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Esc201A:
Introduction to Electronics
Adrish Banerjee
Dept. of Electrical EngineeringIIT Kanpur
30 July 2012
Acknowledgements
Prof. Baquer Mazhari, EE department
Prof. A. R. Harish, EE department
Prof. Aloke Dutta, EE department
Prof. Y. N. Singh, EE department
2
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Outline
Introduction
Course Overview
Course Books
Circuit Fundamentals: A Recap
3
Introduction
Lectures
M W F 8.00-9.00 a.m. L7 (LHC)
Tutorials
Th 8.00-9.00 a.m. TB101-TB112
Laboratory
M T Th F 2.00-5.00 p.m. Core Labs 102
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5
CL 102B
Introduction
Instructor
Adrish Banerjee
e.mail: [email protected]
Ph: 7991
ACES-305A
Department of Electrical Engineering,I.I.T. Kanpur
Meeting by appointment
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Introduction
Lab Coordinator
K. S. Venkatesh
E.mail: [email protected]
Ph: 7468
ACES 207
Department of Electrical Engineering
I.I.T. Kanpur
Meeting by appointment
7
TutorsSection Tutorial Tutor Laboratory Tutor
O1 M. J. Akhtar (mjakhtar) M. J. Akhtar (mjakhtar)
O2 Ankita Gangwar (ankgang) Ruchir Gupta (rgupta)
O12 K. S. Venkatesh (venkats) Y. N. Singh (ynsingh)
O13 Shafi Qureshi (qureshi) Pallavi Athe (apallavi)
O14 Baquer Mazhari (baquer) Baquer Mazhari ( baquer)
O32 Rajesh Bhatt (bhatt) Raju Ranjan (rajuran)
O33 Yogesh Chauhan (yogesh) Yogesh Chauhan (yogesh)
O34 K. Vasudevan (vasu) K. Vasudevan (vasu)
O35 Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava (kvs) Kumar Vaibhav Srivastava (kvs)
O36 Vipul Arora (vipular) Trivesh Kumar (trivesh)
O41 Sumana Gupta (sumana) Sumana Gupta (sumana)
O42 Rajesh Hegde (rhegde) Syed Mazahir Hussain Rizvi (syed)
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Marks Distribution
S.No. Description Marks
1. Two Quizzes (45 minutes each) 30 marks
2. One Mid-Semester Examination 40 marks
3. One End-Semester Examination 70 marks
4. Tutorial mini 10-minutes problem 20 marks
5. One Laboratory Examination 20 marks
6. Weekly Laboratory Performance 20 marks
9
Examination Schedule
Tutorial mini 10 minutes problem every Thursday in the
first 10 minutes of the tutorial
1st Quiz: Thursday, 23rd August 2012, 8.05-8.50 a.m. during
tutorial hours in the respective tutorial classrooms.
Mid-semester examination: Week of 17th-21st September,
2012.
2nd
Quiz: Thursday, 18th
October, 2012, 8.05-8.50 a.m.during tutorial hours in the respective tutorial classrooms.
Laboratory Examination: Week of 5th-9th November, 2012.
End-semester Examination: 19th -29th November, 2012.
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Laboratory Schedule
S.No. Day of the week Sections
1. Monday O2, O41, O42
2. Tuesday O1, O12, O35
3. Thursday O32, O33, O36
4. Friday O13, O14, O34
11
Laboratory Schedule
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Course Outline
Electrical Circuits
Circuit Analysis (Nodal, Mesh, Superposition,
Thevenins and Nortons Theorem)
Transient analysis of RC, RL and RLC circuits
Sinusoidal steady state analysis of RC, RL and RLC
circuits
Transfer function and frequency response of RC,
RL and RLC circuits.
13
Course Outline
Analog Circuits
Diode and diode circuits
Power supply
MOSFETs and simple MOSFET circuits
Operational Amplifier circuits and waveform
generators
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Course Outline
Digital Circuits
Logic gates, logic minimization
Combinational circuits
Flip flops
Sequential circuits
Counters, shift registers
Data convertors (ADC, DAC)
15
Books
Electrical Circuits
Engineering Circuit Analysis by Hayt, Kemmerly,
Durbin, 7th edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering by L. S.
Bobrow, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press.
Principles and Applications of Electrical
Engineering by Rizzoni, 5th edition, Tata McGraw
Hill
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic
Circuits by Agarwal, Lang, Elsevier.16
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Books
Analog Circuits
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by
Boylestad, Nashelsky, 10th edition, Pearson.
Microelectronics Circuits, by Sedra/Smith, 5th
edition, Oxford University Press
Microelectronics by Millman, Grabel, 2nd edition,
Tata McGraw Hill.
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic
Circuits by Agarwal, Lang, Elsevier.
17
Books
Digital Circuits
Digital Design by Mano, Ciletti, 4th edition,
Pearson
Digital Principles and Applications, by Leach,
Malvino, 5th edition, Tata McGraw Hilll.
Digital Systems: Principles and Applications by
Tocci, Widmer, Moss, 10th edition, Pearson.
Digital Design: Principles and Practices by Wakerly,
4th Edition, Pearson.
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Circuit Fundamentals
Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy
Ohms Law
KCL
KVL
19
Electrical Current
The time rate of flow of electrical charge
The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to
coulombs per second (C/s)
Andr-Marie Ampre
1775-1836Current has a magnitude and a direction 20
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Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)
When current is constant with time, we say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as DC.
On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction
periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC
~
21
Voltage
Voltage difference is a Source of current flow
Units of Voltage: Volts (V)
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio Volta 1745-1827
1 2V V V+ =
22
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Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a variety of
electrical elements
Resistor Capacitor Inductor
Transformer
Diode
Transistor23
Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors
Electrical Circuit
Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must become familiar with
some basic circuit elements.
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Resistance
( ) ( )v t R i t =
The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and is measured
in units of Ohm ()
Ohms law
R
Resistor Symbol:25
Conductance
( ) ( )v t R i t = ( )
( ) ( )v t
i t G v t R
= =
G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit
is Siemens (S)
Ernst Werner von Siemens
1816-1892
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vR
i
iG
v
=
=
27
Any electrical element which obeys ohms law
can be modeled as a resistor
28
Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?
( ) ( )v t R i t = Ohms law
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Electric Bulb
29
Electric Bulb
Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain
range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor30
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Power and Energy
X
12V
0V
Q The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules
This energy is taken from the voltage
source and delivered to the circuit
element
A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of
1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.
dqdwv =
31
2
1
( ) ( )
t
t
d wP t w p t d t
d t= =
Power:
dq
dwv =
)()()( titvdt
dq
dq
dw
dt
dwtP ===
32
dt
dqi =
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X
V1
V2
Power
I
1 2( )P V V I=
If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being
delivered to the electrical element X
If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being
extracted from the electrical element X.
X is a source of power ! 33
Note on the direction of current
X2A
-2AX
Similarly for the voltage between two points
34
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X
12V
6V
Examples
1A P = ?
1 2( )
(1 2 6 ) 1 6
P V V I
W
=
= =
X
12V
6V
1AP = ?
1 2( )
(1 2 6 ) 1 6
P V V I
W
=
= =
35
X
6V
12V
1A
P = ?
1 2( )
( 6 1 2 ) 1 6
P V V I
W
=
= =
36
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There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a
battery?
A battery is a source of power, so P is negative
Answer is C
Is energy conserved in this circuit?37
2.5 V 2.5 V
2.5 V 2.5 V5 V2 A
1 A1 A
+ +
+
++
- -
---
Power dissipated in a Resistor
R
+
-
v
i v i R=
v i=
2vP=
2
P i R=
vi =
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Circuit Analysis
R2
R3
R4VS
R1
IX
What is current in R2 ?
Procedure:
Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law
(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose
solution gives the required voltage or current value 39
Fuse
Engineering Analysis
Real-life System
Abstract Model
Mathematicalproblem
Fuse
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Nodes and loops
Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.
R2
R3
R4VS
R1
IX
41
A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit
elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once
R2
R3
R4VS
R1
IX
This is not a valid loop !
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents
leaving a node
1 2 3i i i+ =43
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)
Net current entering a node is zero
1
0N
ji =
Current entering a node is considered negative and current
leaving a node is considered as positive
44
0321 =+ iii
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3 4i i=
4ai A= 2bi A= 45
8c
i A= 46
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The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.
KCL: More general formulation
i1
i2
i3
i4
R2
R3
R4VS
R1
IX
47
04321 =+ iiii
Series Circuit
Two elements are connected in series if there is no other
element connected to the node joining them
A, B and C are in series
The elements have the same current going through them
a b ci i i= = 48
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A and B are in series E, F and G are in series
49
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any
closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
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Example
51
KVL and Conservation of Energy
X
V1
V2
Q
The charge loses energy = Q x (V1-V2) Joules
Energy gained Energy lost
KVL: law of conservation of Energ52
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Parallel Circuits
Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one
element are connected directly to corresponding ends of
the other
A and B are connected in parallel
D, E and F are connected in parallel
53
The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both magnitude
and polarity)
54
cba vvv ==
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Example
3 5 0 8c c
v v V + = =
( 1 0 ) 0 2c e ev v v V + = =
55
Use KVL , KCL and Ohms law to solve the given problem
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+
5V
-
+
5V
-
1A
+
v2=5V
-
0.5A
Use ohms law : v = I x R
i1 = ?
Apply KCL at the indicated node
1 1 5 1 2 .5v i V= =
1 21 2 .5 5 1 7 .5
xv v v V = + = + =
+ v1
-
57
Aii 5.20115.0 11 ==