Elemental Geosystems Chap13

8/13/2019 Elemental Geosystems Chap13

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Elemental Geosystems, 5e (Christopherson)Chapter 13 The Oceans, Coastal Processes, and Landforms

1)

Approximately what percentage of the population of the United States lives in a coastal area?A)

1/20)

1/!")

1/2#)

2/$

Answer%

"

2)

&he present ocean salinity on 'arth was achieved approximatelyA)

one million years ago()

one illion years ago(")

two illion years ago(#)

since the last ice age(Answer%

$)

*hich of the following cannot e considered an efflux of material from the ocean water?A)

sediment deposition)


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runoff")

formation of silicate compounds#)

sin+ing of s+eletal remainsAnswer%

!)

After water itself, what are the primary elements that occur in sea water?A)

chlorine and sodium)

potassium and chlorine")

hydrogen and sodium#)

sodium and magnesiumAnswer%

A

-)

&he average salinity of sea water may e expressed asA)

$(- percent, or $- parts per thousand()

$-,000 parts per million(

")

$- grams per +ilogram(#)

All of these are correct(')

.one of these is correct as stated(


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Answer%

#

)

rac+ish water would most li+ely occurA)

in the sutropics()

in the editerranean region(")

in a tropical lagoon(#)

in a deltaic swamp(Answer%

#


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)

&he fact that the mixing one in the ocean constitutes a 33333333 percentage of the total ocean volumemeans that wastes dumped into the ocean will e 33333333 diluted(

A)

large4 5uic+ly)

large4 slowly")

small4 5uic+ly#)

small4 slowlyAnswer%

#

6)

*hich of the following is true of the ocean deep one?A)

&emperatures remain approximately ! degrees " 7$8 degrees 9) within most of this layer()

&he water in this one does not freee ecause of the intense pressure exerted y the weight of overlying

water(")

&he water in this one does not freee ecause of its salinity(#)

All of these are true(Answer%

#

8)

&he littoral one extends inland toA)

the foreshore dune()

the ac+shore dune(


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")

the trough etween the primary and secondary dune(#)

the highest water line that occurs during a storm(Answer%

#

10)

&he coast extends inlandA)

to the foreshore dune()

to the ac+shore dune(")

to the trough etween the primary and secondary dune(#)

to the highest water line that occurs during a storm(')

from the high tide level to the first ma:or landform change(

Answer%

'

11)

&he coastal environment is considered to extend seawardA)

usually to depths of 0 m 7200 ft), where storm waves can no longer move sediments()

only to the contact point etween the sea and the land, i(e(, the shoreline(")

out to as far as you can see the ottom(#)

into the rea+ers(Answer%


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A

12)

*hich of the following is true regarding mean sea level?A)

A consistent value has yet to e determined due to all the variales involved in producing the tides()

;t is at the same level along the entire .orth American coast(")

;t is calculated ased on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years(#)

&he sea level along the


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&hey are complex daily oscillations in sea level(")

&hey are influenced y the sie, depth, and topography of ocean asins(#)

&hey are influenced y shoreline configuration and latitude(Answer%

A

1-)

*hich of the following occurs when the Sun, oon, and 'arth are in alignment 7i(e(, in opposition orcon:unction)?

A)

maximum tidal ranges occur)

neap tides occur")

a lower tidal range occurs#)

.one of thesethis type of alignment does not happen in nature(Answer%

A

1)

=egular patterns of smooth, rounded waves are calledA)

rea+ers()

wave ripples(")

wave trains(#)

swells(Answer%


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#

1)

#angerous >sleeper waves> result fromA)

earth5ua+es()

volcanic eruptions(")

sumarine landslides(#)

constructive, inphase interference(Answer%

#

16)

*hich of the following is true of waves that travel in wave trains?A)

&hey are produced y storm centers and generating regions far distant from the shore where they mayrea+(

)

&hey usually form relatively close to the affected coastline(")

&hey experience refraction y the deep seafloor(#)

&hey are called rea+ers as they travel in the open sea(Answer%

A

18)

;n deep water, a wave is not really migrating ut is transferring energy through the water in simple cyclicundulations( &hese are called

A)

waves of translation()


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swells(")

waves of transition(#)

tidal waves(Answer%

"


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20)

*aves in shallow water that >feel ottom> are 33333333 and more 33333333 spaced than the swell they arerelated to(

A)

taller4 closely)

taller4 widely")

smaller4 closely#)

smaller4 widelyAnswer%

A

21)

As a wave approaches the shoreline and enters shallower water, energy and water move forward causingthe water to rise and cascade down from the wave crest as a rea+er( &hese waves are called

A)

waves of translation()

swells(")


tidal waves(Answer%

A

22)

*ave action wor+s to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperseenergy in coves and ays in a process called

A)

longshore current()


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rea+ers(")

wave refraction(#)

tidal ore(Answer%

"

2$)

A sea stac+ 7i(e(, an isolated pillar of roc+ located offshore) is the erosional remnant of aA)

volcanic nec+()

spit(")

tomolo(#)

roc+y headland(Answer%

#

2!)

A longshore current involves all of the following exceptA)

effective wind direction()

effective wave direction(

")


transportation of large amounts of sand and coastal materials(Answer%

"


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2-)

@articles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form theA)

rea+ers()

longshore current(")

each drift(#)

translation effects(Answer%

"


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2)

*hen people go surfing or swimming along a coast, they often findafter spending time in the waterthatthey are no longer in the area in which they first entered the water( ;n other words, they find that theyhave moved downshore, even though they did not delierately move in that direction( &his occurs ecauseof

A)

tsunamis()

each drift(")

longshore currents(#)

tidal currents(Answer%

"

2)

An earth5ua+e, sumarine landslide, or eruption of an undersea volcano is capale of producing aA)

tsunami()

tidal wave(")

slowmoving giant swell(#)

wave in the open ocean of great height(Answer%

A

26)

*hich of the following is not true of tsunamis?A)

&hey can travel at a speed of several hundred miles per hour()


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&hey have very long wavelengths in the open ocean(")

&hey are very tall in the open ocean(#)

&hey slow down as they approach shore(Answer%

"

28)

Several years ago, a movie was made aout a cruise ship that was overturned y a tsunami while at sea(&his plot is not valid ecause

A)

tsunamis do not have the energy to overturn a ship of that sie()

tsunamis do not occur in the open ocean(")

tsunamis do not form high waves while in the open ocean(#)

All of these are true(Answer%

"

$0)

&he height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily ecauseA)

its energy level increases()

its wavelength shortens(")

the height of the surf is added to the height of the tsunami(#)

.one of the aove are truethe height of a tsunami remains constant from the time of its origin(Answer%


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$1)

*hich of the following is not true of the #ecemer 200! tsunami?A)

&he earth5ua+e that triggered it involved 1$( m 7!- ft) of uplift()

'arths rotation was slowed y $ milliseconds(")

*ave heights in the open ocean were 11($ m 72! ft)(#)

'nergy from the waves travelled around the world several times(Answer%

"

$2)

*hich of the following is true of worldwide sea level?A)

Bver the long term, levels have een very constant()

"hanges in sea level are usually unrelated to tectonic processes(")

"hanges seem to occur without any relation to gloal average temperatures(#)

;t was aout 1$0 m 7!$0 ft) lower 16,000 (@(, and aout 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago(Answer%

#

$$)


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in an amount unrelated to the temperature of the ocean(")

more than $0 m 7100 ft)(#)

in a way that will not threaten coastal inhaitants(Answer%

A

$!)

*hich of the following would not e found along a tectonically active shoreline?A)

sea stac+s)

terraces")

arrier islands#)

cliffsAnswer%

"

$-)

*hich of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform?A)

sea arch)

tomolo

")

wavecut platform#)

notched cliffAnswer%


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$)

A terrace isA)

an uplifted sea stac+()

an uplifted wavecut platform(")

an erosional surface created y a massive tsunami(#)

an uplifted foreshore dune(Answer%

$)

*hich of the following is not an example of a depositional coastal landform?A)

waveuilt terrace)

arrier spit

")

ay arrier#)

wavecut platformAnswer%

#

$6)

Sand that extends from a coast into open water is called aA)

arrier island()

lagoon(")


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arrier spit(#)

tomolo(Answer%

"

$8)

eaches> span the oneA)

etween high and low spring tides()

from several feet aove high tide to several feet elow low tide(")

etween high and low neap tides(#)

from the high tide line during a spring tide to the low tide line during a neap tide(Answer%


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!0)

;n order to preserve their eaches, cities located along a coast will often uild groins that protrude into thesea( *hat is the result of this process?

A)

Sediment is deposited on the side of the groin facing into the current, and this results in deposition in thedesired location(

)

ore sediment is made availale to areas downshore, so they also enefit from this engineering process(")

Cess sediment is availale to areas downshore, so their eaches egin to erode(#)

oth A and ')

oth A and "Answer%

'

!1)

Duman intervention along a coastline intended to interrupt each drift can include all of the followingexcept

A)

tomolo placement()

:etty(")

rea+water(#)

protected haror entrance(Answer%

A

!2)

*hich of the following conditions is not conducive to the formation of arrier islands?A)


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tectonically active coasts)

sediment supply from rivers")

low tidal range#)

presence of continental shelfAnswer%

A

!$)

&he most extensive chain of arrier islands in the world is alongA)

the western coast of Australia()

the coasts that surround the periphery of the ;ndian Bcean(")

the Atlantic and


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')

oth " and #Answer%

'

!-)

arrier eaches and islands occur worldwide, lying offshore of nearly 33333333 of 'arths coastlines(A)

10 percent)

-0 percent")

0 percent#)

80 percentAnswer%

A


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!)

&he @acific =im can e characteried asA)

a place of emayments()

eing dominated y estuaries(")

eing dominated y arrier islands(#)

tectonically active and emerging(Answer%

#

!)

"oral formationsA)

tend to occur poleward of $0E latitude()

survive in a road ecological range ecause they are tolerant of temperature, salinity, and depth variation(")

re5uire water that is high in sediment concentration(#)

are made of animals living symiotically with simple algae(Answer%

#

!6)

ecause the algae that live in symiotic relationship with coral perform 33333333, corals 33333333(A)

chemosynthesis4 must live in water that is penetrated y light)

chemosynthesis4 can live at virtually any depth in the sea")


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photosynthesis4 must live in water that is penetrated y light#)

photosynthesis4 can live at virtually any depth in the seaAnswer%

"

!8)

An atoll is approximately 33333333 in shape ecause it forms 33333333(A)

circular4 around seastac+s)

circular4 around sumerged volcanic islands")

linear4 along arrier islands#)

linear4 along continental shorelinesAnswer%

-0)

"oral leaching refers toA)

the +illing of coral formations y chlorine leach pollution()

the replacement of normal, colored algae y white algae(")

the loss of algae from the coral(

#)

All of the aove are included within the definition of coral leaching(Answer%

"

-1)

"oral leaching may result from


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A)

pollution()

disease(")

gloal warming(#)

sedimentation(')

all of theseAnswer%

'

-2)

*hich of the following is false regarding coral leaching?A)

y the end of 2000 $0 percent of reefs were lost()

;t is only occurring in the southern hemisphere(

")

;t may e caused y gloal warming(#)

;t may e caused y local pollution and sedimentation(Answer%


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-$)

As regards wetlands, which of the following is correctly matched?A)

salt marshetween the e5uator and the $0th parallel in oth hemispheres)

salt marshpoleward of the $0th parallel in either hemisphere")

mangrove swamps poleward of the $0th parallel in either hemisphere#)

salt marshes low productivity due to the salinityAnswer%

-!)

&he geographic oundary etween salt marshes and mangrove swamps is determined yA)

tectonic activity()

salinity(")

the occurrence of freeing conditions(#)

precipitation levels(Answer%

"

--)

"ape Datteras is an example ofA)

a arrier island()

the ;nner an+s(")


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a type of rea+water(#)

a stale landform that is a good site for development(Answer%

-)

&he sinuous, ranching channels that characterie a salt marsh result fromA)

spawning eds made y fish()

storm trac+s(")

manmade drainage canals(#)

the e and flow of tides(Answer%

#

-)

*hich of the following areas along a coast is most tolerant of construction?A)

each)

primary dune")

secondary dune

#)

ac+ duneAnswer%

#

-6)

Approximately two thirds 7 percent) of the worlds population lives in or near a coastal region(


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Answer%

&rue

9alse

-8)

*ater can e considered a >universal> solvent(Answer%

&rue

9alse

0)

&he salinity of seawater averages $(- percent, or $- parts per thousand(Answer%

&rue

9alse

1)

Although many elements are dissolved in seawater, no gases are dissolved in it(Answer%

&rue

9alse

2)

&he coastal environment is also +nown as the littoral one(Answer%

&rue

9alse

$)

#etermining mean sea level re5uires measurement of tidal levels hourly for at least a period of severalyears(

Answer%


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&rue

9alse

!)

A wave in the open ocean consists of water molecules traveling in the direction of wave propagation(Answer%

&rue

9alse

-)

@lunging rea+ers develop where the ottom profile of the coast is steep(Answer%

&rue

9alse

)

Deadlands are the location of diverging wave action, whereas ays receive converging wave action(Answer%

&rue

9alse

)

&sunamis generated y earth5ua+es can form giant waves while traveling in the open ocean(Answer%

&rue

9alse

6)

A tomolo cuts off a portion of the ocean along a coast, forming a lagoon(Answer%

&rue


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9alse

8)

A mere one foot rise in sea level along the shores of .orth America could cost hundreds of illions ofdollars in damages(

Answer%

&rue

9alse

0)

A each acts to stailie a shoreline y asoring wave energy, even though materials are in almostconstant motion(

Answer%

&rue

9alse

1)

A single groin can produce oth sand erosion and deposition(Answer%

&rue

9alse

2)

arrier islands are stale islands that are suitale for development(Answer%

&rue

9alse

$)

*orldwide, corals are healthy and appear not to e affected y pollution, changes in surface ultravioletradiation, or increases in ocean temperatures at this time(

Answer%

&rue


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9alse

!)

"oral leaching results in the death of corals(Answer%

&rue

9alse

-)

&he arrier islands off the Couisiana shore have een growing at fast rates in recent decades(Answer%

&rue

9alse

)

Seawater is a solution, and the concentration of dissolved solids in it is referred to as its 33333333( &he term33333333 is applied to water that exceeds the average of $- percent, whereas 33333333 is the term used todescrie water that is less than $- percent(

Answer%

salinity4 rine4 rac+ish

Elemental Geosystems Chap13

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