ELEMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF A NATIONAL SOIL MONITORING NETWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POURPOSES IN ITALY Paolo Giandon APAT.

ELEMENTS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF A NATIONAL

SOIL MONITORING NETWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POURPOSES IN

ITALY

Paolo Giandon

APAT

…IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO ENSURE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE COMPLETE:

- information basis- monitoring- indicators

TO:- establish the prevailing soil conditions- evaluate the impact of diverse policies

and practices

COM 179/2002 p. 8.2

on the identified threats in the relevant areasa number of measurements are carried out

in a harmonised and coherent waywhich results are relevant to and accessible

for policy makersmonitoring, before all, those substances that

can be transferred from soil to food or have potential health implications in any other way.

COM 179/2002 p. 8.2

The specifications of a Community information and monitoring system will aim to ensure that:

- Basic information about soils coming from pedological maps

- Information about soil use (CLC)

- Results of inorganic and organic contamination monitoring on the basis of a regular grid

- Results of pressure-impacts relationship monitoring in few specialist sites

KNOWLEDGE LEVELS OF THE NSMN

- Knowledge of soil characteristics and properties

- Short and long period monitoring in different situations of contaminants concentration in soils

- Evaluation of soil characteristics and properties changes as consequence of degradation and contamination processes

- Prevision of future evolution;

- Development and validation of models calibrated on network sites;

- Results diffusion to address choices and policy.

OBJECTIVES OF THE NSMN

- Identification of soil types (STU);

- Acquisition of land cover information;

- Definition of common rules for site selection and positioning, site description, procedures for sampling, samples handling and analysis, quality assurance, data handling and reporting;

- Monitoring of a first set of “sensible” parameters with respect to anthropogenic impacts;

- Setting of permanent sites for the monitoring of specific degradation processes (i.e. erosion, compaction, etc.);

- Functional integration with other monitoring networks.

IMPLEMENTATION STEPS

INTEGRATION LEVELS

between regional networks

between different degradation processes (threats)

with other monitoring networks

between typological and systematic approches

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

It needs a regular grid in order to give representative data for statistical elaboration

It generally requires a large number of sites and the number of parameters to measure has to be limited due to costs

It is more suited for monitoring inorganic and organic pollutant contamination

TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

It is based on stratification of soils according to land use and soil type

It is more suited for monitoring soil degradation processes (e.g. erosion, organic carbon losses, nitrates and pesticides leaching, etc.) in sensitive areas

It is feasible to be performed only on few representative sites.

SOIL TYPES (STU)PEDOLOGICAL MAPS

SOIL USECORINE LAND COVER

NETWORK BASES

CONCENTRATION MEASURED AT REPRESENTATIVE SOIL PROFILES

I° LEVEL CONTAMINANTSAND BASIC PROPERTIESTypological Approach

REGULAR GRID18x18 o 16X16 KM – NATIONAL

NETWORK6 X 6 o 4 X 4 KM – REGIONAL NETWORK

II° LEVELS CONTAMINANTS AND BASIC PROPERTIES

Systematic Approach

REPRESENTATIVE SOIL SELECTION (SOIL TYPE/SOIL USE COMBINATIONS)

AND SITE INDIVIDUATION FOR SPECIFIC MONITORING

DEGRADATION PROCESSES:PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL

DEGRADATION, URBAN SOILSCONTAMINATION PROCESSES

consolidating basic soil properties knowledge through pedological maps (see JRC Manual for Soil Database for Europe at 1:250.000 scale)

measurement of pollutants concentration in profiles most representative of STU (at least 1/250km2)

regular grid sampling, starting from 16x16 (or 18x18) km and coming through more detailed grid (8x8 and 4x4) for analysis of pollutants and basic properties

degradation processes monitoring in specific sites located on the basis of representativeness criteria (1/1000 km2)

OPERATIVE STEPS AND SITES DENSITY

Management of NSMN will be done by regional EPA (ARPA) under supervision of national EPA (APAT)

Operative Management Unit: Region (500-5000 km2)

Each region could start soil monitoring through progressive steps, starting from basic soil properties knowledge (see JRC Manual for Soil Database for Europe at 1:250.000 scale) through regular grid and benchmark sites

NSMN MANAGEMENT

Basic parameters: to be monitored at all sites as necessary to soil characterisation;Specific parameters: to be monitored for specific degradation processes

Insensible parameters (static properties)to be monitored at the starting point as they do not change rapidly Sensible parameters (dynamic properties)to be monitored at fixed times as they could change rapidly under degradation pressures

MONITORING PARAMETERS

•non-point source

pollution

•physical degradation

•biological degradation

•urban soils

NETWORK THEMES

criteria for site selection parameters to be measured at

each site sampling procedures analysis procedures data interpretation and reporting

ELEMENTS TO BE DEFINEDFOR EACH THEME

1) Reduction of monitoring sites number

2) Exhaustive characterisation of a priori representative situations

3) Lower costs

4) Monitoring of local situations more significant for environmental impacts

ADVANTAGES

Sites choice throughSites choice throughrepresentativeness criteriarepresentativeness criteria

1) Heterogeneous and not exhaustive geographical covering

2) Scarce attitude to automatic representation

3) Subjectivity in sites designation

4) Risk for loss of sites representativeness

DISADVANTAGES

Sites choice throughSites choice throughrepresentativeness criteriarepresentativeness criteria

Monitoring sites representativenessMonitoring sites representativenessis evaluated on the basis of:is evaluated on the basis of:

Soil types in relation to landscapes and climate

Land Cover (Corine)

Soil type-land cover combinations

Soil degradation processes and risk for contamination

For the definition of soil types:

Soils functional behaviour in relation to main degradation processes

Taxonomic classification (FAO-USDA)

Soil-Landscape andSoil-Climate relationships

APPLICATION OF CRITERIA TO VENETO

1) Soil typeSimplified ecopedological map (1:250.000 scale) for principal classes (pedoscapes,

pedoclimate)2) Land cover

Corine Land Cover classes grouped by predominant type of use (pressures)

3) Soil type-cover combinations

Sites representativeness

and soil typeSimplification in terms of:

Spatial distribution

Spatial variability

Landscapes description capacity

Susceptibility to changes

VENETO

PEDOLOGICAL MAP1:250.000 scale

01.0601.0701.0801.0901.1001.1101.1201.1301.1401.1501.1601.1701.1801.1901.20a01.20b01.20c01.2101.2201.2401.24a01.24b01.2501.26a01.26b01.26c01.26d02.2802.3002.3202.3302.3602.3702.3902.4202.4403.0503.1403.1503.1603.2903.32a03.32b03.32c03.3803.4403.45a03.45b03.46a03.46b03.5503.57a03.57b03.6003.61a03.61b03.63a03.63b03.6403.6503.66a03.66b03.6703.6903.7003.7103.7203.73998

Dolomiti - vetteDolomiti - versantiDolomiti - valliPrealpiAlti Lessini - AsiagoValbellunaColline ProseccoColli Berici e Bassa LessiniaLessini a vulcanitiColli EuganeiMorenicoAlta Pianura PleistocenicaAlta Pianura OlocenicaBassa Pianura del PiaveBassa Pianura del BrentaBassa Pianura Adige PleistocenicaBassa Pianura Adige OlocenicaPianura Costiera e LagunareAcque

VENETOPEDOLOGICAL MAPSIMPLIFIED LEVEL 3

Seminativi non irriguiRisaieVignetiFrutteti e olivetiPratiColture annuali e colture permanentiSistemi colturali complessiTerreni agrari e vegetazione naturaleTerritori agroforestaliForeste (latifoglie, conifere, miste)Pascoli naturalivegetazione in evoluzioniUrbano discontinuoNon suolo

VENETO

CORINE LAND COVERSimplified Level 3

Main Soil Uses

Mountain

Hill

Plan

Grassland and pasturesForestsCultivated valley floors

Mixed systems (breeding-vineyard-forest)

Vineyards

Orchards-vineyardsArable landGrasslandUrban Areas

VENETO

SEMPLIFIED LAND COVER

foreste e pascolipratiseminativi

seminativi e prati

vigneti e boschi

seminativi e frutteti

seminativi e vigneti

Forests and pasturesGrasslandArable landArable land with orchardsArable land with grasslandArable land with vineyardsVineyards with forests

AcqueAlta Pianura Olocenica (seminativo e vigneto)Alta Pianura Olocenica (seminativo)Alta Pianura Pleistocenica (seminativo e frutteto)Alta Pianura Pleistocenica (seminativo irriguo)Alti Lessini - Asiago (foreste e pascoli)Bassa Pianura Pleistocenica dell'Adige (seminativo)Bassa Pianura del Brenta (seminativo)Bassa Pianura del Piave (seminativo e vigneto)Bassa Pianura Olocenica dell'Adige (seminativo)Colli Berici e Bassa Lessinia (vigneto e foreste)Colli Euganei (vigneto e foreste)Colline Prosecco (vigneto e foreste)Dolomiti - valli (pascoli)Dolomiti - versanti (foreste e pascoli)Dolomiti - vette (rocce)Lessini a vulcaniti (vigneto e foreste)Morenico (seminativo e frutteto)Pianura Costiera e Lagunare (seminativo)Prealpi (foreste e pascoli)Valbelluna (seminativi e prati)

VENETOSOIL TYPE-COVER COMBINATIONS

Approximate number of key and benchmark sites for each Italian region

Total

Veneto

Valle d’Aosta

Umbria

Trentino-Alto A.

Toscana

Sicilia

Sardegna

Puglia

Piemonte

REGION

55

3

1

2

3

4

4

4

3

4

Key sites

429

26

4

12

19

33

37

35

28

37

Benchmark sites

484

29

5

14

22

37

41

39

31

41

TOTAL

761Molise

16142Marche

38344Lombardia

981Liguria

28253Lazio

13112Friuli-Venezia G.

35314Emilia-Romagna

22193Campania

24213Calabria

16142Basilicata

17152Abruzzo

TOTALBenchmark sites

Key sites

REGION

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

##

#

#

#

##

#

Nome

Villiago

Diana

Po di Tramontana

Sasse Rami

Montecchio Precalcino

Ca' Tron

Legnaro - Univ. PD

Ist. Sper. Tabacco - Bovolone

Lessinia

Cordon

Auronzo

Croce d'Aune

Pradon

Valle Vecchia

IPSA di Castelfranco

Istituto Sper. Viticoltura - Spresiano

Istituto Sper. Viticoltura - Susegana

ITAS - Buttapietra

Valpolicella

IPSA - Piavon

Centro Metereologico - ARPAV

Istituto di Genetica - Lonigo

IPSA - Trecenta

ITAS – Buttapietra19

Valle Vecchia13 Ca’ Tron14

Lessinia12

2726252423222120

18171615

11109876

5432

1

Pradon Po di Tramontana IPSA – Trecenta Sasse Rami Legnaro – Univ. Padova Centro meteorologico – ARPAV Ist. Di Genetica – Lonigo Ist. Sper. Tabacco – Bovolone

Berici Valpolicella Soave Diana

Montecchio Precalcino IPSA di Castelfranco V.to IPSA – Piavon Ist. Sper. Viticoltura – Susegana Ist. Sper. Viticoltura – Spresiano Grappa

Asiago Croce d’Aune Villiago Cordon

Auronzo

VENETOBENCHMARK SITES (25-30) ON THE BASIS OF TYPE-COVER COMBINATIONS

#

#

#

#

#

Nome

Sasse Rami

Legnaro - Univ. PD

Lessinia

Cordon

IPSA di Castelfranco

VENETO

KEY SITES (5) ON THE BASIS OF TYPE-USE COMBINATIONS

Cordon5

Lessinia4

IPSA Castelfranco V.to3

Legnaro2

Sasse Rami1

1

2

34

5

LAND COVER

LANDSCAPE UNITS MAP

TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

CONCLUSIONS

Criteria for sites choice must be adjusted to each regional situation

It is necessary to define more precisely:

- which degradation process have to be monitored

- which methodologies have to be used for each degradation process

- how monitoring data have to be used