon itsbrand, Ichoose theproduct if it is ethical and I choose the product if the companyisactiveinthecorporatesocialresponsibility”.

2654 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, December 2018, Vol.9, No. 12

Attributes of agents:Table 7 shows themeanvaluesof the determinants to choose new products. The fivequestions are constructed for the attributes of agents.Moreover, the best mean value in the attributes ofagents.is4.2forallthestatements.Therefore,itcanbeconcluded that all the mean values are very good.

Marketing and Promotion: Table 8 shows themeanvalues of the determinants to choose new products.The five questions are constructed for marketing andpromotion. Moreover, the best mean value in themarketingandpromotion.is4.0for“Ichoosetheproductif the brochures provide clear, attractive and reliableinformation” and lowest is 3.6 for three statements “Ichoose theproduct if the advertisement is everywhere(e.g.: e-advertising, television and radio, I choose theproduct if the product is promoted through agent and I choosetheproductiftheproductisofferedthroughthecompany’sbranch”.

Social and Religious Factors:Table9showsthemeanvaluesofthedeterminantstochoosenewproducts.Thefive questions are constructed for social and religiousfactors.Moreover,thebestmeanvalueinthesocialandreligiousfactorsis4.0for“Ichoosetheproductbecauseitisethicalandfair”andlowestis3.1for“Myemployerchoosestheproductforme”.

FACTOR ANALYSIS

Thedatacollectedfromrespondentsweresubjectedto exploratory factor analysis based on PrincipalComponent Analysis.

To determine the cut-off point, the researcherfollows Kaiser’s (1960)recommendation that factorswith eigenvalue of one ormore should be retained inordertoavoidnegativereliability.

Reliability Result:Followingtheconstructvaliditytestas presented above, the eight factors produced duringthe principal components analysis were further testedfor reliability using Cronbach’s alpha (α).All factors(innovation,agent,marketing,cost,product,reputation,social,andaccessibility)havedemonstratedhighinternalconsistencywithαgreaterthan0.7inmostcases.

Table 10: Reliability Statistics

S. No. Variable Cronbach’s Alpha1. Innovation .811

Conted…

2. Agent .9163. Marketing .8304. Cost .7955. Product .8806. Reputation .8207. Social .7518. Accessibility .698

Pearson Correlation: Another analysis here is correlationanalysistoshowtherelationshipbetweenthevariablesusedinthisstudy.Asshowninthebelowtable,therelationshipbetweenthevariablesrangedfrom0.289to 0.870, suggesting that there aremoderate to strongrelationshipsbetweenthevariablesusedforthisstudy.

Note:correlationof±0.1isweak,±0.3ismoderate,and± 0.5 is strong

DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS

Three predictors out of seven predictors have contributedpositivelyandsignificantlytotheinnovativemind andthesearesocialandreligiousfactors,productfeatures,andmarketingandpromotion.

Sincetheexternalfactorswereconstructedaccordingtothenewproductdiffusiontheory,thefindingsofthisresearchareinlinewithitstheoreticalexpectations,aswellaswiththefindingsofpriorresearchersofTakafuland insurance.

AccordingtoAbideen&Saleem(2011)andSallehet al. (2013),marketingcan influence theparticipant’sbehavior towards the product. Arifin et al. (2014),investigate whether product services influence on thecustomerstoengagewithTakaful.

CONCLUSION

The study has been conducted based on 503respondents which consist of 224 males (44.5%) and279females(55.5%).Toexploretheinnovativemindoftherespondentstenquestionsareasked.Thequestionsare constructed to examine the innovative attitudeof the respondents, and all themean values aremorethan3.40.The totalof35questionsareconstructed toknow thedeterminants to choosenewproductsby the

Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, December 2018, Vol.9, No. 12 2655

respondents.Inadditiontothis,factoranalysishasbeendone.Moreover,theKaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)whichmeasures sample adequacy is excellent (0.932), andnone of theAnti-image correlation is less than 0.500,suggesting thatmulti-collinearity assumptionhas beensatisfied.Intermsofreliability,followingtheconstructvalidity test as presented, the eight factors producedduring the principal components analysiswere furthertestedforreliabilityusingCronbach’salpha(α).

Itcanbesaidthat,marketing,socialandreligionandproduct features are the most important and dominant factorsthatcaninfluenceMalaysianconsumerstoadoptand participate in Takaful products. Takaful operatorsshould enhance their marketing strategy and simplifythe product features to capture the untouched market.Inaddition to this, religion is themost important factorthatchangesthemindoftheconsumer.TakafuloperatorsshouldcreatetheawarenessamongMalaysianconsumersregardingTakafulproductstopenetratethemarket.

Ethical Clearance:TakenfromDepartment

Source of Funding: grant from the Asian Institute of Finance

ConflictofInterest: No

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The {Examining the InnovativeMinds ofTakafulConsumers: The Case of Malaysia} has been madepossible in part by a grant from theAsian Institute ofFinance.”

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